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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Norepinephrine (HMDB00216)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:57:46
Accession Number HMDB00216
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Norepinephrine
Description Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Synonyms
  1. (-)-(R)-Norepinephrine
  2. (-)-alpha-(Aminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol
  3. (-)-Arterenol
  4. (-)-Noradrenaline
  5. (-)-Norepinephrine
  6. (R)-(-)-Norepinephrine
  7. (R)-4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
  8. (R)-Noradrenaline
  9. (R)-Norepinephrine
  10. 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol
  11. 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol
  12. Adrenor
  13. Aktamin
  14. Arterenol
  15. l-2-Amino-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol
  16. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanolamine
  17. l-alpha-(Aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol
  18. l-Arterenol
  19. L-Noradrenaline
  20. l-Norepinephrine
  21. Levarterenol
  22. Levoarterenol
  23. Levonor
  24. Levonoradrenaline
  25. Levonorepinephrine
  26. Levophed
  27. Nor-Epirenan
  28. Noradrenalin
  29. noradrenaline
  30. Norartrinal
  31. Norepirenamine
  32. Sympathin E
Chemical IUPAC Name 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxy-ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
Chemical Formula C8H11NO3
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Alcohols
Class
  • Catecholamines and Derivatives
Sub Class
  • Epinephrines
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • phenol or hydroxyhetarene
  • 1,2-diphenol
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • aromatic compound
Biofunction
  • Component of Tyrosine metabolism
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 169.178
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 169.073898
Isomeric SMILES NC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
Canonical SMILES NCC(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
KEGG Compound ID C00547 Link Image
BioCyc ID NOREPINEPHRINE Link Image
BiGG ID 35313 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Norepinephrine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00216 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00216 Link Image
METLIN ID 5226 Link Image
PubChem Compound 439260 Link Image
PubChem Substance 840952 Link Image
ChEBI ID 18357 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 51-41-2
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/t8-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Goodall, McC.; Kirshner, Norman. Biosynthesis of adrenaline and norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves and ganglia. Circulation (1958), 17 366-71.
Melting Point (Experimental) 145.2-146.4 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 849 mg/mL [HMP experimental] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1000.0 mg/mL [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 12.5 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.24 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.40 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -0.277 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 4PAH Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Adipose Tissue
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Medulla
Bladder
Brain
Central Nervous System
Epidermis
Fibroblasts
Gonads
Heart
Intestine
Kidney
Lymphocyte
Muscle
Nerve Cells
Neuron
Pancreas
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0070 (0.0034-0.011) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Exercise
References
  • Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.00165 +/- 0.001 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0016 +/- 0.00012 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Lambert G, Naredi S, Eden E, Rydenhag B, Friberg P: Monoamine metabolism and sympathetic nervous activation following subarachnoid haemorrhage: influence of gender and hydrocephalus. Brain Res Bull. 2002 May;58(1):77-82. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.02 (0.0096-0.031) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.0014 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.0001 +/- 0.00002 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.0185 (0.00342-0.0336) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Panholzer TJ, Beyer J, Lichtwald K: Coupled-column liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites in human urine. Clin Chem. 1999 Feb;45(2):262-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.0138 (0.0062-0.032) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.047 +/- 0.0050 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peyrin L, Pequignot JM, Lacour JR, Fourcade J: Relationships between catecholamine or 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenylglycol changes and the mental performance under submaximal exercise in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1987;93(2):188-92. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.0037 +/- 0.00048 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Comments Not Available
References
  • Lambert G, Naredi S, Eden E, Rydenhag B, Friberg P: Monoamine metabolism and sympathetic nervous activation following subarachnoid haemorrhage: influence of gender and hydrocephalus. Brain Res Bull. 2002 May;58(1):77-82. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.001 +/- 0.0013 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Heat stress
Comments Not Available
References
  • McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, Harris RC, Potter J: Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006 Aug;61(2):204-15. Epub 2005 Nov 23. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.004 +/- 0.022 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Pheochromocytoma
Comments Not Available
References
  • Eisenhofer G, Keiser H, Friberg P, Mezey E, Huynh TT, Hiremagalur B, Ellingson T, Duddempudi S, Eijsbouts A, Lenders JW: Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):2175-85. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.00005 (0.00003-0.00007) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Hypothyroidism
Comments Not Available
References
  • Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.0001 +/- 0.00002 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Hypothyroidism
Comments Not Available
References
  • Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.084 +/- 0.0068 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peyrin L, Pequignot JM, Lacour JR, Fourcade J: Relationships between catecholamine or 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenylglycol changes and the mental performance under submaximal exercise in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1987;93(2):188-92. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Heat stress
  • McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, Harris RC, Potter J: Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006 Aug;61(2):204-15. Epub 2005 Nov 23. [PubMed Link Image]
Hypothyroidism
  • Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Pheochromocytoma
  • Eisenhofer G, Keiser H, Friberg P, Mezey E, Huynh TT, Hiremagalur B, Ellingson T, Duddempudi S, Eijsbouts A, Lenders JW: Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):2175-85. [PubMed Link Image]
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Lambert G, Naredi S, Eden E, Rydenhag B, Friberg P: Monoamine metabolism and sympathetic nervous activation following subarachnoid haemorrhage: influence of gender and hydrocephalus. Brain Res Bull. 2002 May;58(1):77-82. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Catecholamine Biosynthesis SMP00012 Link Image map00350 Link Image
Tyrosine Metabolism SMP00006 Link Image map00350 Link Image
General References
