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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for 4-Pyridoxic acid (HMDB00017)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2010-01-21 11:55:15
Accession Number HMDB00017
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name 4-Pyridoxic acid
Description 4-Pyridoxic acid is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyradoxamine) which is excreted in the urine. Urinary levels of 4-pyridoxic acid are lower in females than in males and will be reduced in persons with riboflavin deficiency. 4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase I (an endogenous enzyme) and by microbial enzymes (pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase), an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. 4-pyridoxic acid can be further broken down by the gut microflora via 4-pyridoxic acid dehydrogenase. This enzyme catalyzes the four electron oxidation of 4-pyridoxic acid to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor.
Synonyms
  1. 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-hydroxymethylpyridine
  2. 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxylate
  3. 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid
  4. 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinate
  5. 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinic acid
  6. 3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-isonicotinsaeure
  7. 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-Isonicotinate
  8. 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-Isonicotinic acid
  9. 3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-isonicotinate
  10. 3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid
  11. 4-Pyridoxate
  12. 4-Pyridoxinate
  13. 4-Pyridoxinecarboxylate
  14. 4-Pyridoxinecarboxylic acid
  15. 4-Pyridoxinic acid
  16. 4-Pyridoxinsaeure
  17. 4-Pyridoxylate
  18. 4-Pyridoxylic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
Chemical Formula C8H9NO4
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Heterocyclic molecules
Class
  • Pyridoxals and Derivatives
Sub Class
  • Miscellaneous pyridoxals
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • primary alcohol
  • phenol or hydroxyhetarene
  • carboxylic acid
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
—
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 183.161
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 183.053162
Isomeric SMILES CC1=NC=C(CO)C(C(O)=O)=C1O
Canonical SMILES CC1=NC=C(CO)C(C(O)=O)=C1O
KEGG Compound ID C00847 Link Image
BioCyc ID CPD-1112 Link Image
BiGG ID 36190 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00017 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00017 Link Image
METLIN ID 239 Link Image
PubChem Compound 6723 Link Image
PubChem Substance 149703 Link Image
ChEBI ID 17405 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 82-82-6
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C8H9NO4/c1-4-7(11)6(8(12)13)5(3-10)2-9-4/h2,10-11H,3H2,1H3,(H,12,13)
