| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2006-08-15 21:24:16 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:03 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0000547 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Magnesium |
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| Description | Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid. Moreover, magnesium is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. |
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| Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| MAGNESIUM ion | ChEBI | | Magnesium, doubly charged positive ion | ChEBI | | Magnesium, ion (MG(2+)) | ChEBI | | MG(2+) | ChEBI | | MG2+ | ChEBI | | Magnesium(2+) | Kegg | | Magnesium ions | HMDB | | Neuropeptide y (1-27) | HMDB |
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| Chemical Formula | Mg |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 24.305 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 23.985041898 |
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| IUPAC Name | magnesium(2+) ion |
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| Traditional Name | magnesium(2+) ion |
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| CAS Registry Number | 7439-95-4 |
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| SMILES | [Mg++] |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Mg/q+2 |
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| InChI Key | JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a alkaline earth metal atom. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds |
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| Class | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | - Homogeneous alkaline earth metal
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Not Available | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | 651 °C | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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| Spectra |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
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| Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Saliva
- Urine
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| Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Erythrocyte
- Hair
- Kidney
- Leukocyte
- Liver
- Platelet
- Skeletal Muscle
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 717 +/- 74.3 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 620-1080 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 700-1000 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Available | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 800-1200 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 700.0 +/- 130.0 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 780.0 +/- 50.0 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 833.0 +/- 208.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 833.0 +/- 250.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 818.76-1621.07 uM | Newborn (0 - <14 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 810.53-1271.34 uM | Infant (15 days - <1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 859.91-1168.48 uM | Children (1 - <19 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 699.445-987.451 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 699.445-946.307 uM | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 620-910 uM | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 625.0-1041.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 583.0-1083.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 780 +/- 40 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 954 +/- 207 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 890.0 (550.0-1230.0) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 440.92 +/- 290.50 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 7.0438 +/- 5.822 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 4.1-49.4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 4.1-49.4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 4.1-49.4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 4.1-41.1 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 389.220 +/- 85.168 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 8.0436 +/- 4.604 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 387.163 +/- 254.680 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 484.674 +/- 308.167 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 10.401 +/- 2.765 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 7.130 +/- 3.361 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 262 (42-1189) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 355.0 +/- 98.0 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 289.0 +/- 92.0 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6977.577 (3721.374-10233.779) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Available | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 910 (760-1000) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Bartter Syndrome, Type 3 | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1534 +/- 242 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Multiple sclerosis | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 793 +/- 134 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Parkinson's disease | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 123.431 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Primary Hypomagnesemia | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 240 +/- 110 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Primary Hypomagnesemia | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 320-610 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Primary Hypomagnesemia | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 490 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Hypomagnesemia 1, intestinal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 560 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Hypomagnesemia 1, intestinal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 540-620 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SESAMES) | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1275.458 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 493.726 uM | Infant (0-1 year