  1. Ahlskog JE, Uitti RJ, Tyce GM, O'Brien JF, Petersen RC, Kokmen E: Plasma catechols and monoamine oxidase metabolites in untreated Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neurol Sci. 1996 Mar;136(1-2):162-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kaliner, Michael A., Orange, Robert P., Koopman, William J., Austen, K. Frank, Laraia, Paul J. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in human lung. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects (1971), 252(1), 160-4
  3. Rajda C, Bencsik K, Fuvesi J, Seres E, Vecsei L, Bergquist J: The norepinephrine level is decreased in the lymphocytes of long-term interferon-beta-treated multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2006 Jun;12(3):265-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Panholzer TJ, Beyer J, Lichtwald K: Coupled-column liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites in human urine. Clin Chem. 1999 Feb;45(2):262-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Takahashi S, Gjessing LR: A fluorometric method combined with thin layer chromatography for the determination of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in human urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1972 Feb;36(2):369-78. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Ross HA, van Gurp PJ, Willemsen JJ, Lenders JW, Tack CJ, Sweep FC: Transport within the interstitial space, rather than membrane permeability, determines norepinephrine recovery in microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Nov;319(2):840-6. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Martinsons A, Rudzite V, Bratslavska O, Saulite V: The influence of kynurenine, neopterin, and norepinephrine on tubular epithelial cells and alveolar fibroblasts. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:347-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Lake CR, Sternberg DE, van Kammen DP, Ballenger JC, Ziegler MG, Post RM, Kopin IJ, Bunney WE: Schizophrenia: elevated cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine. Science. 1980 Jan 18;207(4428):331-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Eisenhofer G, Keiser H, Friberg P, Mezey E, Huynh TT, Hiremagalur B, Ellingson T, Duddempudi S, Eijsbouts A, Lenders JW: Plasma metanephrines are markers of pheochromocytoma produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase within tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jun;83(6):2175-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Fernqvist E, Linde B: Potent mental stress and insulin absorption in normal subjects. Diabetes Care. 1988 Sep;11(8):650-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Pasternak K, Dabrowski W, Wyciszczok T, Korycinska A, Dobija J, Biernacka J, Rzecki Z: The relationship between magnesium, epinephrine and norepinephrine blood concentrations during CABG with normovolemic hemodilution. Magnes Res. 2005 Dec;18(4):245-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Albanese J, Leone M, Garnier F, Bourgoin A, Antonini F, Martin C: Renal effects of norepinephrine in septic and nonseptic patients. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):534-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Shibahara J, Goto A, Niki T, Tanaka M, Nakajima J, Fukayama M: Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a functioning case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004 Jun;28(6):825-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Wanner A, Horvath G, Brieva JL, Kumar SD, Mendes ES: Nongenomic actions of glucocorticosteroids on the airway vasculature in asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(3):235-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Raw I, Schmidt BJ, Merzel J: Catecholamines and congenital pain insensitivity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1984;17(3-4):271-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Zhu Y, Zhang W, Chen M, Liu N, Guo J: [Study on expression of norepinephrine and dopamine placental tissues of normal pregnancy and pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome] Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2002 Mar;37(3):142-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
  2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase precursor
  3. Catechol O-methyltransferase
