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Showing metabocard for Guanidine (HMDB0001842)

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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-20 22:13:31 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:15:49 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001842
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01842
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGuanidine
DescriptionGuanidine, also known as Gu or H2N-C(=nh)-NH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as guanidines. Guanidines are compounds containing a guanidine moiety, with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5. Guanidine is a drug which is used for the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with the myasthenic syndrome of eaton-lambert. it is not indicated for treating myasthenia gravis. Guanidine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, guanidine is involved in the metabolic disorder called the adenosine deaminase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, Guanidine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as apples, corns, loquats, rices, and soy beans. This could make guanidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Guanidine is a potentially toxic compound. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Severe guanidine intoxication is characterized by nervous hyperirritability, fibrillary tremors and convulsive contractions of muscle, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, and circulatory disturbances. Guanidine apparently acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine following a nerve impulse. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869). Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored.
Structure
Data?1676999749
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

  Mrv0541 02231214452D          

  4  3  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.5219    0.4909    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0929    0.4909    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8075   -0.7466    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8075    0.0784    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

HMDB0001842
     RDKit          3D
Guanidine
  9  8  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.0399    1.4984   -0.2472 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0821    0.2293   -0.0259 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3158   -0.3851    0.3272 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1143   -0.5413   -0.1393 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7957    2.0247   -0.5049 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4697   -0.8625    1.2436 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0975   -0.3538   -0.3649 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3672   -1.0687   -1.0084 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7278   -0.5409    0.7198 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  3
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  1  5  1  0
  3  6  1  0
  3  7  1  0
  4  8  1  0
  4  9  1  0
M  END
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3D SDF for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

  Mrv0541 02231214452D          

  4  3  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.5219    0.4909    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0929    0.4909    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8075   -0.7466    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.8075    0.0784    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0001842

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
NC(N)=N

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/CH5N3/c2-1(3)4/h(H5,2,3,4)

> <INCHI_KEY>
ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
CH5N3

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
59.0705

> <EXACT_MASS>
59.048347175

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
5.570297022100633

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
guanidine

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-1.92

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-1.236839015

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-0.71

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
12.547900248166645

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
75.89

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
25.858800000000002

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
0

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.15e+01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
guanidine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
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3D-SDF for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

HMDB0001842
     RDKit          3D
Guanidine
  9  8  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.0399    1.4984   -0.2472 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0821    0.2293   -0.0259 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3158   -0.3851    0.3272 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1143   -0.5413   -0.1393 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7957    2.0247   -0.5049 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4697   -0.8625    1.2436 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0975   -0.3538   -0.3649 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3672   -1.0687   -1.0084 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7278   -0.5409    0.7198 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  3
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  1  5  1  0
  3  6  1  0
  3  7  1  0
  4  8  1  0
  4  9  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 23-FEB-12   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   23-FEB-12         0                                  
HETATM    1  N   UNK     0       6.574   0.916   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    2  N   UNK     0       3.907   0.916   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    3  N   UNK     0       5.241  -1.394   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0       5.241   0.146   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    4                                                            
CONECT    2    4                                                            
CONECT    3    4                                                            
CONECT    4    1    2    3                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    4    0    6    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

COMPND    HMDB0001842
HETATM    1  N1  UNL     1       0.040   1.498  -0.247  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       0.082   0.229  -0.026  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  N2  UNL     1       1.316  -0.385   0.327  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    4  N3  UNL     1      -1.114  -0.541  -0.139  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    5  H1  UNL     1      -0.796   2.025  -0.505  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    6  H2  UNL     1       1.470  -0.863   1.244  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    7  H3  UNL     1       2.098  -0.354  -0.365  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    8  H4  UNL     1      -1.367  -1.069  -1.008  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H5  UNL     1      -1.728  -0.541   0.720  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    2    5
CONECT    2    3    4
CONECT    3    6    7
CONECT    4    8    9
END
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SMILES for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

NC(N)=N
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INCHI for HMDB0001842 (Guanidine)

InChI=1S/CH5N3/c2-1(3)4/h(H5,2,3,4)
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View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaCH5N3
Average Molecular Weight59.0705
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight59.048347175
IUPAC Nameguanidine
Traditional Nameguanidine
CAS Registry Number50-01-1
SMILES
NC(N)=N
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/CH5N3/c2-1(3)4/h(H5,2,3,4)
InChI KeyZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as guanidines. Guanidines are compounds containing a guanidine moiety, with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassGuanidines
Direct ParentGuanidines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Guanidine
  • Carboximidamide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Imine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
ProcessNot Available
Role
Industrial applicationBiological role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point182.3 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility829 mg/mLNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Brain
  • Cartilage
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified3.1 +/- 1.1 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothChronic renal failure details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.4 (0.06-0.35) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothCirrhosis details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.63 +/- 0.17 uMAdult (>18 years old)Bothuremia details
BloodDetected and Quantified2.931 +/- 1.420 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Uremia		 details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Cirrhosis
  1. Marescau B, De Deyn PP, Holvoet J, Possemiers I, Nagels G, Saxena V, Mahler C: Guanidino compounds in serum and urine of cirrhotic patients. Metabolism. 1995 May;44(5):584-8. [PubMed:7752905 ]
Chronic renal failure
  1. Kikuchi T, Orita Y, Ando A, Mikami H, Fujii M, Okada A, Abe H: Liquid-chromatographic determination of guanidino compounds in plasma and erythrocyte of normal persons and uremic patients. Clin Chem. 1981 Nov;27(11):1899-902. [PubMed:7296840 ]
Uremia
  1. Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
  2. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W: Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x. [PubMed:12675874 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00536
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB005416
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID3400
KEGG Compound IDC17349
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGuanidine
METLIN ID6342
PubChem Compound3520
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID42820
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDM02035
MarkerDB IDMDB00013442
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.

Show all enzymes and transporters

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ALDH2
Uniprot ID:
P05091
Molecular weight:
56380.93
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Enzyme Details
2. Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
General function:
Involved in guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GAMT
Uniprot ID:
Q14353
Molecular weight:
26317.925
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Komoto J, Yamada T, Takata Y, Konishi K, Ogawa H, Gomi T, Fujioka M, Takusagawa F: Catalytic mechanism of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase: crystal structures of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase ternary complexes. Biochemistry. 2004 Nov 16;43(45):14385-94. [PubMed:15533043 ]
  4. Karelin AA, Mardashev SR: [The stimulating effect of cyclic AMP, glucagon and insulin on guanidine acetate-N-methyltransferase activity in rat liver and pancreas]. Biokhimiia. 1976 Feb;41(2):316-23. [PubMed:179611 ]
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
Enzyme Details
3. Ribonuclease pancreatic
General function:
Involved in nucleic acid binding
Specific function:
Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single stranded and double stranded RNA
Gene Name:
RNASE1
Uniprot ID:
P07998
Molecular weight:
17644.1
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Dodge RW, Laity JH, Rothwarf DM, Shimotakahara S, Scheraga HA: Folding pathway of guanidine-denatured disulfide-intact wild-type and mutant bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. J Protein Chem. 1994 May;13(4):409-21. [PubMed:7986344 ]
  4. Nasiri H, Forouzandeh M, Rasaee MJ, Rahbarizadeh F: Modified salting-out method: high-yield, high-quality genomic DNA extraction from whole blood using laundry detergent. J Clin Lab Anal. 2005;19(6):229-32. [PubMed:16302208 ]
  5. Loh SN, Rohl CA, Kiefhaber T, Baldwin RL: A general two-process model describes the hydrogen exchange behavior of RNase A in unfolding conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 5;93(5):1982-7. [PubMed:8700871 ]
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
Enzyme Details
4. Disks large homolog 4
General function:
Involved in protein binding
Specific function:
Interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of NMDA receptor subunits and shaker-type potassium channels. Required for synaptic plasticity associated with NMDA receptor signaling. Overexpression or depletion of DLG4 changes the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synapses in hippocampal neurons. May reduce the amplitude of ACCN3 acid-evoked currents by retaining the channel intracellularly. May regulate the intracellular trafficking of ADR1B
Gene Name:
DLG4
Uniprot ID:
P78352
Molecular weight:
80494.6
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
Enzyme Details
5. Arginine decarboxylase
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Decarboxylates L-arginine to agmatine. Truncated splice isoforms probably lack activity.
Gene Name:
ADC
Uniprot ID:
Q96A70
Molecular weight:
49979.185
Enzyme Details
6. Agmatinase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in agmatinase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
AGMAT
Uniprot ID:
Q9BSE5
Molecular weight:
37660.065

Transporters

Enzyme Details
1. Solute carrier family 22 member 5
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3
Gene Name:
SLC22A5
Uniprot ID:
O76082
Molecular weight:
62751.1
References
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. [PubMed:9618255 ]
  2. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [PubMed:10525100 ]
  3. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. [PubMed:11160873 ]
  4. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. [PubMed:10454528 ]
Enzyme Details
2. Solute carrier family 22 member 4
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)
Gene Name:
SLC22A4
Uniprot ID:
Q9H015
Molecular weight:
62154.5
References
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. [PubMed:10215651 ]
Enzyme Details
3. Solute carrier family 22 member 1
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase
Gene Name:
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID:
O15245
Molecular weight:
61187.4
References
  1. Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Chun JK, Babbitt PC, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional characterization of a rat renal organic cation transporter isoform (rOCT1A). J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16548-54. [PubMed:9195965 ]
  2. Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. [PubMed:11502595 ]
  3. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. [PubMed:9808712 ]
Enzyme Details
4. Solute carrier family 22 member 2
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity
Gene Name:
SLC22A2
Uniprot ID:
O15244
Molecular weight:
62564.0
References
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. [PubMed:12089365 ]
  2. Arndt P, Volk C, Gorboulev V, Budiman T, Popp C, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Akhoundova A, Koppatz S, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Koepsell H: Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F454-68. [PubMed:11502595 ]
  3. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. [PubMed:9808712 ]
  4. Grundemann D, Liebich G, Kiefer N, Koster S, Schomig E: Selective substrates for non-neuronal monoamine transporters. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;56(1):1-10. [PubMed:10385678 ]
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
Enzyme Details
5. Solute carrier family 22 member 3
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain
Gene Name:
SLC22A3
Uniprot ID:
O75751
Molecular weight:
61279.5
References
  1. Wu X, Huang W, Ganapathy ME, Wang H, Kekuda R, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):F449-58. [PubMed:10966924 ]
  2. Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Wang H, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15971-9. [PubMed:9632645 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.

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