old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 493.726 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 288.00658-905.164 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Gitelman syndrome | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 690 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 620 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 452.582 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 763 +/- 100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 167.0438 +/- 43.612 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 167.867 +/- 61.304 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | | details | | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 226.291 +/- 16.869 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 9.875 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Primary Hypomagnesemia | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 19.338-32.0922 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Primary hypomagnesemia | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 13024.810 (4186.546-22328.245) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Available | Fructose intolerance, hereditary | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Alzheimer's disease |
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- Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. [PubMed:16244393 ]
| | Multiple sclerosis |
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- Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. [PubMed:16244395 ]
| | Parkinson's disease |
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- Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. [PubMed:16244392 ]
| | Primary hypomagnesemia |
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- Jin-no Y, Kamiya Y, Okada M, Hirako M, Takada N, Kawaguchi M: Primary hypomagnesemia caused by isolated magnesium malabsorption: atypical case in adult. Intern Med. 1999 Mar;38(3):261-5. [PubMed:10337938 ]
- Shalev H, Phillip M, Galil A, Carmi R, Landau D: Clinical presentation and outcome in primary familial hypomagnesaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Feb;78(2):127-30. [PubMed:9579153 ]
- Kari JA, Farouq M, Alshaya HO: Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003 Jun;18(6):506-10. Epub 2003 Apr 29. [PubMed:12720080 ]
- Vainsel M, Vandevelde G, Smulders J, Vosters M, Hubain P, Loeb H: Tetany due to hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1970 Apr;45(240):254-8. [PubMed:5419995 ]
| | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness |
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- Zaffanello M, Taranta A, Palma A, Bettinelli A, Marseglia GL, Emma F: Type IV Bartter syndrome: report of two new cases. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006 Jun;21(6):766-70. doi: 10.1007/s00467-006-0090-x. Epub 2006 Apr 1. [PubMed:16583241 ]
| | Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal |
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- Adachi M, Asakura Y, Sato Y, Tajima T, Nakajima T, Yamamoto T, Fujieda K: Novel SLC12A1 (NKCC2) mutations in two families with Bartter syndrome type 1. Endocr J. 2007 Dec;54(6):1003-7. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed:17998760 ]
| | Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal |
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- Chan WK, To KF, Tong JH, Law CW: Paradoxical hypertension and salt wasting in Type II Bartter syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Jun;5(3):217-20. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfs026. Epub 2012 Mar 29. [PubMed:26069767 ]
| | Bartter Syndrome, Type 3 |
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- Seys E, Andrini O, Keck M, Mansour-Hendili L, Courand PY, Simian C, Deschenes G, Kwon T, Bertholet-Thomas A, Bobrie G, Borde JS, Bourdat-Michel G, Decramer S, Cailliez M, Krug P, Cozette P, Delbet JD, Dubourg L, Chaveau D, Fila M, Jourde-Chiche N, Knebelmann B, Lavocat MP, Lemoine S, Djeddi D, Llanas B, Louillet F, Merieau E, Mileva M, Mota-Vieira L, Mousson C, Nobili F, Novo R, Roussey-Kesler G, Vrillon I, Walsh SB, Teulon J, Blanchard A, Vargas-Poussou R: Clinical and Genetic Spectrum of Bartter Syndrome Type 3. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Aug;28(8):2540-2552. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016101057. Epub 2017 Apr 5. [PubMed:28381550 ]
| | Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness |
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- Nozu K, Inagaki T, Fu XJ, Nozu Y, Kaito H, Kanda K, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K, Matsuo M: Molecular analysis of digenic inheritance in Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness. J Med Genet. 2008 Mar;45(3):182-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052944. [PubMed:18310267 ]
| | Gitelman syndrome |
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- Lin SH, Cheng NL, Hsu YJ, Halperin ML: Intrafamilial phenotype variability in patients with Gitelman syndrome having the same mutations in their thiazide-sensitive sodium/chloride cotransporter. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 Feb;43(2):304-12. [PubMed:14750096 ]
| | Hypomagnesemia 1, intestinal |
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- Hennekam RC, Donckerwolcke RA: Primary hypomagnesaemia, an autosomal recessive inherited disease? Lancet. 1983 Apr 23;1(8330):927. [PubMed:6132241 ]
| | Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SESAMES) |
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- Scholl UI, Choi M, Liu T, Ramaekers VT, Hausler MG, Grimmer J, Tobe SW, Farhi A, Nelson-Williams C, Lifton RP: Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SeSAME syndrome) caused by mutations in KCNJ10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 7;106(14):5842-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901749106. Epub 2009 Mar 16. [PubMed:19289823 ]
| | Fructose intolerance, hereditary |
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- Steinmann B, Gitzelmann R: The diagnosis of hereditary fructose intolerance. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1981 Sep;36(4):297-316. [PubMed:6268573 ]
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| Associated OMIM IDs | - 104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
- 126200 (Multiple sclerosis)