  4. Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
  5. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
  6. Glycerol kinase
  7. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
  8. Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
  9. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
  10. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
  11. Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
  12. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
  13. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
  14. Synaptotagmin-5
  15. cDNA, FLJ93072, Homo sapiens monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Monoamine oxidase B, isoform CRA_a)
  16. Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
  17. Norepinephrine transporter isoform 2
  18. Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
  19. Norepinephrine transporter isoform 1
  20. Norepinephrine transporter
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5401
Enzyme 1 Name Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. Monoamine oxidase type A
  2. MAO-A
Enzyme 1 Gene Name MAOA
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
MENQEKASIAGHMFDVVVIGGGISGLSAAKLLTEYGVSVLVLEARDRVGGRTYTIRNEHV
DYVDVGGAYVGPTQNRILRLSKELGIETYKVNVSERLVQYVKGKTYPFRGAFPPVWNPIA
YLDYNNLWRTIDNMGKEIPTDAPWEAQHADKWDKMTMKELIDKICWTKTARRFAYLFVNI
NVTSEPHEVSALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIFSVTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDQVKL
NHPVTHVDQSSDNIIIETLNHEHYECKYVINAIPPTLTAKIHFRPELPAERNQLIQRLPM
GAVIKCMMYYKEAFWKKKDYCGCMIIEDEDAPISITLDDTKPDGSLPAIMGFILARKADR
LAKLHKEIRKKKICELYAKVLGSQEALHPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTAYFPPGIMTQYG
RVIRQPVGRIFFAGTETATKWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREVLNGLGKVTEKDIWVQEPESKD
VPAVEITHTFWERNLPSVSGLLKIIGFSTSVTALGFVLYKYKLLPRS
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 527
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 59682
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.96
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. MAOA preferentially oxidizes biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine and epinephrine
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • RCH2NH2 + H2O + O2 = RCHO + ammonia + H2O2
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 498-518
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 187353 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P21397 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AOFA_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID 1O5W Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB File Show
Enzyme 1 3D Structure
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1584 bp
ATGGAGAATCAAGAGAAGGCGAGTATCGCGGGCCACATGTTCGACGTAGTCGTGATCGGA
GGTGGCATTTCAGGACTATCTGCTGCCAAACTCTTGACTGAATATGGCGTTAGTGTTTTG
GTTTTAGAAGCTCGGGACAGGGTTGGAGGAAGAACATATACTATAAGGAATGAGCATGTT
GATTACGTAGATGTTGGTGGAGCTTATGTGGGACCAACCCAAAACAGAATCTTACGCTTG
TCTAAGGAGCTGGGCATAGAGACTTACAAAGTGAATGTCAGTGAGCGTCTCGTTCAATAT
GTCAAGGGGAAAACATATCCATTTCGGGGCGCCTTTCCACCAGTATGGAATCCCATTGCA
TATTTGGATTACAATAATCTGTGGAGGACAATAGATAACATGGGGAAGGAGATTCCAACT
GATGCACCCTGGGAGGCTCAACATGCTGACAAATGGGACAAAATGACCATGAAAGAGCTC
ATTGACAAAATCTGCTGGACAAAGACTGCTAGGCGGTTTGCTTATCTTTTTGTGAATATC
AATGTGACCTCTGAGCCTCACGAAGTGTCTGCCCTGTGGTTCTTGTGGTATGTGAAGCAG
TGCGGGGGCACCACTCGGATATTCTCTGTCACCAATGGTGGCCAGGAACGGAAGTTTGTA
GGTGGATCTGGTCAAGTGAGCGAACGGATAATGGACCTCCTCGGAGACCAAGTGAAGCTG
AACCATCCTGTCACTCACGTTGACCAGTCAAGTGACAACATCATCATAGAGACGCTGAAC
CATGAACATTATGAGTGCAAATACGTAATTAATGCGATCCCTCCGACCTTGACTGCCAAG
ATTCACTTCAGACCAGAGCTTCCAGCAGAGAGAAACCAGTTAATTCAGCGGCTTCCAATG
GGAGCTGTCATTAAGTGCATGATGTATTACAAGGAGGCCTTCTGGAAGAAGAAGGATTAC
TGTGGCTGCATGATCATTGAAGATGAAGATGCTCCAATTTCAATAACCTTGGATGACACC
AAGCCTGATGGGTCACTGCCTGCCATCATGGGCTTCATTCTTGCCCGGAAAGCTGATCGA
CTTGCTAAGCTACATAAGGAAATAAGGAAGAAGAAAATCTGTGAGCTCTATGCCAAAGTG
CTGGGATCCCAAGAAGCTTTACATCCAGTGCATTATGAAGAGAAGAACTGGTGTGAGGAG
CAGTACTCTGGGGGCTGCTACACGGCCTACTTCCCTCCTGGGATCATGACTCAATATGGA
AGGGTGATTCGTCAACCCGTGGGCAGGATTTTCTTTGCGGGCACAGAGACTGCCACAAAG
TGGAGCGGCTACATGGAAGGGGCAGTTGAGGCTGGAGAACGAGCAGCTAGGGAGGTCTTA
