Hmdb loader

Showing metabocard for Apraclonidine (HMDB0015099)

Jump To Section:
IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (2) Show 2 proteinsXML
enzymes (2) Show 2 proteins
Show more...Show more...Show more...
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:51 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:52 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0015099
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB15099
Metabolite Identification
Common NameApraclonidine
DescriptionApraclonidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Apraclonidine, also known as iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy.Apraclonidine is a relatively selective alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates alpha1 receptors to a lesser extent. It has a peak ocular hypotensive effect occurring at two hours post-dosing. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but fluorophotometric studies in animals and humans suggest that Apraclonidine has a dual mechanism of action by reducing aqueous humor production through the constriction of afferent ciliary process vessels, and increasing uveoscleral outflow.
Structure
Thumb
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

964
  Mrv0541 02231215082D          

 15 16  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.6500    0.1653    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.1653    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8797    2.2233    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.9903    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5472    1.0672    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791   -2.3098    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6868    2.3948    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.0993    1.6803    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    1.4028    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.1653    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -0.2473    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -0.2473    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791   -1.4848    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -1.0723    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -1.0723    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1 11  1  0  0  0  0
  2 12  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
  3  9  1  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  4 10  1  0  0  0  0
  5  8  1  0  0  0  0
  5  9  2  0  0  0  0
  6 13  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  2  0  0  0  0
 10 12  1  0  0  0  0
 11 14  1  0  0  0  0
 12 15  2  0  0  0  0
 13 14  2  0  0  0  0
 13 15  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

HMDB0015099
     RDKit          3D
Apraclonidine
 25 26  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    4.5648    0.8199   -0.8849 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2617    0.4264   -0.4710 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.1449   -0.5118    0.5219 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8921   -0.9064    0.9370 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7911   -2.1187    2.2200 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7328   -0.3948    0.3932 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5304   -0.8140    0.8343 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7750   -0.3596    0.3509 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4594    0.5878    0.8913 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6796    0.8173    0.1669 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8351   -0.4161   -0.6878 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4661   -0.8643   -0.7802 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8877    0.5446   -0.6008 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5480    1.2217   -1.3204 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1314    0.9680   -1.0466 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.1484    0.1601   -1.4394 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.9381    1.7425   -0.6459 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.0207   -0.9426    0.9796 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5649   -1.5465    1.6096 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.5517    0.9841    0.8307 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.5055    1.6692   -0.5226 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.4650   -1.1314   -0.0939 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2876   -0.2059   -1.6775 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0401   -1.4424   -1.5157 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1944    1.7130   -1.8349 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  4  6  2  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  2  0
  9 10  1  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  1  0
  6 13  1  0
 13 14  1  0
 13 15  2  0
 15  2  1  0
 12  8  1  0
  1 16  1  0
  1 17  1  0
  3 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
 10 20  1  0
 10 21  1  0
 11 22  1  0
 11 23  1  0
 12 24  1  0
 15 25  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

964
  Mrv0541 02231215082D          

 15 16  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    1.6500    0.1653    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.1653    0.0000 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8797    2.2233    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.9903    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5472    1.0672    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791   -2.3098    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6868    2.3948    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.0993    1.6803    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    1.4028    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.1653    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -0.2473    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -0.2473    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791   -1.4848    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645   -1.0723    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935   -1.0723    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1 11  1  0  0  0  0
  2 12  1  0  0  0  0
  3  7  1  0  0  0  0
  3  9  1  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  4 10  1  0  0  0  0
  5  8  1  0  0  0  0
  5  9  2  0  0  0  0
  6 13  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  2  0  0  0  0
 10 12  1  0  0  0  0
 11 14  1  0  0  0  0
 12 15  2  0  0  0  0
 13 14  2  0  0  0  0
 13 15  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0015099

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
NC1=CC(Cl)=C(NC2=NCCN2)C(Cl)=C1

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C9H10Cl2N4/c10-6-3-5(12)4-7(11)8(6)15-9-13-1-2-14-9/h3-4H,1-2,12H2,(H2,13,14,15)