Synthesis Reference Senkuma, Masahiko; Imada, Katsumi; Sato, Masatada. Preparation of 4-pyridoxic acid. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1992), 2 pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) 247-248 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 53.0 mg/mL [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 8.71 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.08 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; 0.1 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; -0.07 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Bladder —
Erythrocyte —
Kidney —
Liver —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0071 +/- 0.005 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Driskell JA, Giraud DW, Mitmesser SH: Vitamin B-6 intakes and plasma B-6 vitamer concentrations of men and women, 19-50 years of age. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 Sep;70(5):221-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0097 +/- 0.00665 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Driskell JA, Giraud DW, Mitmesser SH: Vitamin B-6 intakes and plasma B-6 vitamer concentrations of men and women, 19-50 years of age. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 Sep;70(5):221-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.040 +/- 0.007 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.027 (0.0062-3.14) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Rybak ME, Pfeiffer CM: Clinical analysis of vitamin B(6): determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with chlorite postcolumn derivatization. Anal Biochem. 2004 Oct 15;333(2):336-44. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 12.52 +/- 6.53 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Huang YC, Lan PH, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Kan MN: Vitamin B6 intakes and status of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;56(5):387-92. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value > 3.0 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Chang SJ, Huang YC, Hsiao LJ, Lee YC, Hsuen SY: Determination of vitamin B-6 estimated average requirement and recommended dietary allowance for children aged 7-12 years using vitamin B-6 intake, nutritional status and anthropometry. J Nutr. 2002 Oct;132(10):3130-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 2.99 +/- 5.25 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value > 0.00032 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Fabian E, Majchrzak D, Dieminger B, Meyer E, Elmadfa I: Influence of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the status of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in young healthy women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52(1):29-36. Epub 2008 Jan 30. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Vitamin B6 Metabolism SMP00017 Link Image map00750 Link Image
General References
