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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-13 06:19:17 UTC
Update Date2022-09-22 17:43:51 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0003869
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB03869
Metabolite Identification
Common Nameepsilon-(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine
DescriptionIn non-diabetic kidney scarring the protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTg) has been implicated in the process by the formation of increased epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds between ECM components in both experimental and human disease. Changes in tTg and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine occur in human Diabetic nephropathy as well, the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. (PMID 15292688 ). In Parkinson's disease (PD), conformational changes in the alpha-synuclein monomer precede the formation of Lewy bodies. Both tTG and its substrate-characteristic N(epsilon)-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine crosslink are increased in PD nigral dopamine neurons. (PMID 15001552 ). Expression of tissue transglutaminase (tTgase) and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine was present in all scarring of the blebs sites, being the main cause of failure in glaucoma filtration surgery. Transglutaminases are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins through an acyl transfer reaction between the gamma-carboxamide group of a peptide-bound glutaminyl residue and various amines. Covalent cross-linking using epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine bonds is stable and resistant to enzymatic, chemical, and mechanical disruption. (PMID: 16936095 ).
Structure
Data?1582752288
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC11H21N3O5
Average Molecular Weight275.3015
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight275.148120797
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-amino-6-[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido]hexanoic acid
Traditional NameN(6)-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-lysine
CAS Registry Number17105-15-6
SMILES
N[C@@H](CCCCNC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H21N3O5/c12-7(10(16)17)3-1-2-6-14-9(15)5-4-8(13)11(18)19/h7-8H,1-6,12-13H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)(H,18,19)/t7-,8-/m0/s1
InChI KeyJPKNLFVGUZRHOB-YUMQZZPRSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamine and derivatives. Glutamine and derivatives are compounds containing glutamine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentGlutamine and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Glutamine or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
  • Amino fatty acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • Fatty amide
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Carboxamide group
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Amino acid
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic zwitterion
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic salt
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Placenta
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.1629 +/- 0.0392 uMElderly (>65 years old)BothAlzheimer's disease details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.70 (0.66-0.74) uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedHuntington's disease details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedCancer patients undergoing total body irradiation details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
Huntington's disease
  1. Jeitner TM, Bogdanov MB, Matson WR, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M, Folk JE, Steinman L, Browne SE, Beal MF, Blass JP, Cooper AJ: N(epsilon)-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine (GGEL) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Huntington's disease. J Neurochem. 2001 Dec;79(5):1109-12. [PubMed:11739625 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023239
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID5378717
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound7015684
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID88494
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Jeitner TM, Bogdanov MB, Matson WR, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M, Folk JE, Steinman L, Browne SE, Beal MF, Blass JP, Cooper AJ: N(epsilon)-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine (GGEL) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Huntington's disease. J Neurochem. 2001 Dec;79(5):1109-12. [PubMed:11739625 ]
  2. El Nahas AM, Abo-Zenah H, Skill NJ, Bex S, Wild G, Griffin M, Johnson TS: Elevated epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine in human diabetic nephropathy results from increased expression and cellular release of tissue transglutaminase. Nephron Clin Pract. 2004;97(3):c108-17. [PubMed:15292688 ]
  3. Andringa G, Lam KY, Chegary M, Wang X, Chase TN, Bennett MC: Tissue transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of alpha-synuclein crosslinks in Parkinson's disease. FASEB J. 2004 May;18(7):932-4. Epub 2004 Mar 4. [PubMed:15001552 ]
  4. Priglinger SG, Alge CS, Kook D, Thiel M, Schumann R, Eibl K, Yu A, Neubauer AS, Kampik A, Welge-Lussen U: Potential role of tissue transglutaminase in glaucoma filtering surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Sep;47(9):3835-45. [PubMed:16936095 ]
  5. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]