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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-13 15:27:56 UTC
Update Date2020-02-26 21:25:05 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0004259
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB04259
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAcetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
DescriptionAcetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine (AFMK) results from the oxidative cleavage of the pyrrole ring during melatonin oxidation by myeloperoxidase (MPO), a superoxide anion (O)-dependent reaction. AFMK is also expected to be formed from oxidation catalyzed by the unspecific enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), found in a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophage lineages. MPO- and IDO-catalyzed melatonin oxidation has the requirement of O in common, a species formed in large amounts in inflammatory conditions. The non-enzymatic formation of AFMK can also be expected by its direct reaction with highly reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. Thus, we assume that AFMK is a product formed in a route of melatonin metabolism, especially active in inflammation. As AFMK is biologically more active on leukocytes than melatonin, the metabolizing of melatonin to AFMK at inflammatory sites possibly plays a role in immunomodulation. AFMK is found in the CSF of patients with meningitis, and in some samples at a remarkably high concentration. AFMK was also found in some patients to exceed the concentration of melatonin normally found in serum (PMID: 16150112 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
N-Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamineHMDB
AFMKHMDB
Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamineHMDB
N-[3-(2-Formamido-5-methoxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-propyl]acetamideHMDB
N1-Acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenineHMDB
NSC 688263HMDB
K1HMDB
Chemical FormulaC13H16N2O4
Average Molecular Weight264.2771
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight264.11100701
IUPAC NameN-[3-(2-formamido-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]acetamide
Traditional NameN-[3-(2-formamido-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]acetamide
CAS Registry Number52450-38-1
SMILES
COC1=CC(C(=O)CCNC(C)=O)=C(NC=O)C=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C13H16N2O4/c1-9(17)14-6-5-13(18)11-7-10(19-2)3-4-12(11)15-8-16/h3-4,7-8H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,14,17)(H,15,16)
InChI KeyJYWNYMJKURVPFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkyl-phenylketones. These are aromatic compounds containing a ketone substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbonyl compounds
Direct ParentAlkyl-phenylketones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alkyl-phenylketone
  • Methoxyaniline
  • Anilide
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Benzoyl
  • Phenol ether
  • Methoxybenzene
  • N-arylamide
  • Aryl alkyl ketone
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Benzenoid
  • Acetamide
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxamide group
  • Ether
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogP-0.158Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.000065 (0.000059-0.00189) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.28 (0.06-0.50) uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Meningitis
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothIron deficiency details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothUlcerative colitis details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Meningitis
  1. Silva SO, Ximenes VF, Livramento JA, Catalani LH, Campa A: High concentrations of the melatonin metabolite, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis: a possible immunomodulatory mechanism. J Pineal Res. 2005 Oct;39(3):302-6. [PubMed:16150112 ]
Iron deficiency
  1. Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4. [PubMed:26848182 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Lee T, Clavel T, Smirnov K, Schmidt A, Lagkouvardos I, Walker A, Lucio M, Michalke B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fedorak R, Haller D: Oral versus intravenous iron replacement therapy distinctly alters the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with IBD. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):863-871. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309940. Epub 2016 Feb 4. [PubMed:26848182 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023355
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID149637
KEGG Compound IDC05642
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG ID46183
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound171161
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDFNA5MOXAM
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis Referencede Almeida Eduardo A; Martinez Glaucia R; Klitzke Clecio F; de Medeiros Marisa H G; Di Mascio Paolo Oxidation of melatonin by singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1deltag)) produces N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenine. Journal of pineal research (2003), 35(2), 131-7.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Silva SO, Ximenes VF, Livramento JA, Catalani LH, Campa A: High concentrations of the melatonin metabolite, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis: a possible immunomodulatory mechanism. J Pineal Res. 2005 Oct;39(3):302-6. [PubMed:16150112 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in heme binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the cleavage of the pyrrol ring of tryptophan and incorporates both atoms of a molecule of oxygen.
Gene Name:
IDO1
Uniprot ID:
P14902
Molecular weight:
45325.89
Reactions
Melatonin + Oxygen → Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenaminedetails
General function:
Involved in heme binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism.
Gene Name:
IDO2
Uniprot ID:
Q6ZQW0
Molecular weight:
47074.745
Reactions
Melatonin + Oxygen → Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenaminedetails