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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (47)transporters (4) Show 51 proteins XML

enzymes (47)transporters (4) Show 51 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2006-08-16 11:03:30 UTC

Update Date

2022-03-07 02:49:05 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000657

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB00657

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Copper

Description

Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In the body, copper shifts between the cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+) forms, though the majority of the body's copper is in the Cu2+ form. The ability of copper to easily accept and donate electrons explains its important role in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and in scavenging free radicals. Copper is a critical functional component of a number of essential enzymes known as cuproenzymes. For instance, the copper-dependent enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase, plays a critical role in cellular energy production. By catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) to water (H2O), cytochrome c oxidase generates an electrical gradient used by the mitochondria to create the vital energy-storing molecule, ATP. Another cuproenzyme, lysyl oxidase, is required for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, which are essential for the formation of strong and flexible connective tissue. Another cuproeznyme, Monoamine oxidase (MAO), plays a role in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAO also functions in the degradation of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is the basis for the use of MAO inhibitors as antidepressants. One of the most important cuproenzymes is Superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD functions as an antioxidant by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide radicals (free radicals or ROS) to hydrogen peroxide, which can subsequently be reduced to water by other antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of SOD contain copper: 1) copper/zinc SOD is found within most cells of the body, including red blood cells, and 2) extracellular SOD is a copper-containing enzyme found at high levels in the lungs and low levels in blood plasma. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms. Copper is normally bound to cuproenzymes (such as SOD, MOA) and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. An imbalance of zinc and copper status might be involved in human hypertension. Furthermore, copper is found to be associated with hyperzincaemia and hypercalprotectinaemia and Wilson's disease, which are inborn errors of metabolism.

Structure

MOL 3D MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
COPPER (II) ion	ChEBI
Copper(II) cation	ChEBI
Copper, ion (cu2+)	ChEBI
Cu(II)	ChEBI
Cu2+	ChEBI
Cu(2+)	ChEBI
Cupric ion	ChEBI
Cu	HMDB

Chemical Formula

Average Molecular Weight

63.546

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

62.929601079

IUPAC Name

copper(2+) ion

Traditional Name

copper(2+) ion

CAS Registry Number

7440-50-8

SMILES

[Cu++]

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/Cu/q+2

InChI Key

JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.

Kingdom

Inorganic compounds

Super Class

Homogeneous metal compounds

Class

Homogeneous transition metal compounds

Sub Class

Not Available

Direct Parent

Homogeneous transition metal compounds

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Homogeneous transition metal

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

monoatomic dication (CHEBI:29036 )
divalent metal cation (CHEBI:29036 )
copper cation (CHEBI:29036 )
a cation (CU+2 )

Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	1083 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	Not Available	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Not Available

Predicted Molecular Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	0.16	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.09	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	0 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	1.78 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predictor	Adduct Type	CCS Value (Å²)	Reference
AllCCS	[M+H]+	118.473	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	125.26	32859911
AllCCS	[M+H]+	118.5	32859911
AllCCS	[M+H-H2O]+	114.8	32859911
AllCCS	[M+NH4]+	121.9	32859911
AllCCS	[M+Na]+	122.9	32859911
AllCCS	[M-H]-	125.3	32859911
AllCCS	[M+Na-2H]-	136.9	32859911
AllCCS	[M+HCOO]-	149.7	32859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

Metabolite	SMILES	Kovats RI Value	Column Type	Reference
Copper	[Cu++]	692.8	Standard polar	33892256
Copper	[Cu++]	273.0	Standard non polar	33892256
Copper	[Cu++]	64.1	Semi standard non polar	33892256

Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	Source	View
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 10V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65	2016-08-01	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 20V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65	2016-08-01	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 40V, Positive-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-59c652eccc13cc365f65	2016-08-01	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 10V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7	2016-08-03	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 20V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7	2016-08-03	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Copper 40V, Negative-QTOF	splash10-03di-9000000000-9acd78ab9faeb89677a7	2016-08-03	Wishart Lab	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Erythrocyte
Hair
Intestine
Kidney
Liver