  1. Huang YC, Lan PH, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Kan MN: Vitamin B6 intakes and status of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;56(5):387-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kodentsova VM, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Sokol'nikov AA, Beketova NA, Spirichev VB: [The effect of riboflavin supply on metabolism of water-soluble vitamins] Vopr Med Khim. 1993 Sep-Oct;39(5):29-33. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Masse PG, Mahuren JD, Tranchant C, Dosy J: B-6 vitamers and 4-pyridoxic acid in the plasma, erythrocytes, and urine of postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):946-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Huang YC, Chang HH, Huang SC, Cheng CH, Lee BJ, Cheng SY, Su KH: Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is a significant indicator of immune responses in the mechanically ventilated critically ill. Nutrition. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(7-8):779-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ericson KL, Mahuren JD, Zubovic YM, Coburn SP: Use of chlorite to improve HPLC detection of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 Sep 5;823(2):218-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Driskell JA, Chrisley BM: Plasma B-6 vitamer and plasma and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid concentrations in young women as determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr. 1991 Sep;5(5):198-201. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chiang EP, Smith DE, Selhub J, Dallal G, Wang YC, Roubenoff R: Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1254-62. Epub 2005 Sep 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Rybak ME, Pfeiffer CM: Clinical analysis of vitamin B(6): determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with chlorite postcolumn derivatization. Anal Biochem. 2004 Oct 15;333(2):336-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Huang YC, Chang SJ, Chiu YT, Chang HH, Cheng CH: The status of plasma homocysteine and related B-vitamins in healthy young vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Apr;42(2):84-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Midttun O, Hustad S, Solheim E, Schneede J, Ueland PM: Multianalyte quantification of vitamin B6 and B2 species in the nanomolar range in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2005 Jul;51(7):1206-16. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Chang SJ, Huang YC, Hsiao LJ, Lee YC, Hsuen SY: Determination of vitamin B-6 estimated average requirement and recommended dietary allowance for children aged 7-12 years using vitamin B-6 intake, nutritional status and anthropometry. J Nutr. 2002 Oct;132(10):3130-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Aldehyde oxidase
  2. Aldeyde oxidase
  3. Pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5358
Enzyme 1 Name Aldehyde oxidase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Name AOX1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Aldehyde oxidase 
MDRASELLFYVNGRKVIEKNVDPETMLLPYLRKKLRLTGTPYGCGGGGCGACTVMISRYN
PITKRIRHHPANACLIPICSLYGAAVTTVEGIGSTHTRIHPVQERIAKCHGTQCGFCTPG
MVMSIYPLLRNHPEPTLDQLTDALGGNLCRCHGYRPIIDACKTFCKTSGCCQSKENGVCC
