Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-08-13 22:37:09 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:21 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0004628 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Lead |
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Description | Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental toxins. Despite intensive study, there is still vigorous debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, but any legislation must be based on a genuine scientific evaluation of the available evidence. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Inorganic lead is undoubtedly one of the oldest occupational toxins and evidence of lead poisoning can be found dating back to Roman times. As industrial lead production started at least 5000 years ago, it is likely that outbreaks of lead poisoning occurred from this time. These episodes of poisoning were not limited to lead workers. The general population could be significantly exposed owing to poorly glazed ceramic ware, the use of lead solder in the food canning industry, high levels of lead in drinking water, the use of lead compounds in paint and cosmetics and by deposition on crops and dust from industrial and motor vehicle sources. It was an important cause of morbidity and mortality during the Industrial Revolution and effective formal control of lead workers did not occur until the pioneering occupational health work of Ronald Lane in 1949. At very high blood lead levels, lead is a powerful abortifacient. At lower levels, it has been associated with miscarriages and low birth weights of infants. Predominantly to protect the developing fetus, legislation for lead workers often includes lower exposure criteria for women of reproductive capacity. Studies have shown a slowing of sensory motor reaction time in male lead workers and some disturbance of cognitive function in workers with blood lead levels >40 ig/100 ml. Peripheral motor neuropathy is seen as a result of chronic high-level lead exposure, but there is conflicting, although on the whole convincing, evidence of a reduction in peripheral nerve conduction velocity at lower blood lead levels. The threshold has been suggested to be as low as 30 ug/100 ml, although other studies have not seen effects below a blood lead level of 70 ug/100 ml. Several large epidemiological studies of lead workers have found inconclusive evidence of an association between lead exposure and the incidence of cancer. However, based on closer analysis the increase did not appear to be related to lead exposure. There was also a small but significant increase in the incidence of lung cancer, but this could have been the result of confounding from cigarette smoking or concurrent arsenic exposure. There is some evidence in humans that there is an association between low level lead exposure and blood pressure, but the results are inconsistent. Lead appears to reduce the resistance and increase the mortality of experimental animals. It apparently impairs antibody production and decreases immunoglobulin plaque forming cells. There is some evidence for suggesting that workers with blood lead levels between 20 and 85 ug/100 ml may have an increased susceptibility to colds, but a study of lead workers with blood lead levels less than 50 ug/100 ml showed no significant immunological changes. Although it is widely accepted that personal hygiene is the most important determinant of an individual's blood lead level, recent interesting information has shown that genetic polymorphism may also have an impact. The use of most of these chemicals is declining with the gradual demise of the use of lead in petrol, but lead naphthenates and stearates are still used in stabilizers for plastics and as lead 'soaps'. In fact, the only compound now produced for petrol usage is tetraethyl lead. Exposure is only seen during the production, transportation and blending of this substance into petrol and in workers involved in cleaning storage tanks that have contained leaded petrol. It is in this final group, the tank cleaners, where the highest potential morbidity and mortality may be seen. (PMID: 15020724 ). | Read more...
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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LEAD (II) ion | ChEBI | Lead, ion (PB2+) | ChEBI | Pb | ChEBI | PB(2+) | ChEBI | PB2+ | ChEBI | Glover | HMDB | haro Mix MH-204 | HMDB | Lead ion (PB2+) | HMDB | Lead(2+) ion | HMDB | Omaha | HMDB | Plumbum | HMDB, ChEBI | Methyl 2-bromo-6-(((2-(5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)-2-((4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino)ethyl)sulfanyl)-methyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate | MeSH, HMDB | 82PB | ChEBI | Blei | ChEBI | Plomb | ChEBI | Plomo | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | Pb |
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Average Molecular Weight | 207.2 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 207.97663585 |
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IUPAC Name | λ²-lead(2+) ion |
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Traditional Name | λ²-lead(2+) ion |
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CAS Registry Number | 7439-92-1 |
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SMILES | [Pb++] |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Pb/q+2 |
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InChI Key | RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous post-transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a post-transition metal atom. |
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Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds |
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Class | Homogeneous post-transition metal compounds |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Homogeneous post-transition metal compounds |
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Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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Substituents | - Homogeneous post-transition metal
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Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | |
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Disposition | Biological locationRoute of exposureSourceExogenous- Exogenous (HMDB: HMDB0004628)
Food- Food (HMDB: HMDB0004628)
BeverageNutFruitVegetablePulseSoyHerb and spiceCereal and cereal productGourdMilk and milk productUnfermented milk- Milk (Cow) (FooDB: FOOD00618)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat (FooDB: FOOD00889)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat (FooDB: FOOD00890)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat (FooDB: FOOD00891)
- Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat (FooDB: FOOD00892)
Aquatic origin Environmental Endogenous |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 327.5 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized | Show more...
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Spectra |
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| MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0090000000-123b547ace2c14730ca1 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0090000000-123b547ace2c14730ca1 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0090000000-123b547ace2c14730ca1 | 2016-06-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-5199439513f6f28b5c21 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-5199439513f6f28b5c21 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Lead 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-03di-0090000000-5199439513f6f28b5c21 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.04568(0.03895-0.05433) uM | Not Available | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.09184(0.06106-0.13319) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.67 +/- 0.22 uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.08 +/- 0.31 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.92 +/- 0.27 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0594 (0.0574-0.0618) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0404 (0.0382-0.0428) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.017 +/- 0.010 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.075 +/- 0.055 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.018 +/- 0.01 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.000386 +/- 0.000179 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.000425 +/- 0.000545 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.000584 +/- 0.000401 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 0.000376 +/- 0.000159 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.00034 (0.00021-0.00047) umol/mmol creatinine | Not Available | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.00050 (0.00032-0.00074) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.0026 (0.0007-0.0110) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.011 (0.0-0.020) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <0.00818 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.000280 (0.000267-0.000289) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.000330 (0.000301-0.000361) umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 +/- 0.061 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Multiple sclerosis | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.003 +/- 0.0016 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Parkinson's disease | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.2-3.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Mild lead poisoning (delayed reaction times, poor concentration) | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | >2.5 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Lead induced anemia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | >4 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Severe lead poisoning | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0021 +/- 0.0013 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Alzheimer's disease |
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- Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Pino A, Marchione F, Bomboi G, Senofonte O, Giubilei F, Alimonti A: Monitoring of chemical elements and oxidative damage in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):197-203. [PubMed:16244393 ]
| Multiple sclerosis |
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- Forte G, Visconti A, Santucci S, Ghazaryan A, Figa-Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Bocca B, Pino A, Violante N, Alimonti A, Salvetti M, Ristori G: Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):213-6. [PubMed:16244395 ]
| Parkinson's disease |
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- Forte G, Alimonti A, Pino A, Stanzione P, Brescianini S, Brusa L, Sancesario G, Violante N, Bocca B: Metals and oxidative stress in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2005;41(2):189-95. [PubMed:16244392 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB003777 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 4509317 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C06696 |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Lead |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 5352425 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 25016 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | PB |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000450 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Gidlow DA: Lead toxicity. Occup Med (Lond). 2004 Mar;54(2):76-81. [PubMed:15020724 ]
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