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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:15:56 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000027
Secondary Accession Numbers
Metabolite Identification
Common NameTetrahydrobiopterin
DescriptionTetrahydrobiopterin (CAS: 17528-72-2), also known as BH4, is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (PMID: 16946131 ). In fact, it is used by all three human nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS as well as the enzyme glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine into L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and the conversion of tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. Specifically, tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase, all of which are essential for the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Tetrahydrobiopterin has been proposed to be involved in the promotion of neurotransmitter release in the brain and the regulation of human melanogenesis. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. BH4 is also implicated in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher animals. On the other hand, most bacteria, fungi and plants do not synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin (Wikipedia ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC9H15N5O3
Average Molecular Weight241.2471
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight241.117489371
IUPAC Name(6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-4-one
Traditional Nametetrahydrobiopterin
CAS Registry Number62989-33-7
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(CNC2=C(N1)C(=O)N=C(N)N2)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H15N5O3/c1-3(15)6(16)4-2-11-7-5(12-4)8(17)14-9(10)13-7/h3-4,6,12,15-16H,2H2,1H3,(H4,10,11,13,14,17)/t3-,4+,6-/m0/s1
InChI KeyFNKQXYHWGSIFBK-RPDRRWSUSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassPteridines and derivatives
Sub ClassPterins and derivatives
Direct ParentBiopterins and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Biopterin
  • Aminopyrimidine
  • Pyrimidone
  • Secondary aliphatic/aromatic amine
  • Pyrimidine
  • 1,3-aminoalcohol
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Secondary amine
  • Azacycle
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point250 - 255 °C (hydrochloride salt)Not Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Nucleus
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0110 +/- 0.0008 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0093 +/- 0.0005 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.026 (0.014-0.038) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.16 (0.0-5.8) uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Septic shock
details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.2 (0.8-14.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Septic shock
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0099 +/- 0.0008 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothSmoking details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0044 +/- 0.0007 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Myocardial infarction
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified14400.0 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothGeneralized seizures details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (1-13 years old)BothEnthesitis-related arthritis details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Septic shock
  1. Galley HF, Le Cras AE, Yassen K, Grant IS, Webster NR: Circulating tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations in patients with septic shock. Br J Anaesth. 2001 Apr;86(4):578-80. [PubMed:11573638 ]
Smoking
  1. Ueda S, Matsuoka H, Miyazaki H, Usui M, Okuda S, Imaizumi T: Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in long-term smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jan;35(1):71-5. [PubMed:10636262 ]
Myocardial infarction
  1. Yada T, Kaji S, Akasaka T, Mochizuki S, Ogasawara Y, Tanemoto K, Yoshida K, Kajiya F: Changes of asymmetric dimethylarginine, nitric oxide, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxidative stress in patients with acute myocardial infarction by medical treatments. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2007;37(3):269-76. [PubMed:17726257 ]
Epilepsy
  1. Cady EB, Lorek A, Penrice J, Reynolds EO, Iles RA, Burns SP, Coutts GA, Cowan FM: Detection of propan-1,2-diol in neonatal brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1994 Dec;32(6):764-7. [PubMed:7869898 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00360
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID40270
KEGG Compound IDC00272
BioCyc IDCPD-14053
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkSapropterin
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound44257
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID59560
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000014
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceSteven S. Gross, "Blocking utilization of tetrahydrobiopterin to block induction of nitric oxide synthesis." U.S. Patent US5502050, issued October, 1984.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 15 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone.
Gene Name:
TYR
Uniprot ID:
P14679
Molecular weight:
60392.69
References
  1. Wood JM, Schallreuter-Wood KU, Lindsey NJ, Callaghan S, Gardner ML: A specific tetrahydrobiopterin binding domain on tyrosinase controls melanogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jan 17;206(2):480-5. [PubMed:7826365 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.
Gene Name:
TH
Uniprot ID:
P07101
Molecular weight:
55611.26
Reactions
L-Tyrosine + Tetrahydrobiopterin + Oxygen → DOPA + 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterindetails
Tetrahydrobiopterin + L-Tyrosine + Oxygen → DOPA + 4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + Waterdetails
References
  1. Madsen JT, Jansen P, Hesslinger C, Meyer M, Zimmer J, Gramsbergen JB: Tetrahydrobiopterin precursor sepiapterin provides protection against neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in nigral slice cultures. J Neurochem. 2003 Apr;85(1):214-23. [PubMed:12641743 ]
General function:
Involved in amino acid binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PAH
Uniprot ID:
P00439
Molecular weight:
51861.565
Reactions
Phenylalanine + Tetrahydrobiopterin + Oxygen → L-Tyrosine + 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterindetails
Tetrahydrobiopterin + Phenylalanine + Oxygen → 4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + L-Tyrosine + Waterdetails
References
  1. Andersen OA, Flatmark T, Hough E: High resolution crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in its catalytically active Fe(II) form and binary complex with tetrahydrobiopterin. J Mol Biol. 2001 Nov 23;314(2):279-91. [PubMed:11718561 ]
General function:
Involved in 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity
Specific function:
Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin.
Gene Name:
PTS
Uniprot ID:
Q03393
Molecular weight:
16385.63
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the final one or two reductions in tetra-hydrobiopterin biosynthesis to form 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin.
Gene Name:
SPR
Uniprot ID:
P35270
Molecular weight:
28048.13
Reactions
Tetrahydrobiopterin + NADP → Dyspropterin + NADPHdetails
Tetrahydrobiopterin + NADP → 6-Lactoyltetrahydropterin + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
References
  1. Auerbach G, Nar H: The pathway from GTP to tetrahydrobiopterin: three-dimensional structures of GTP cyclohydrolase I and 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase. Biol Chem. 1997 Mar-Apr;378(3-4):185-92. [PubMed:9165069 ]
General function:
Involved in amino acid binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
TPH1
Uniprot ID:
P17752
Molecular weight:
50984.725
Reactions
L-Tryptophan + Tetrahydrobiopterin + Oxygen → 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterindetails
Tetrahydrobiopterin + L-Tryptophan + Oxygen → 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + Waterdetails
References
  1. Sumi-Ichinose C, Urano F, Kuroda R, Ohye T, Kojima M, Tazawa M, Shiraishi H, Hagino Y, Nagatsu T, Nomura T, Ichinose H: Catecholamines and serotonin are differently regulated by tetrahydrobiopterin. A study from 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase knockout mice. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):41150-60. Epub 2001 Aug 21. [PubMed:11517215 ]
General function:
Involved in amino acid binding
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
TPH2
Uniprot ID:
Q8IWU9
Molecular weight:
56056.295
Reactions
L-Tryptophan + Tetrahydrobiopterin + Oxygen → 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterindetails
Tetrahydrobiopterin + L-Tryptophan + Oxygen → 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + Waterdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
The product of this enzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH-4), is an essential cofactor for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan hydroxylases.
Gene Name:
QDPR
Uniprot ID:
P09417
Molecular weight:
25789.295
Reactions
4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + NADH + Hydrogen Ion → Tetrahydrobiopterin + NADdetails
4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin + NADPH + Hydrogen Ion → Tetrahydrobiopterin + NADPdetails
References
  1. Shen RS: Inhibition of dopamine autoxidation by tetrahydrobiopterin and NADH in the presence of dihydropteridine reductase. Neurotoxicology. 1991 Summer;12(2):201-8. [PubMed:1956581 ]
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such COX2.
Gene Name:
NOS2
Uniprot ID:
P35228
Molecular weight:
131116.3
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. Probably has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such SRR.
Gene Name:
NOS1
Uniprot ID:
P29475
Molecular weight:
160969.095
References
  1. Kamada Y, Jenkins GJ, Lau M, Dunbar AY, Lowe ER, Osawa Y: Tetrahydrobiopterin depletion and ubiquitylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Dec 7;142(1):19-27. Epub 2005 Oct 10. [PubMed:16216381 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 15 proteins in total.