LDQGINGLPEFEEGSKTSPKLFAEEEFLPLDPTQELIFPPELMIMADKQSQRTRVFGSER
MMWFSPVTLKDLLEFKFKYPQAPVIMGNTSVGPEVKFKGVFHPGYNSPDRIEEPECCKPC
IYGLTLGAGLSLAQVKDILADVVQKLPEEKTQMYHALLKHLGTLAGSQIRNMASLGGHII
SRHPDSDLNPILAVGNCTLNLLSKEGKRQIPLNEQFLSKCPNADLKPQEILVSVNIPISR
KWEFVSAFRQAQRQENALAIVNSGMRVFFGEGDGIIRELCISYGGVGPATICAKNSCQKL
IGRHWNEQMLDIACRLILNEVSLLGSAPGGKVEFKRTLIISFLFKFYLEVSQILKKMDPV
HYPSLADKYESALEDLHSKHHCSTLKYQNIGPKQHPEDPIGHPIMHLSGVKHATGEAIYC
DDMPLVDQELFLTFVTSSRAHAKIVSIDLSEALSMPGVVDIMTAEHLSDVNSFCFFTEAE
KFLATDKVFCVGQLVCAVLADSEVQAKRAAKRVKIVYQDLEPLILTIEESIQHNSSFKPE
RKLEYGNVDEAFKVVDQILEGEIHMGGQEHFYMETQSMLVVPKGEDQEMDVYVSTQFPKY
IQDIVASTLKLPANKVMCHVRRVGGAFGGKVLKTGIIAAVTAFAANKHGRAVRCVLERGE
DMLITGGRHPYLGKYKAGFMNDGRILALDMEHYSNAGASLDESLFVIEMGLLKMDNAYKF
PNLRCRGWACRTNLPSNTAFRGFGFPQAVLITESCITEVAAKCGLSPEKVRIINMYKEID
QTPYKQEINAKNLIQCWRECMAMSSYSLRKVAVEKFNAENYWKKKGLAMVPLKFPVGLAS
RAAGQAAALVHIYLDGSVLVTHGGIEMGQGVHTKMIQVVSRELRMPMSNVHLRGTSTETV
PNANISGGSVVADLNGLAVKDACQTLLKRLEPIISKNPKGTWKDWAQTAFDESINLSAVG
YFRGYESDMNWEKGEGQPFEYFVYGAACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNIRTDIVMDVGCSINPAID
IGQIEGAFIQGMGLYTIEELNYSPQGILHTRGPDQYKIPAICDMPTELHIALLPPSQNSN
TLYSSKGLGESGVFLGCSVFFAIHDAVSAARQERGLHGPLTLNSPLTPEKIRMACEDKFT
KMIPRDEPGSYVPWNVPI
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 1338
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 147933
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.11
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • electron transporter activity
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function An aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = a carboxylic acid + H(2)O(2)
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + H2O2
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 438656 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q06278 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADO_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >4017 bp 
ATGGACCGGGCGTCCGAGCTGCTCTTCTACGTGAACGGCCGCAAGGTGATAGAAAAAAAT
GTCGATCCTGAAACAATGCTGTTGCCTTATTTGAGGAAGAAGCTTCGACTCACAGGAACT
CCGTATGGCTGTGGAGGAGGAGGCTGTGGTGCTTGTACAGTGATGATATCACGATACAAC
CCCATCACCAAGAGGATAAGGCATCACCCAGCCAATGCCTGTCTGATTCCCATCTGTTCT
CTGTATGGTGCTGCCGTCACCACAGTAGAAGGCATAGGAAGCACCCACACCAGAATTCAT
CCTGTTCAGGAGAGGATTGCCAAGTGTCATGGCACCCAGTGTGGCTTCTGCACACCTGGG
ATGGTGATGTCCATCTACCCCCTGCTCAGGAACCACCCAGAGCCCACTCTGGATCAGTTA
ACTGATGCCCTTGGTGGTAACCTGTGCCGTTGCCATGGATACAGGCCCATAATTGATGCA
TGCAAGACTTTCTGTAAAACTTCGGGCTGCTGTCAAAGTAAAGAAAATGGGGTTTGCTGT
TTGGATCAAGGAATCAATGGATTGCCAGAATTTGAGGAAGGAAGTAAGACAAGTCCAAAA
CTCTTCGCAGAAGAGGAGTTTCTGCCATTGGATCCAACCCAGGAACTGATATTTCCTCCT
GAGCTAATGATAATGGCTGATAAACAGTCGCAAAGGACCAGGGTGTTTGGCAGTGAGAGA
ATGATGTGGTTTTCCCCCGTGACCCTGAAGGACCTGCTGGAATTTAAATTCAAGTATCCC
CAGGCTCCTGTTATCATGGGAAACACCTCTGTGGGGCCTGAAGTGAAATTTAAAGGCGTC
TTTCACCCAGGTTATAATTCTCCTGATAGAATTGAAGAACCTGAGTGTTGTAAACCATGC
ATATATGGACTCACCCTTGGTGCTGGTCTCAGCCTAGCCCAGGTGAAGGACATTTTGGCT
GATGTAGTCCAGAAGCTTCCAGAGGAGAAGACACAGATGTACCATGCTCTCCTGAAGCAT
TTGGGAACTCTGGCTGGGTCCCAGATCAGGAACATGGCTTCTTTAGGGGGACACATCATT
AGCAGGCATCCAGATTCAGATCTGAATCCCATCCTGGCTGTGGGTAACTGTACCCTCAAC