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	KEGG
beta-Alanine metabolism	Not Available
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency		Not Available
Ureidopropionase Deficiency		Not Available
Carnosinuria, carnosinemia		Not Available
Tyrosine metabolism	Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	14.71645(14.20635-15.22336) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Report on Human B...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	14.5 +/- 3.1 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Normal	16244393	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.89 (0.39) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	23434268	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	13.376-24.392 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23049345	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.416-7.239 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	8812725	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	11.0156-24.392 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	8812725	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	12.589-22.0313 uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	18983438	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.56 +/- 1.83 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	20.3 (13.1 - 27.4) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	17.0 (10.2 - 29.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	23.7 (11.3 - 27.0) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	17.2 (12.7 - 21.6) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	37.6 (23.6 - 49.9) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	11.8 (7.5 - 16.1) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	12-22 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	6120954	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	18.9 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	17.2 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	12.7-22.0 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23423674	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	10.0-22.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Molecular You	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	10.0-22.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Molecular You	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	10.229-25.179 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	15902551	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	15.06127(14.09512-15.95434) uM	Not Available	Both	Normal	Report on Human B...	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	1.7 +/- 1.4 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	9720975	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	1.69 +/- 1.54 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Normal	9720975	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	2.253 +/- 3.118 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	22546835	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	0.26 (0.24-0.28) uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.74 (1.66) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	23434268	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.234 +/- 0.127 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Zerihun T. Dame, ...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	4.1-61.7 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	2309653	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	4.1-57.6 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	2309653	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	4.1-57.6 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	2309653	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.315-0.708 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	Gian Paolo Sighin...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.833 +/- 4.406 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	10378074	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.990 +/- 4.878 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	10378074	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	3.619 +/- 1.574 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Natheer H. Al-Raw...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.0241 +/- 0.0209 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	20604873	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.0323 +/- 0.0203 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	20604873	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.0219 +/- 0.00708 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	20604873	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.0271 +/- 0.0183 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	20604873	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.01994(0.01940-0.05192) umol/mmol creatinine	Not Available	Both	Normal	Report on Human B...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.02174 (0.01815-0.02551) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Report on Human B...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.00467-0.0533 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	23423674	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0163 (0.0006-0.1099) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	24023812	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.025 (0.013-0.044) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.019 (0.0092-0.038) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	Geigy Scientific ... West Cadwell, N.J... Basel, Switzerlan...