Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2008-09-25 13:34:00 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:50:59 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0010584 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) |
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Description | PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) is a phosphatidylglycerol or glycerophospholipid (PG or GP). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of palmitic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of docosahexaenoic acid at the C-2 position. The palmitic acid moiety is derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats, while the docosahexaenoic acid moiety is derived from fish oils. Phosphatidylglycerol is present at a level of 1-2% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11% of the total. It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerol may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-sn-glycerol 3'-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific phosphatases. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PGs have a net charge of -1 at physiological pH and are found in high concentration in mitochondrial membranes and as components of pulmonary surfactant. PG also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of cardiolipin. PG is synthesized from CDP-diacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate. |
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Structure | [H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC InChI=1S/C44H75O10P/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-21-22-24-26-28-30-32-34-36-44(48)54-42(40-53-55(49,50)52-38-41(46)37-45)39-51-43(47)35-33-31-29-27-25-23-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h5,7,11,13,17-18,20-21,24,26,30,32,41-42,45-46H,3-4,6,8-10,12,14-16,19,22-23,25,27-29,31,33-40H2,1-2H3,(H,49,50)/b7-5-,13-11-,18-17-,21-20-,26-24-,32-30-/t41-,42+/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-glycerol) | HMDB | 1-Palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol | HMDB | GPG(16:0/22:6) | HMDB | GPG(16:0/22:6N3) | HMDB | GPG(16:0/22:6W3) | HMDB | GPG(38:6) | HMDB | PG(16:0/22:6) | HMDB | PG(16:0/22:6N3) | HMDB | PG(16:0/22:6W3) | HMDB | PG(38:6) | HMDB | Phosphatidylglycerol(16:0/22:6) | HMDB | Phosphatidylglycerol(16:0/22:6n3) | HMDB | Phosphatidylglycerol(16:0/22:6W3) | HMDB | Phosphatidylglycerol(38:6) | HMDB | 1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol | HMDB | PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) | Lipid Annotator |
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Chemical Formula | C44H75O10P |
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Average Molecular Weight | 795.0341 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 794.509785132 |
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IUPAC Name | [(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy][(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propoxy]phosphinic acid |
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Traditional Name | (2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propoxyphosphinic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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SMILES | [H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C44H75O10P/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-19-20-21-22-24-26-28-30-32-34-36-44(48)54-42(40-53-55(49,50)52-38-41(46)37-45)39-51-43(47)35-33-31-29-27-25-23-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h5,7,11,13,17-18,20-21,24,26,30,32,41-42,45-46H,3-4,6,8-10,12,14-16,19,22-23,25,27-29,31,33-40H2,1-2H3,(H,49,50)/b7-5-,13-11-,18-17-,21-20-,26-24-,32-30-/t41-,42+/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | HUFCXYMYEWLLHT-XNTJBMDASA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphatidylglycerols. These are glycerophosphoglycerols in which two fatty acids are bonded to the 1-glycerol moiety through ester linkages. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached to the C-1 and C-2 positions. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Glycerophospholipids |
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Sub Class | Glycerophosphoglycerols |
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Direct Parent | Phosphatidylglycerols |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - 1,2-diacylglycerophosphoglycerol
- Fatty acid ester
- Dialkyl phosphate
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organic phosphoric acid derivative
- Phosphoric acid ester
- Alkyl phosphate
- Fatty acyl
- 1,2-diol
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organooxygen compound
- Alcohol
- Organic oxygen compound
- Primary alcohol
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Naturally occurring processBiological processBiochemical pathwayMetabolic pathway- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068900)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:1(9Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0068901)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(11Z)/18:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068909)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0068915)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068917)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068919)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0068921)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068923)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0068925)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068928)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077652)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(11Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0077656)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(11Z)/18:1(11Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077657)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0077660)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0077678)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077682)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(11Z)) (PathBank: SMP0092953)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) (PathBank: SMP0092956)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:0/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0077653)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:1(9Z)/16:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068902)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068920)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068926)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068927)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068936)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077673)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/16:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077679)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(11Z)) (PathBank: SMP0092933)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:0) (PathBank: SMP0092952)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0092958)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:0/18:0) (PathBank: SMP0068905)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068914)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/16:0) (PathBank: SMP0068918)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068922)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068938)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077655)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077659)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)) (PathBank: SMP0077683)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068913)
- Cardiolipin Biosynthesis CL(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)) (PathBank: SMP0068916)
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedMetabolite | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) | [H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC | 5513.0 | Standard polar | 33892256 | PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) | [H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC | 4761.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) | [H][C@](O)(CO)COP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]([H])(COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC | 5603.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-19 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-19 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-19 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-004s-4175522900-d5439146724c9f3d6871 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01ti-5294211500-b1e60a1263a31c9d68d7 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0bt9-9183202200-5f4f2204a484c6d17366 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a70-1193200400-b550d5015eea1ecfc83f | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a6r-5291100100-8067528ac6ca5622bd9d | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-9011000000-9eba0708410a05207c7a | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-0000000900-56aeff663cc038761162 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a6x-0179320700-14c34c232d6173816f5a | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - PG(16:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-054o-0279320700-23b93cdce91b24be24b0 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.919 +/- 0.137 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB027734 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 24768083 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 52926307 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 89088 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- Divecha N, Irvine RF: Phospholipid signaling. Cell. 1995 Jan 27;80(2):269-78. [PubMed:7834746 ]
- Cevc, Gregor (1993). Phospholipids Handbook. Marcel Dekker.
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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