TTGCTATCAAAAGAAGGAAAACGACAGATTCCTTTAAATGAGCAATTCCTCAGCAAGTGC
CCTAATGCAGATCTTAAGCCTCAAGAAATCTTGGTCTCAGTGAACATCCCCATCTCAAGG
AAGTGGGAATTTGTGTCAGCCTTCCGACAAGCCCAGCGACAGGAGAATGCGCTAGCGATA
GTCAATTCAGGAATGAGAGTCTTTTTTGGAGAAGGGGATGGCATTATTAGAGAGTTATGC
ATCTCATATGGAGGCGTTGGTCCAGCCACCATCTGTGCCAAGAATTCCTGCCAGAAACTC
ATTGGAAGGCACTGGAACGAACAGATGCTGGATATAGCCTGCAGGCTTATTCTGAATGAA
GTCTCCCTTTTGGGCTCGGCGCCAGGTGGGAAAGTGGAGTTCAAGAGGACTCTCATCATC
AGCTTCCTCTTCAAGTTCTACCTGGAAGTGTCACAGATTTTGAAAAAGATGGATCCAGTT
CACTATCCTAGCCTTGCAGACAAGTATGAAAGTGCTTTAGAAGATCTTCATTCCAAACAT
CACTGCAGTACATTAAAGTACCAGAATATAGGCCCAAAGCAGCATCCTGAAGACCCAATT
GGCCACCCCATCATGCATCTGTCTGGTGTGAAGCATGCCACGGGGGAGGCCATCTACTGT
GATGACATGCCTCTGGTGGACCAGGAACTTTTCTTGACTTTTGTGACTAGTTCAAGAGCT
CATGCTAAGATTGTGTCTATTGATCTGTCAGAAGCTCTCAGCATGCCCGGTGTGGTGGAC
ATCATGACAGCAGAACATCTTAGTGACGTCAACTCCTTCTGCTTTTTTACTGAAGCTGAG
AAATTTCTGGCGACAGATAAGGTGTTCTGTGTGGGTCAGCTTGTCTGTGCTGTGCTTGCC
GATTCTGAGGTTCAGGCAAAGCGAGCTGCTAAGCGAGTGAAGATTGTCTATCAAGACTTG
GAGCCGCTGATACTAACAATTGAGGAAAGTATACAACACAACTCCTCCTTCAAGCCAGAA
AGGAAACTGGAATATGGAAATGTTGACGAAGCATTTAAAGTGGTTGATCAAATTCTTGAA
GGTGAAATACATATGGGAGGTCAAGAACATTTTTATATGGAAACCCAAAGCATGCTTGTC
GTTCCCAAGGGAGAGGATCAAGAAATGGATGTCTACGTGTCCACACAGTTTCCCAAATAT
ATACAGGACATTGTTGCCTCAACCTTGAAGCTCCCAGCTAACAAGGTCATGTGCCATGTA
AGGCGTGTTGGTGGAGCGTTTGGAGGGAAGGTGTTAAAAACCGGAATCATTGCAGCCGTC
ACTGCATTTGCCGCAAACAAACATGGCCGTGCAGTTCGCTGTGTTCTGGAACGAGGAGAA
GACATGTTAATAACTGGAGGCCGCCATCCTTACCTTGGAAAGTACAAAGCTGGATTCATG
AACGATGGCAGAATCTTGGCCCTGGACATGGAGCATTACAGCAATGCAGGCGCCTCCTTG
GATGAATCATTATTCGTGATAGAAATGGGACTTCTGAAAATGGACAATGCTTACAAGTTT
CCCAATCTCCGCTGCCGGGGTTGGGCATGCAGAACCAACCTTCCATCCAACACAGCTTTT
CGTGGGTTTGGCTTTCCTCAGGCAGTGCTGATCACCGAATCTTGTATCACGGAAGTTGCA
GCCAAATGTGGACTATCCCCTGAGAAGGTGCGAATCATAAACATGTACAAGGAAATTGAT
CAAACACCCTACAAACAAGAGATCAATGCCAAGAACCTAATCCAGTGTTGGAGAGAATGT
ATGGCCATGTCTTCCTACTCCTTGAGGAAAGTTGCTGTGGAAAAGTTCAATGCAGAGAAT
TATTGGAAGAAGAAAGGACTGGCCATGGTCCCCCTGAAGTTTCCTGTTGGCCTTGCGTCA
CGTGCTGCTGGTCAGGCTGCTGCCTTGGTTCACATTTATCTTGATGGCTCTGTGCTGGTC
ACTCACGGTGGAATTGAAATGGGGCAGGGGGTCCACACTAAAATGATTCAGGTGGTCAGC
CGTGAATTAAGAATGCCAATGTCGAATGTCCACCTGCGTGGAACAAGCACAGAAACTGTC
CCTAATGCAAATATCTCTGGAGGTTCTGTGGTGGCAGATCTCAACGGTTTGGCAGTAAAG
GATGCCTGTCAAACTCTTCTAAAACGCCTCGAACCCATCATCAGCAAGAATCCTAAAGGA
ACTTGGAAAGACTGGGCACAGACTGCTTTTGATGAAAGCATTAACCTTTCAGCTGTTGGA
TACTTCAGAGGTTATGAGTCAGACATGAACTGGGAGAAAGGCGAAGGCCAGCCCTTCGAA
TACTTTGTTTATGGAGCTGCCTGTTCCGAGGTTGAAATAGACTGCCTGACGGGGGATCAT
AAGAACATCAGAACAGACATTGTCATGGATGTTGGCTGCAGTATAAATCCAGCCATTGAC
ATAGGCCAGATTGAAGGTGCATTTATTCAAGGCATGGGACTTTATACAATAGAGGAACTG
AATTATTCTCCCCAGGGCATTCTGCACACTCGTGGTCCAGACCAATATAAAATCCCTGCC
ATCTGTGACATGCCCACGGAGTTGCACATTGCTTTGTTGCCTCCTTCTCAAAACTCAAAT
ACTCTTTATTCATCTAAGGGTCTGGGAGAGTCGGGGGTGTTCCTGGGGTGTTCCGTGTTT
TTCGCTATCCATGACGCAGTGAGTGCAGCACGACAGGAGAGAGGCCTGCATGGACCCTTG
ACCCTTAATAGTCCACTGACCCCGGAGAAGATTAGGATGGCCTGTGAAGACAAGTTCACA
AAAATGATTCCGAGAGATGAACCTGGATCCTACGTTCCTTGGAATGTACCCATCTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID L11005 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID AOX1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID AOX1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:553 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 1 Locus 2q33
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Wright RM, Vaitaitis GM, Wilson CM, Repine TB, Terada LS, Repine JE: cDNA cloning, characterization, and tissue-specific expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10690-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References
  1. Stanulovic M, Jeremic V, Leskovac V, Chaykin S: New pathway of conversion of pyridoxal to 4-pyridoxic acid. Enzyme. 1976;21(4):357-69. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 13071
Enzyme 2 Name Aldeyde oxidase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Aldehyde oxidase 1, isoform CRA_b
  2. Aldehyde oxidase 1
Enzyme 2 Gene Name hAO
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Aldeyde oxidase 
MDRASELLFYVNGRKVIEKNVDPETMLLPYLRKKLRLTGTKYGCGGGGCGACTVMISRYN
PITKRIRHHPANACLIPICSLYGAAVTTVEGIGSTHTRIHPVQERIAKCHGTQCGFCTPG
MVMSIYTLLRNHPEPTLDQLTDALGGNLCRCTGYRPIIDACKTFCKTSGCCQSKENGVCC
LDQGINGLPEFEEGSKTSPKLFAEEEFLPLDPTQELIFPPELMIMAEKQSQRTRVFGSER
MMWFSPVTLKELLEFKFKYPQAPVIMGNTSVGPEVKFKGVFHPVIISPDRIEELSVVNHA
YNGLTLGAGLSLAQVKDILADVVQKLPEEKTQMYHALLKHLGTLAGSQIRNMASLGGHII
SRHPDSDLNPILAVGNCTLNLLSKEGKRQIPLNEQFLSKCPNADLKPQEILVSVNIPYSR
KWEFVSAFRQAQRQENALAIVNSGMRVFFGEGDGIIRELCISYGGVGPATICAKNSCQKL
IGRHWNEQMLDIACRLILNEVSLLGSAPGGKVEFKRTLIISFLFKFYLEVSQILKKMDPV
HYPSLADKYESALEDLHSKHHCSTLKYQNIGPKQHPEDPIGHPIMHLSGVKHATGEAIYC
DDMPLVDQELFLTFVTSSRAHAKIVSIDLSEALSMPGVVDIMTAEHLSDVNSFCFFTEAE
KFLATDKVFCVGQLVCAVLADSEVQAKRAAKRVKIVYQDLEPLILTIEESIQHNSSFKPE
RKLEYGNVDEAFKVVDQILEGEIHMGGQEHFYMETQSMLVVPKGEDQEMDVYVSTQFPKY
IQDIVASTLKLPANKVMCHVRRVGGAFGGKVLKTGIIAAVTAFAANKHGRAVRCVLERGE
DMLITGGRHPYLGKYKAGFMNDGRILALDMEHYSNAGASLDESLFVIEMGLLKMDNAYKF
PNLRCRGWACRTNLPSNTAFRGFGFPQAALITESCITEVAAKCGLSPEKVRIINMYKEID
QTPYKQEINAKNLIQCWRECMAMSSYSLRKVAVEKFNAENYWKKKGLAMVPLKFPVGLGS
RAAGQAAALVHIYLDGSVLVTHGGIEMGQGVHTKMIQVVSRELRMPMSNVHLRGTSTETV
PNANISGGSVVADLNGLAVKDACQTLLKRLEPIISKNPKGTWKDWAQTAFDESINLSAVG
YFRGYESDMNWEKGEGQPFEYFVYGAACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNIRTDIVMDVGCSINPAID
IGQIEGAFIQGMGLYTIEELNYSPQGILHTRGPDQYKIPAICDMPTELHIALLPPSQNSN
TLYSSKGLGESGVFLGCSVFFAIHDAVSAARQERGLHGPLTLNSPLTPEKIRMACEDKFT
KMIPRDEPGSYVPWNVPI
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 1338
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 147920
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 7.17
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • electron transporter activity
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + H2O2 [RN:R00635] ALL_REAC R00635 > R02657 R04904
  • (other) R01709 R02655 R03871 R04085