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0380 (0.0107-0.119) umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0313 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.076 (0.027-0.257) umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	28478178	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.283-12.668 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	Wilson's disease ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	22.96 +/- 7.64 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Multiple sclerosis	16244395	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	15.70 +/- 3.80 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Parkinson's disease	16244392	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.34 (0.57) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)	23434268	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	6.295-7.868 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Aceruloplasminemia	23049345	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	25.0842 uM	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Hyperzincaemia and Hypercalprotectinaemia	18983438	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	1.574-8.340 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Menkes syndrome	8812725	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.564-10.701 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	3612170	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	6.6 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Occipital Horn Syndrome	6120954	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	11.4 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Occipital Horn Syndrome	6120954	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	2.4-2.8 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma	23423674	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	15.4 +/- 3.9 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	16244393	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	4.878-11.645 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	Congenital cataracts, hearing loss, and neurodegeneration	15902551	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	0.944-1.464 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	3612170	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected and Quantified	1.39 +/- 1.02 uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	9720975	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	4.65 (1.59) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)	23434268	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.0458 +/- 1.416 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Natheer H. Al-Raw...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	2.518 +/- 0.944 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Natheer H. Al-Raw...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	1.526 +/- 0.944 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Natheer H. Al-Raw...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0163-1.0491 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	Wilson's disease ...	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.17 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma	23423674	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	>0.0420 umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	25755520	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	>0.105 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	25755520	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.162-0.938 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Wilson's disease	3612170	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Multiple sclerosis
Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. [PubMed:16244395 ]
Parkinson's disease
Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. [PubMed:16244392 ]
Hyperzincaemia and hypercalprotectinaemia
Isidor B, Poignant S, Corradini N, Fouassier M, Quartier P, Roth J, Picherot G: Hyperzincemia and hypercalprotectinemia: unsuccessful treatment with tacrolimus. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Feb;98(2):410-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01092.x. Epub 2008 Nov 4. [PubMed:18983438 ]
Menkes disease
Kaler SG, Das S, Levinson B, Goldstein DS, Holmes CS, Patronas NJ, Packman S, Gahl WA: Successful early copper therapy in Menkes disease associated with a mutant transcript containing a small In-frame deletion. Biochem Mol Med. 1996 Feb;57(1):37-46. [PubMed:8812725 ]
Aceruloplasminemia
Roberti Mdo R, Borges Filho HM, Goncalves CH, Lima FL: Aceruloplasminemia: a rare disease - diagnosis and treatment of two cases. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2011;33(5):389-92. doi: 10.5581/1516-8484.20110104. [PubMed:23049345 ]
Congenital cataracts, hearing loss, and neurodegeneration
Horvath R, Freisinger P, Rubio R, Merl T, Bax R, Mayr JA, Shawan, Muller-Hocker J, Pongratz D, Moller LB, Horn N, Jaksch M: Congenital cataract, muscular hypotonia, developmental delay and sensorineural hearing loss associated with a defect in copper metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(4):479-92. doi: 10.1007/s10545-005-0479-x. [PubMed:15902551 ]
Mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma
Martinelli D, Travaglini L, Drouin CA, Ceballos-Picot I, Rizza T, Bertini E, Carrozzo R, Petrini S, de Lonlay P, El Hachem M, Hubert L, Montpetit A, Torre G, Dionisi-Vici C: MEDNIK syndrome: a novel defect of copper metabolism treatable by zinc acetate therapy. Brain. 2013 Mar;136(Pt 3):872-81. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt012. Epub 2013 Feb 18. [PubMed:23423674 ]
Occipital Horn Syndrome
Kuivaniemi H, Peltonen L, Palotie A, Kaitila I, Kivirikko KI: Abnormal copper metabolism and deficient lysyl oxidase activity in a heritable connective tissue disorder. J Clin Invest. 1982 Mar;69(3):730-3. [PubMed:6120954 ]
Alzheimer's disease
Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, Gonzalez-Munoz MJ, de Bustos F, Porta J, Orti-Pareja M, Zurdo M, Barrios E, Martinez-Para MC: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):479-88. [PubMed:9720975 ] Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. [PubMed:16244393 ]
Wilson's disease
Weisner B, Hartard C, Dieu C: CSF copper concentration: a new parameter for diagnosis and monitoring therapy of Wilson's disease with cerebral manifestation. J Neurol Sci. 1987 Jun;79(1-2):229-37. [PubMed:3612170 ] Patil M, Sheth KA, Krishnamurthy AC, Devarbhavi H: A review and current perspective on Wilson disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013 Dec;3(4):321-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.06.002. Epub 2013 Jul 6. [PubMed:25755520 ] SÃ³cio D.A., et al. (2010). Wilson's disease in children and adolescents: diagnosis and treatment. Rev Paul Pediatr 28(2):134-40.. Rev Paul Pediatr.