> <INCHI_KEY>
IEJXVRYNEISIKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C9H10Cl2N4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
245.109

> <EXACT_MASS>
244.028251754

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
23.27230762347962

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
1

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
2,6-dichloro-N1-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
2.14

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
1.6561627496666667

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-2.78

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
2

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
8.478662277748036

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
62.44

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
63.78920000000001

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
4.09e-01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
apraclonidine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

HMDB0015099
     RDKit          3D
Apraclonidine
 25 26  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    4.5648    0.8199   -0.8849 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2617    0.4264   -0.4710 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.1449   -0.5118    0.5219 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.8921   -0.9064    0.9370 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.7911   -2.1187    2.2200 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.7328   -0.3948    0.3932 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5304   -0.8140    0.8343 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7750   -0.3596    0.3509 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4594    0.5878    0.8913 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6796    0.8173    0.1669 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8351   -0.4161   -0.6878 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4661   -0.8643   -0.7802 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8877    0.5446   -0.6008 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5480    1.2217   -1.3204 Cl  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1314    0.9680   -1.0466 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.1484    0.1601   -1.4394 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.9381    1.7425   -0.6459 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.0207   -0.9426    0.9796 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5649   -1.5465    1.6096 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.5517    0.9841    0.8307 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.5055    1.6692   -0.5226 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.4650   -1.1314   -0.0939 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2876   -0.2059   -1.6775 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0401   -1.4424   -1.5157 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.1944    1.7130   -1.8349 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  3  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  4  6  2  0
  6  7  1  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  2  0
  9 10  1  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  1  0
  6 13  1  0
 13 14  1  0
 13 15  2  0
 15  2  1  0
 12  8  1  0
  1 16  1  0
  1 17  1  0
  3 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
 10 20  1  0
 10 21  1  0
 11 22  1  0
 11 23  1  0
 12 24  1  0
 15 25  1  0
M  END
Download

PDB for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 23-FEB-12   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 964                                               
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   23-FEB-12         0                                  
HETATM    1 Cl   UNK     0       3.080   0.309   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
HETATM    2 Cl   UNK     0       8.415   0.309   0.000  0.00  0.00          Cl+0
HETATM    3  N   UNK     0       7.242   4.150   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    4  N   UNK     0       5.748   1.849   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    5  N   UNK     0       8.488   1.992   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    6  N   UNK     0       5.748  -4.312   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       8.749   4.470   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0       9.519   3.137   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0       7.081   2.619   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0       5.748   0.309   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0       4.414  -0.462   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  C   UNK     0       7.081  -0.462   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   13  C   UNK     0       5.748  -2.772   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   14  C   UNK     0       4.414  -2.002   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   15  C   UNK     0       7.081  -2.002   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1   11                                                            
CONECT    2   12                                                            
CONECT    3    7    9                                                       
CONECT    4    9   10                                                       
CONECT    5    8    9                                                       
CONECT    6   13                                                            
CONECT    7    3    8                                                       
CONECT    8    5    7                                                       
CONECT    9    3    4    5                                                  
CONECT   10    4   11   12                                                  
CONECT   11    1   10   14                                                  
CONECT   12    2   10   15                                                  
CONECT   13    6   14   15                                                  
CONECT   14   11   13                                                       
CONECT   15   12   13                                                       
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   15    0   32    0
END
Download