- 168600 (Parkinson's disease)
- 248250 (Primary hypomagnesemia)
- 602522 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness)
- 601678 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal)
- 241200 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal)
- 607364 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 3)
- 613090 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness)
- 263800 (Gitelman syndrome)
- 602014 (Hypomagnesemia 1, intestinal)
- 612780 (Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SESAMES))
- 229600 (Fructose intolerance, hereditary)
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB01378 |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | FDB031004 |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| Chemspider ID | 865 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C00305 |
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| BioCyc ID | MG%2b2 |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Magnesium |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound | 888 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 18420 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | MG2 |
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| MarkerDB ID | MDB00013428 |
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| Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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| General References | - Rakicioglu N, Samur G, Topcu A, Topcu AA: The effect of Ramadan on maternal nutrition and composition of breast milk. Pediatr Int. 2006 Jun;48(3):278-83. [PubMed:16732795 ]
- Fowler AJ, Moskowitz DG, Wong A, Cohen SP, Williams ML, Heyman MB: Nutritional status and gastrointestinal structure and function in children with ichthyosis and growth failure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Feb;38(2):164-9. [PubMed:14734878 ]
- Siqueira WL, de Oliveira E, Mustacchi Z, Nicolau J: Electrolyte concentrations in saliva of children aged 6-10 years with Down syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Jul;98(1):76-9. [PubMed:15243474 ]
- Abbasciano V, Sartori S, Trevisani L, Girometti R, Ranzini M, Nielsen I, Mazzotta D, Vecchiatti G, Bononi A, Guglielmini C: Comparison of magnesium concentration in serum, erythrocytes and gastric tissue in two groups of patients affected by chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori negative and positive. Magnes Res. 2003 Dec;16(4):281-6. [PubMed:14979638 ]
- Kielczykowska M, Pasternak K, Musik I: The influence of lithium on calcium and magnesium homeostasis in serum and tissues of rats. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2003;58(2):281-4. [PubMed:15323205 ]
- Resnick LM, Barbagallo M, Bardicef M, Bardicef O, Sorokin Y, Evelhoch J, Dominguez LJ, Mason BA, Cotton DB: Cellular-free magnesium depletion in brain and muscle of normal and preeclamptic pregnancy: a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Hypertension. 2004 Sep;44(3):322-6. Epub 2004 Jul 19. [PubMed:15262910 ]
- Korycinska A, Dabrowski W, Rzecki Z, Dragan M, Pozarowski P, Wronska J, Stazka J, Pasternak K, Rolinski J: The degree of lymphocytic mitochondrial transmembrane potential and blood magnesium concentrations during coronary artery bypass grafting. Magnes Res. 2005 Dec;18(4):253-60. [PubMed:16548140 ]
- Wang FJ, Cao J, Ma LP, Jin ZX: [Study on cellular and serum concentration of calcium and magnesium in peripheral blood cells of cirrhosis]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2004 Mar;12(3):144-7. [PubMed:15059297 ]
- Kedzierska E: [Concentrations of selected bioelements and toxic metals and their influence on health status of children and youth residing in Szczecin]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2003;49:131-43. [PubMed:15552844 ]
- Mendez DR, Corbett R, Macias C, Laptook A: Total and ionized plasma magnesium concentrations in children after traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Res. 2005 Mar;57(3):347-52. Epub 2004 Dec 7. [PubMed:15585675 ]
- Bologa C, Rusu M, Ianovici N, Tetraru C, Hurjui J, Petris O, Lionte C: [Role of calcium and magnesium ions in cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholic-traumatic coma]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2003 Oct-Dec;107(4):809-12. [PubMed:14756024 ]
- Nielsen FH, Milne DB: A moderately high intake compared to a low intake of zinc depresses magnesium balance and alters indices of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;58(5):703-10. [PubMed:15116072 ]
- Miyamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Murakami H, Kamiyama N, Fukuda M: Studies on cerebrospinal fluid ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations in convulsive children. Pediatr Int. 2004 Aug;46(4):394-7. [PubMed:15310301 ]
- Guo H, Lee JD, Guo M, Lu Y, Tang F, Ueda T: Status of intracellular and extracellular magnesium concentration in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Acta Cardiol. 2005 Jun;60(3):259-63. [PubMed:15999464 ]
- Wang W, Kumar P, Minhas S, Ralph D: Proposals or findings for a new approach about how to define and diagnose premature ejaculation. Eur Urol. 2005 Sep;48(3):418-23. [PubMed:15967566 ]
- Guo H, Cheng J, Lee JD, Ueda T, Shan J, Wang J: Relationship between the degree of intracellular magnesium deficiency and the frequency of chest pain in women with variant angina. Herz. 2004 May;29(3):299-303. [PubMed:15167956 ]
- Bryant RE, Crouse R, Deagen JT: Zinc, iron, copper, selenium, lactoferrin, and ferritin in human pus. Am J Med Sci. 2004 Feb;327(2):73-6. [PubMed:14770022 ]
- Gortzak-Uzan L, Mezad D, Smolin A, Friger M, Huleihel M, Hallak M: Increasing amniotic fluid magnesium concentrations with stable maternal serum levels: a prospective clinical trial. J Reprod Med. 2005 Nov;50(11):817-20. [PubMed:16419627 ]
- Postnikova LB, Alekseeva OP, Kubysheva NI, Gorshkova TN, Ishanova OS: [Significance of biochemical parameters of saliva in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at exacerbation]. Klin Lab Diagn. 2004 Oct;(10):16-8. [PubMed:15584394 ]
- Simsek E, Karabay M, Kocabay K: Assessment of magnesium status in newly diagnosed diabetic children: measurement of erythrocyte magnesium level and magnesium tolerance testing. Turk J Pediatr. 2005 Apr-Jun;47(2):132-7. [PubMed:16052852 ]
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