Associated OMIM IDs

126200 (Multiple sclerosis)
168600 (Parkinson's disease)
194470 (Hyperzincaemia and hypercalprotectinaemia)
309400 (Menkes disease)
604290 (Aceruloplasminemia)
614482 (Congenital cataracts, hearing loss, and neurodegeneration)
609313 (Mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma)
304150 (Occipital Horn Syndrome)
104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
277900 (Wilson's disease)

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

FDB030749

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

25221

KEGG Compound ID

C00070

BioCyc ID

CU%2b2

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Copper

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

27099

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

29036

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

CU2

MarkerDB ID

MDB00013431

Good Scents ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Kedzierska E: [Concentrations of selected bioelements and toxic metals and their influence on health status of children and youth residing in Szczecin]. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2003;49:131-43. [PubMed:15552844 ]
Koury JC, de Olilveria AV Jr, Portella ES, de Olilveria CF, Lopes GC, Donangelo CM: Zinc and copper biochemical indices of antioxidant status in elite athletes of different modalities. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Jun;14(3):358-72. [PubMed:15256695 ]
Hoogenraad TU: Paradigm shift in treatment of Wilson's disease: zinc therapy now treatment of choice. Brain Dev. 2006 Apr;28(3):141-6. Epub 2006 Feb 7. [PubMed:16466879 ]
Dib N, Valsesia E, Malinge MC, Mauras Y, Misrahi M, Cales P: Late onset of Wilson's disease in a family with genetic haemochromatosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;18(1):43-7. [PubMed:16357618 ]
Kodama H, Sato E, Gu YH, Shiga K, Fujisawa C, Kozuma T: Effect of copper and diethyldithiocarbamate combination therapy on the macular mouse, an animal model of Menkes disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):971-8. [PubMed:16435190 ]
Cengiz B, Soylemez F, Ozturk E, Cavdar AO: Serum zinc, selenium, copper, and lead levels in women with second-trimester induced abortion resulting from neural tube defects: a preliminary study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Mar;97(3):225-35. [PubMed:14997023 ]
Langner C, Denk H: Wilson disease. Virchows Arch. 2004 Aug;445(2):111-8. Epub 2004 Jun 17. [PubMed:15205951 ]
Kitzberger R, Madl C, Ferenci P: Wilson disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Dec;20(4):295-302. [PubMed:16382340 ]
Chen D, Cui QC, Yang H, Dou QP: Disulfiram, a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug and copper-binding agent, induces apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cultures and xenografts via inhibition of the proteasome activity. Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10425-33. [PubMed:17079463 ]
Briviba K, Schnabele K, Rechkemmer G, Bub A: Supplementation of a diet low in carotenoids with tomato or carrot juice does not affect lipid peroxidation in plasma and feces of healthy men. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1081-3. [PubMed:15113949 ]
Pizent A, Jurasovic J, Telisman S: Serum calcium, zinc, and copper in relation to biomarkers of lead and cadmium in men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2003;17(3):199-205. [PubMed:14968933 ]
Squitti R, Barbati G, Rossi L, Ventriglia M, Dal Forno G, Cesaretti S, Moffa F, Caridi I, Cassetta E, Pasqualetti P, Calabrese L, Lupoi D, Rossini PM: Excess of nonceruloplasmin serum copper in AD correlates with MMSE, CSF [beta]-amyloid, and h-tau. Neurology. 2006 Jul 11;67(1):76-82. [PubMed:16832081 ]
Odland JO, Nieboer E, Romanova N, Thomassen Y: Elements in placenta and pregnancy outcome in arctic and subarctic areas. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2004 May;63(2):169-87. [PubMed:15253483 ]
Venelinov TI, Davies IM, Beattie JH: Dialysis-Chelex method for determination of exchangeable copper in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004 Jul;379(5-6):777-80. Epub 2004 Feb 26. [PubMed:14991216 ]
Attri S, Sharma N, Jahagirdar S, Thapa BR, Prasad R: Erythrocyte metabolism and antioxidant status of patients with Wilson disease with hemolytic anemia. Pediatr Res. 2006 Apr;59(4 Pt 1):593-7. [PubMed:16549536 ]
Jablonska-Kaszewska I, Dabrowska E, Drobinska Jurowiecka A, Falkiewicz B: Treatment of Wilson's disease. Med Sci Monit. 2003 Aug;9 Suppl 3:5-8. [PubMed:15156602 ]
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Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 51 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Tyrosinase

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:: TYR
Uniprot ID:: P14679
Molecular weight:: 60392.69