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 109658814 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9BYF0 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q9BYF0_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID BC117179 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID Q9BYF0 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID hAO Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:553 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Ichida K, Matsumura T, Sakuma R, Hosoya T, Nishino T: Mutation of human molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene is responsible for classical xanthinuria type II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Apr 20;282(5):1194-200. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA: Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903. Epub 2002 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 14847
Enzyme 3 Name Pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase
Enzyme 3 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Name pld1
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase 
MHLKASEKRALGRTGLTVTALGLGTAPLGGLYAPVSRADADALLEAGWDSGIRYFDSAPM
YGYGRCEHLLGDMLREKPERAVISTKVGRLMTNERAGRTLPPAPPKNPLDSGWHNGLNFR
EVFDYSYDGVMRSFDDSQQRLGFPEIDLLYVHDIGRVTHADRHEFHWNALTRGGGFRALT
ELRAAGNIKGFGLGVNEWQIIRDALEEADLDCSLLAGRYSLLDQVSEKEFLPLAQKRGMA
LVIAGVFNSGILAAPRGGEQKFDYADAPAEIIARTNRLHDICDEYHVPLAAAAMQFPLRH
EAVSSILIGVRSPEQIRQNVVWFEQSIPDEFWTTLRSEGLIS
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 342
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 37890
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 6.01
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Pyridoxal + NAD(+) = 4-pyridoxolactone + NADH
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • pyridoxal + NAD+ = 4-pyridoxolactone + NADH + H+ [RN:R01707] ALL_REAC R01707
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 37196700 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q76KC2 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PLD_MICLT Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1029 bp 
ATGCATTTGAAAGCATCCGAGAAACGGGCGCTTGGCCGTACCGGTCTGACTGTAACCGCG
CTTGGTCTGGGAACTGCACCTTTGGGTGGGCTTTATGCGCCGGTTTCGCGTGCTGATGCG
GACGCTTTGCTGGAAGCTGGTTGGGACAGCGGCATCCGTTATTTCGACAGCGCACCAATG
TATGGCTATGGCCGATGCGAGCATCTTCTTGGCGATATGTTGCGCGAAAAACCCGAGCGC
GCCGTCATTTCCACCAAGGTTGGCCGCTTGATGACCAATGAGCGCGCTGGTCGCACCCTG
CCACCAGCGCCGCCAAAGAATCCGCTTGATTCTGGCTGGCATAATGGCCTCAATTTCCGT
GAGGTTTTTGATTACAGCTATGATGGCGTCATGCGCAGCTTCGATGACAGCCAGCAGCGT
CTCGGCTTTCCAGAAATCGATCTGCTCTATGTTCATGACATTGGCCGCGTGACCCATGCC
GACAGGCACGAGTTTCACTGGAACGCGCTGACTAGGGGCGGTGGTTTCCGTGCGCTGACC
GAACTGCGCGCGGCAGGTAATATCAAGGGCTTTGGTCTTGGTGTGAACGAATGGCAGATC
ATTCGCGATGCGCTGGAAGAGGCTGATCTCGATTGCTCGCTTCTGGCTGGCCGCTACTCG
CTGCTCGATCAGGTTTCCGAAAAAGAGTTTCTGCCACTGGCGCAAAAGCGCGGCATGGCA
CTGGTAATCGCCGGTGTGTTCAATTCAGGAATTCTCGCGGCACCGCGCGGCGGCGAACAG
AAGTTCGACTATGCCGATGCACCTGCTGAAATCATTGCGCGCACCAATCGGCTGCATGAT
ATTTGCGATGAGTATCATGTGCCGCTTGCCGCTGCCGCCATGCAGTTTCCGTTGAGGCAT
GAGGCCGTCAGCTCCATTCTGATCGGTGTACGTTCGCCGGAGCAGATCAGGCAAAATGTG
GTCTGGTTCGAGCAGTCGATTCCGGATGAATTCTGGACGACGCTTCGCTCGGAAGGTCTC
ATTTCCTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID AB092836 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References Not Available
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References
  1. Stanulovic M, Jeremic V, Leskovac V, Chaykin S: New pathway of conversion of pyridoxal to 4-pyridoxic acid. Enzyme. 1976;21(4):357-69. [PubMed Link Image]