AATGGTCTCGGGAAGGTGACCGAGAAAGATATCTGGGTACAAGAACCTGAATCAAAGGAC
GTTCCAGCGGTAGAAATCACCCACACCTTCTGGGAAAGGAACCTGCCCTCTGTTTCTGGC
CTGCTGAAGATCATTGGATTTTCCACATCAGTAACTGCCCTGGGGTTTGTGCTGTACAAA
TACAAGCTCCTGCCACGGTCTTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID M68840 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID MAOA Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID MAOA Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:6833 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location X
Enzyme 1 Locus Xp11.3
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Hsu YP, Weyler W, Chen S, Sims KB, Rinehart WB, Utterback MC, Powell JF, Breakefield XO: Structural features of human monoamine oxidase A elucidated from cDNA and peptide sequences. J Neurochem. 1988 Oct;51(4):1321-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, Abell CW, Bembenek ME, Kwan SW, Seeburg PH, Shih JC: cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(13):4934-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Zhu QS, Grimsby J, Chen K, Shih JC: Promoter organization and activity of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B genes. J Neurosci. 1992 Nov;12(11):4437-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Denney RM: The promoter of the human monoamine oxidase A gene. Prog Brain Res. 1995;106:57-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Denney RM, Sharma A, Dave SK, Waguespack A: A new look at the promoter of the human monoamine oxidase A gene: mapping transcription initiation sites and capacity to drive luciferase expression. J Neurochem. 1994 Sep;63(3):843-56. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Chen SA, Weyler W: Partial amino acid sequence analysis of human placenta monoamine oxidase A and bovine liver monoamine oxidase B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 14;156(1):445-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Weyler W: Monoamine oxidase A from human placenta and monoamine oxidase B from bovine liver both have one FAD per subunit. Biochem J. 1989 Jun 15;260(3):725-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Li M, Hubalek F, Newton-Vinson P, Edmondson DE: High-level expression of human liver monoamine oxidase A in Pichia pastoris: comparison with the enzyme expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif. 2002 Feb;24(1):152-62. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5485
Enzyme 2 Name Dopamine beta-hydroxylase precursor
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Dopamine beta- monooxygenase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name DBH
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Dopamine beta-hydroxylase precursor
MREAAFMYSTAVAIFLVILVAALQGSAPRESPLPYHIPLDPEGSLELSWNVSYTQEAIHF
QLLVRRLKAGVLFGMSDRGELENADLVVLWTDGDTAYFADAWSDQKGQIHLDPQQDYQLL
QVQRTPEGLTLLFKRPFGTCDPKDYLIEDGTVHLVYGILEEPFRSLEAINGSGLQMGLQR
VQLLKPNIPEPELPSDACTMEVQAPNIQIPSQETTYWCYIKELPKGFSRHHIIKYEPIVT
KGNEALVHHMEVFQCAPEMDSVPHFSGPCDSKMKPDRLNYCRHVLAAWALGAKAFYYPEE
AGLAFGGPGSSRYLRLEVHYHNPLVIEGRNDSSGIRLYYTAKLRRFNAGIMELGLVYTPV
MAIPPRETAFILTGYCTDKCTQLALPPSGIHIFASQLHTHLTGRKVVTVLVRDGREWEIV
NQDNHYSPHFQEIRMLKKVVSVHPGDVLITSCTYNTEDRELATVGGFGILEEMCVNYVHY
YPQTQLELCKSAVDAGFLQKYFHLINRFNNEDVCTCPQASVSQQFTSVPWNSFNRDVLKA
LYSFAPISMHCNKSSAVRFQGEWNLQPLPKVISTLEEPTPQCPTSQGRSPAGPTVVSIGG
GKG
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 603
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 67614
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.31
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • copper ion binding
  • dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity
  • ion binding
  • monooxygenase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
  • transition metal ion binding
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • biogenic amine metabolism
  • catecholamine metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • histidine catabolism
  • histidine family amino acid metabolism
  • histidine metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • 1-25