3D PDB for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

COMPND    HMDB0015099
HETATM    1  N1  UNL     1       4.565   0.820  -0.885  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       3.262   0.426  -0.471  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  C2  UNL     1       3.145  -0.512   0.522  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C3  UNL     1       1.892  -0.906   0.937  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5 CL1  UNL     1       1.791  -2.119   2.220  1.00  0.00          CL  
HETATM    6  C4  UNL     1       0.733  -0.395   0.393  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  N2  UNL     1      -0.530  -0.814   0.834  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    8  C5  UNL     1      -1.775  -0.360   0.351  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  N3  UNL     1      -2.459   0.588   0.891  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM   10  C6  UNL     1      -3.680   0.817   0.167  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  C7  UNL     1      -3.835  -0.416  -0.688  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   12  N4  UNL     1      -2.466  -0.864  -0.780  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM   13  C8  UNL     1       0.888   0.545  -0.601  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   14 CL2  UNL     1      -0.548   1.222  -1.320  1.00  0.00          CL  
HETATM   15  C9  UNL     1       2.131   0.968  -1.047  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   16  H1  UNL     1       5.148   0.160  -1.439  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H2  UNL     1       4.938   1.743  -0.646  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H3  UNL     1       4.021  -0.943   0.980  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H4  UNL     1      -0.565  -1.546   1.610  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H5  UNL     1      -4.552   0.984   0.831  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H6  UNL     1      -3.505   1.669  -0.523  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H7  UNL     1      -4.465  -1.131  -0.094  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H8  UNL     1      -4.288  -0.206  -1.678  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H9  UNL     1      -2.040  -1.442  -1.516  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H10 UNL     1       2.194   1.713  -1.835  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   16   17
CONECT    2    3    3   15
CONECT    3    4   18
CONECT    4    5    6    6
CONECT    6    7   13
CONECT    7    8   19
CONECT    8    9    9   12
CONECT    9   10
CONECT   10   11   20   21
CONECT   11   12   22   23
CONECT   12   24
CONECT   13   14   15   15
CONECT   15   25
END
Download

SMILES for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

NC1=CC(Cl)=C(NC2=NCCN2)C(Cl)=C1
Download

INCHI for HMDB0015099 (Apraclonidine)

