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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 14:57:20 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000902
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00902
Metabolite Identification
Common NameNAD
DescriptionNAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia ). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC21H27N7O14P2
Average Molecular Weight663.4251
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight663.109121631
IUPAC Name1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphono}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
Traditional Name1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-{[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphono}oxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]methyl}-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-3-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)-1lambda5-pyridin-1-ylium
CAS Registry Number53-84-9
SMILES
NC(=O)C1=C[N+](=CC=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
InChI KeyBAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides. These are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassNucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
Class(5'->5')-dinucleotides
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct Parent(5'->5')-dinucleotides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • (5'->5')-dinucleotide
  • Purine nucleotide sugar
  • Purine ribonucleoside diphosphate
  • Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate
  • Nicotinamide-nucleotide
  • Pyridine nucleotide
  • Pentose-5-phosphate
  • Pentose phosphate
  • Glycosyl compound
  • N-glycosyl compound
  • 6-aminopurine
  • Monosaccharide phosphate
  • Organic pyrophosphate
  • Purine
  • Imidazopyrimidine
  • Nicotinamide
  • Monoalkyl phosphate
  • Aminopyrimidine
  • Monosaccharide
  • N-substituted imidazole
  • Organic phosphoric acid derivative
  • Imidolactam
  • Phosphoric acid ester
  • Alkyl phosphate
  • Pyrimidine
  • Pyridinium
  • Pyridine
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Azole
  • Imidazole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboximidic acid derivative
  • Carboximidic acid
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic zwitterion
  • Primary amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point140.0 - 142.0 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility752.5 mg/mLNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Astarita_neg226.330932474
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Peroxisome
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cellular Cytoplasm
Tissue Locations
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Liver
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified24.3 (23.0-25.6) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cellular CytoplasmDetected and Quantified88.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0036 uMInfant (0-1 year old)FemaleNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Deficiency details
BloodDetected and Quantified29.1 (25.0-33.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothPellagra details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Pellagra
  1. Creeke PI, Dibari F, Cheung E, van den Briel T, Kyroussis E, Seal AJ: Whole blood NAD and NADP concentrations are not depressed in subjects with clinical pellagra. J Nutr. 2007 Sep;137(9):2013-7. [PubMed:17709435 ]
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Deficiency
  1. Shi H, Enriquez A, Rapadas M, Martin EMMA, Wang R, Moreau J, Lim CK, Szot JO, Ip E, Hughes JN, Sugimoto K, Humphreys DT, McInerney-Leo AM, Leo PJ, Maghzal GJ, Halliday J, Smith J, Colley A, Mark PR, Collins F, Sillence DO, Winlaw DS, Ho JWK, Guillemin GJ, Brown MA, Kikuchi K, Thomas PQ, Stocker R, Giannoulatou E, Chapman G, Duncan EL, Sparrow DB, Dunwoodie SL: NAD Deficiency, Congenital Malformations, and Niacin Supplementation. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 10;377(6):544-552. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1616361. [PubMed:28792876 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB14128
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022309
KNApSAcK IDC00007256
Chemspider ID5682
KEGG Compound IDC00003
BioCyc IDNAD
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5892
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID44215
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceHughes, N. A.; Kenner, G. W.; Todd, Alexander. Codehydrogenases. III. Synthesis of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (cozymase) and triphosphopyridine nucleotide. Journal of the Chemical Society (1957), 3733-8.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 261 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Gene Name:
PDHB
Uniprot ID:
P11177
Molecular weight:
39233.1
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Specific function:
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Gene Name:
PDHA1
Uniprot ID:
P08559
Molecular weight:
43295.255
Reactions
Coenzyme A + NAD + Pyruvic acid → Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen Ion + NADH + Acetyl-CoAdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor
Specific function:
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Gene Name:
PDHA2
Uniprot ID:
P29803
Molecular weight:
42932.855
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA.
Gene Name:
ALDH6A1
Uniprot ID:
Q02252
Molecular weight:
57839.31
Reactions
2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid + Coenzyme A + Water + NAD → Propionyl-CoA + Hydrogen carbonate + NADHdetails
Malonic semialdehyde + Coenzyme A + NAD → Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
(S)-Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde + Coenzyme A + NAD → Propionyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
(S)-Methylmalonic acid semialdehyde + Coenzyme A + NAD → Methylmalonyl-CoA + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. Involved in the hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation and in the spermatazoal acrosome reaction.
Gene Name:
DLD
Uniprot ID:
P09622
Molecular weight:
54176.91
Reactions
Protein N(6)-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD → protein N(6)-(lipoyl)lysine + NADHdetails
Dihydrolipoamide + NAD → Lipoamide + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Dihydrolipoylprotein + NAD → Lipoylprotein + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD → Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Coenzyme A + NAD + Pyruvic acid → Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen Ion + NADH + Acetyl-CoAdetails
General function:
Involved in acyltransferase activity
Specific function:
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Gene Name:
DLAT
Uniprot ID:
P10515
Molecular weight:
68996.03
Reactions
Coenzyme A + NAD + Pyruvic acid → Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen Ion + NADH + Acetyl-CoAdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant reduction of its neurotoxicity since bile is the major excretory route.
Gene Name:
AKR1C4
Uniprot ID:
P17516
Molecular weight:
37094.57
Reactions
Androsterone + NAD → Androstanedione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Etiocholanolone + NAD → Etiocholanedione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
3a,7a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestane + NAD → 7a-Hydroxy-5b-cholestan-3-one + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol + NAD → 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholestan-3-one + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Tetrahydrocortisone + NAD → 17a,21-Dihydroxy-5b-pregnane-3,11,20-trione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Tetrahydrocortisol + NAD → Dihydrocortisol + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
3a,11b,21-Trihydroxy-20-oxo-5b-pregnan-18-al + NAD → 11b,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-oxo-5b-pregnan-18-al + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Tetrahydrocorticosterone + NAD → 11b,21-Dihydroxy-5b-pregnane-3,20-dione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
3a,21-Dihydroxy-5b-pregnane-11,20-dione + NAD → 21-Hydroxy-5b-pregnane-3,11,20-trione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
3a-Hydroxy-5b-pregnane-20-one + NAD → 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Prostaglandin inactivation. Contributes to the regulation of events that are under the control of prostaglandin levels. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent dehydrogenation of lipoxin A4 to form 15-oxo-lipoxin A4. Inhibits in vivo proliferation of colon cancer cells.
Gene Name:
HPGD
Uniprot ID:
P15428
Molecular weight:
28977.105
Reactions
(5Z,13E,15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NAD → (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NADHdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:
TYR
Uniprot ID:
P14679
Molecular weight:
60392.69
Reactions
Tyramine + Oxygen + NADH + Hydrogen Ion → Dopamine + NAD + Waterdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.
Gene Name:
AKR1B1
Uniprot ID:
P15121
Molecular weight:
35853.125
Reactions
Glycerol + NAD → Glyceraldehyde + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
beta-D-Galactose + NADH + Hydrogen Ion → Galactitol + NADdetails
L-Arabitol + NAD → L-Arabinose + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Lactaldehyde + NAD → Pyruvaldehyde + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 261 proteins in total.