Enzyme Details

2. Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

General function:: Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:: Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequential steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity.
Gene Name:: PAM
Uniprot ID:: P19021
Molecular weight:: 108402.425

Enzyme Details

3. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

General function:: Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:: Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline.
Gene Name:: DBH
Uniprot ID:: P09172
Molecular weight:: 69064.45

Enzyme Details

4. Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]

General function:: Involved in copper ion binding
Specific function:: Catalyzes the degradation of compounds such as putrescine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine, substances involved in allergic and immune responses, cell proliferation, tissue differentiation, tumor formation, and possibly apoptosis. Placental DAO is thought to play a role in the regulation of the female reproductive function.
Gene Name:: ABP1
Uniprot ID:: P19801
Molecular weight:: 85377.1

Enzyme Details

5. Membrane primary amine oxidase

General function:: Involved in copper ion binding
Specific function:: Cell adhesion protein that participates in lymphocyte recirculation by mediating the binding of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph node vascular endothelial cells in an L-selectin-independent fashion. Has a monoamine oxidase activity. May play a role in adipogenesis.
Gene Name:: AOC3
Uniprot ID:: Q16853
Molecular weight:: 84621.27

Enzyme Details

6. Retina-specific copper amine oxidase

General function:: Involved in copper ion binding
Specific function:: Has a monoamine oxidase activity with substrate specificity for 2-phenylethylamine and tryptamine. May play a role in adipogenesis. May be a critical modulator of signal transmission in retina.
Gene Name:: AOC2
Uniprot ID:: O75106
Molecular weight:: 80515.11

Enzyme Details

7. Ferritin, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Gene Name:: FTMT
Uniprot ID:: Q8N4E7
Molecular weight:: 27537.885

Enzyme Details

8. Ceruloplasmin

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Ceruloplasmin is a blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane. Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1. May also play a role in fetal lung development or pulmonary antioxidant defense (By similarity).
Gene Name:: CP
Uniprot ID:: P00450
Molecular weight:: 122204.45

Enzyme Details

9. Protein-lysine 6-oxidase

General function:: Involved in copper ion binding
Specific function:: Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. In addition to cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, may have a direct role in tumor suppression.
Gene Name:: LOX
Uniprot ID:: P28300
Molecular weight:: 46943.67

Enzyme Details

10. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1

General function:: Involved in iron ion binding
Specific function:: Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. CO I is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper A center of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme A3 and copper B.
Gene Name:: MT-CO1
Uniprot ID:: P00395
Molecular weight:: 57040.91

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Copper-transporting ATPase 2

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: Involved in the export of copper out of the cells, such as the efflux of hepatic copper into the bile.
Gene Name:: ATP7B
Uniprot ID:: P35670
Molecular weight:: 157261.34

Enzyme Details

2. Copper-transporting ATPase 1

General function:: Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:: May supply copper to copper-requiring proteins within the secretory pathway, when localized in the trans-Golgi network. Under conditions of elevated extracellular copper, it relocalized to the plasma membrane where it functions in the efflux of copper from cells.
Gene Name:: ATP7A
Uniprot ID:: Q04656
Molecular weight:: 163372.275

Enzyme Details

3. High affinity copper uptake protein 1

General function:: Involved in copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:: Involved in high-affinity copper uptake
Gene Name:: SLC31A1
Uniprot ID:: O15431
Molecular weight:: 21090.5

Enzyme Details

4. Probable low affinity copper uptake protein 2

General function:: Involved in copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:: Involved in low-affinity copper uptake (Potential)
Gene Name:: SLC31A2
Uniprot ID:: O15432
Molecular weight:: 15681.3

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 51 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Showing metabocard for Copper (HMDB0000657)

MOL for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

3D MOL for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

3D SDF for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

PDB for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

3D PDB for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

SMILES for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

INCHI for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

Structure for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

3D Structure for HMDB0000657 (Copper)

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MS/MS Spectra

Enzymes

Transporters