InChI=1S/C9H10Cl2N4/c10-6-3-5(12)4-7(11)8(6)15-9-13-1-2-14-9/h3-4H,1-2,12H2,(H2,13,14,15)
Download
View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
4-AminoclonidineChEBI
ApraclonidinaChEBI
ApraclonidinumChEBI
IopidineKegg
2-(4-Amino-2,6-dichloro)phenyliminoimidazolidineHMDB
Apraclonidine hydrochlorideHMDB
p-AminoclonidineHMDB
Para-aminoclonidineHMDB
IopimaxHMDB
Chemical FormulaC9H10Cl2N4
Average Molecular Weight245.109
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight244.028251754
IUPAC Name2,6-dichloro-N1-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine
Traditional Nameapraclonidine
CAS Registry Number66711-21-5
SMILES
NC1=CC(Cl)=C(NC2=NCCN2)C(Cl)=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C9H10Cl2N4/c10-6-3-5(12)4-7(11)8(6)15-9-13-1-2-14-9/h3-4H,1-2,12H2,(H2,13,14,15)
InChI KeyIEJXVRYNEISIKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dichlorobenzenes. Dichlorobenzenes are compounds containing a benzene with exactly two chlorine atoms attached to it.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassHalobenzenes
Direct ParentDichlorobenzenes
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 1,3-dichlorobenzene
  • Aniline or substituted anilines
  • Aryl chloride
  • Aryl halide
  • 2-imidazoline
  • Guanidine
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Carboximidamide
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organochloride
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.41 g/LNot Available
LogP1.4Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00964 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00964 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00964
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2130
KEGG Compound IDC07668
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkApraclonidine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound2216
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID2788
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Costa VP, Harris A, Stefansson E, Flammer J, Krieglstein GK, Orzalesi N, Heijl A, Renard JP, Serra LM: The effects of antiglaucoma and systemic medications on ocular blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 Nov;22(6):769-805. [PubMed:14575724 ]
  2. Onal S, Gozum N, Gucukoglu A: Effect of apraclonidine versus dorzolamide on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2005 Nov-Dec;36(6):457-62. [PubMed:16355950 ]
  3. Garibaldi DC, Hindman HB, Grant MP, Iliff NT, Merbs SL: Effect of 0.5% apraclonidine on ptosis in Horner syndrome. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;22(1):53-5. [PubMed:16418668 ]
  4. Koc F, Kansu T, Kavuncu S, Firat E: Topical apraclonidine testing discloses pupillary sympathetic denervation in diabetic patients. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006 Mar;26(1):25-9. [PubMed:16518162 ]
  5. Aslanides lM, Tsiklis NS, Ozkilic E, Coskunseven E, Pallikaris lG, Jankov MR: The effect of topical apraclonidine on subconjunctival hemorrhage and flap adherence in LASIK patients. J Refract Surg. 2006 Jun;22(6):585-8. [PubMed:16805122 ]
  6. Chen PL, Chen JT, Lu DW, Chen YC, Hsiao CH: Comparing efficacies of 0.5% apraclonidine with 4% cocaine in the diagnosis of horner syndrome in pediatric patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jun;22(3):182-7. [PubMed:16808679 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
Gene Name:
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID:
P08913
Molecular weight:
48956.3
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Wikberg-Matsson A, Simonsen U: Potent alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction by brimonidine in porcine ciliary arteries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Aug;42(9):2049-55. [PubMed:11481271 ]
  4. Moodley AA, Spooner RB: Apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome. S Afr Med J. 2007 Jul;97(7):506-7. [PubMed:17824139 ]
  5. Mirzai H, Baser EF: Congenital Horner's syndrome and the usefulness of the apraclonidine test in its diagnosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;54(3):197-9. [PubMed:16921219 ]
  6. Authors unspecified: New topical drugs for open-angle glaucoma. Drug Ther Bull. 2003 Feb;41(2):12-4. [PubMed:12630335 ]
  7. Costa VP, Harris A, Stefansson E, Flammer J, Krieglstein GK, Orzalesi N, Heijl A, Renard JP, Serra LM: The effects of antiglaucoma and systemic medications on ocular blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 Nov;22(6):769-805. [PubMed:14575724 ]
  8. Scheinfeld N: The use of apraclonidine eyedrops to treat ptosis after the administration of botulinum toxin to the upper face. Dermatol Online J. 2005 Mar 1;11(1):9. [PubMed:15748550 ]
  9. Sueke H, Chandna A: Using apraclonidine in diagnosing Horner syndrome in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 May;149(5):869; author reply 870. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.023. [PubMed:20399934 ]
  10. Watts P, Satterfield D, Lim MK: Adverse effects of apraclonidine used in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in infants. J AAPOS. 2007 Jun;11(3):282-3. [PubMed:17572343 ]
  11. Chen PL, Hsiao CH, Chen JT, Lu DW, Chen WY: Efficacy of apraclonidine 0.5% in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in pediatric patients under low or high illumination. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;142(3):469-74. [PubMed:16935593 ]
Enzyme Details
2. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins
Gene Name:
ADRA1A
Uniprot ID:
P35348
Molecular weight:
51486.0
References
  1. Moodley AA, Spooner RB: Apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome. S Afr Med J. 2007 Jul;97(7):506-7. [PubMed:17824139 ]
  2. Mirzai H, Baser EF: Congenital Horner's syndrome and the usefulness of the apraclonidine test in its diagnosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;54(3):197-9. [PubMed:16921219 ]
  3. Sueke H, Chandna A: Using apraclonidine in diagnosing Horner syndrome in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 May;149(5):869; author reply 870. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.023. [PubMed:20399934 ]
  4. Kawasaki A, Borruat FX: False negative apraclonidine test in two patients with Horner syndrome. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2008 May;225(5):520-2. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1027349. [PubMed:18454417 ]
  5. Watts P, Satterfield D, Lim MK: Adverse effects of apraclonidine used in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in infants. J AAPOS. 2007 Jun;11(3):282-3. [PubMed:17572343 ]
  6. Chen PL, Hsiao CH, Chen JT, Lu DW, Chen WY: Efficacy of apraclonidine 0.5% in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in pediatric patients under low or high illumination. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;142(3):469-74. [PubMed:16935593 ]
  7. Freedman KA, Brown SM: Topical apraclonidine in the diagnosis of suspected Horner syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005 Jun;25(2):83-5. [PubMed:15937427 ]