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 30474 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P09172 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DOPO_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1812 bp
ATGCGGGAGGCAGCCTTCATGTACAGCACAGCAGTGGCCATCTTCCTGGTCATCCTGGTG
GCCGCACTGCAGGGCTCGGCTCCCCGTGAGAGCCCCCTCCCCTATCACATCCCCCTGGAC
CCGGAGGGGTCCCTGGAGCTCTCATGGAATGTCAGCTACACCCAGGAGGCCATCCATTTC
CAGCTCCTGGTGCGGAGGCTCAAGGCTGGCGTCCTGTTTGGGATGTCCGACCGTGGCGAG
CTTGAGAACGCAGATCTCGTGGTGCTCTGGACCGATGGGGACACTGCCTATTTTGCGGAC
GCCTGGAGTGACCAGAAGGGGCAGATCCACCTGGATCCCCAGCAGGACTACCAGCTGCTG
CAGGTGCAGAGGACCCCAGAAGGCCTGACCCTGCTTTTCAAGAGGCCCTTTGGCACCTGC
GACCCCAAGGATTACCTCATTGAAGACGGCACTGTCCACTTGGTCTACGGGATCCTGGAG
GAGCCGTTCCGGTCACTGGAGGCCATCAACGGCTCGGGCCTGCAGATGGGGCTGCAGAGG
GTGCAGCTCCTGAAGCCCAATATCCCCGAACCGGAGTTGCCCTCAGACGCGTGCACCATG
GAGGTCCAAGCTCCCAATATCCAGATCCCCAGCCAGGAGACCACGTACTGGTGCTACATT
AAGGAGCTTCCAAAGGGCTTCTCTCGGCACCACATTATCAAGTACGAGCCCATCGTCACC
AAGGGCAATGAGGCCCTTGTCCACCACATGGAAGTCTTCCAGTGCGCCCCCGAGATGGAC
AGCGTCCCCCACTTCAGCGGGCCCTGCGACTCCAAGATGAAACCCGACCGCCTCAACTAC
TGCCGCCACGTGCTGGCCGCCTGGGCCCTGGGTGCCAAGGCATTTTACTACCCAGAGGAA
GCCGGCCTTGCCTTCGGGGGTCCAGGGTCCTCCAGATATCTCCGCCTGGAAGTTCACTAC
CACAACCCACTGGTGATAGAAGGACGAAACGACTCCTCAGGCATCCGCTTGTACTACACA
GCCAAGCTGCGGCGCTTCAACGCGGGGATCATGGAGCTGGGACTGGTGTACACGCCAGTG
ATGGCCATTCCACCACGGGAGACCGCCTTCATCCTCACTGGCTACTGCACGGACAAGTGC
ACCCAGCTGGCACTGCCTCCCTCCGGGATCCACATCTTCGCCTCTCAGCTCCACACACAC
CTGACTGGGAGAAAGGTGGTCACAGTGCTGGTCCGGGACGGCCGGGAGTGGGAGATCGTG
AACCAGGACAATCACTACAGCCCTCACTTCCAGGAGATCCGCATGTTGAAGAAGGTCGTG
TCGGTCCATCCGGGAGATGTGCTCATCACCTCCTGCACGTACAACACGGAAGACCGGGAG
CTGGCCACAGTGGGGGGCTTCGGGATCCTGGAGGAGATGTGTGTCAACTACGTGCACTAC
TACCCCCAGACGCAGCTGGAGCTCTGCAAGACGGCTGTGGACGCCGGCTTCCTGCAGAAG
TACTTCCACCTCATCAACAGGTTCAACAACGAGGATGTCTGCACCTGCCCTCAGGCGTCC
GTGTCTCAGCAGTTCACCTCTGTTCCCTGGAACTCCTTCAACCGCGACGTACTGAAGGCC
CTGTACAGCTTCGCGCCCATCTCCATGCACTGCAACAAGTCCTCAGCCGTCCGCTTCCAG
GGTGAATGGAACCTGCAGCCCCTGCCCAAGGTCATCTCCACACTGGAAGAGCCCACCCCA
CAGTGCCCCACCAGCCAGGGCCGAAGCCCTGCTGGCCCCACCGTTGTCAGCATTGGTGGG
GGCAAAGGCTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID X13255 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID DBH Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID DBH Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:2689 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 9
Enzyme 2 Locus 9q34
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Kobayashi K, Kurosawa Y, Fujita K, Nagatsu T: Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Feb 11;17(3):1089-102. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Lamouroux A, Vigny A, Faucon Biguet N, Darmon MC, Franck R, Henry JP, Mallet J: The primary structure of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: insights into the relationship between the soluble and the membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3931-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Li B, Tsing S, Kosaka AH, Nguyen B, Osen EG, Bach C, Chan H, Barnett J: Expression of human dopamine beta-hydroxylase in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells. Biochem J. 1996 Jan 1;313 ( Pt 1):57-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Williams HJ, Bray N, Murphy KC, Cardno AG, Jones LA, Owen MJ: No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a functional variant of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH). Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 15;88(5):557-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Kim CH, Zabetian CP, Cubells JF, Cho S, Biaggioni I, Cohen BM, Robertson D, Kim KS: Mutations in the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene are associated with human norepinephrine deficiency. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Mar 1;108(2):140-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 5504
Enzyme 3 Name Catechol O-methyltransferase
Enzyme 3 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Name COMT
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Catechol O-methyltransferase
MPEAPPLLLAAVLLGLVLLVVLLLLLRHWGWGLCLIGWNEFILQPIHNLLMGDTKEQRIL
NHVLQHAEPGNAQSVLEAIDTYCEQKEWAMNVGDKKGKIVDAVIQEHQPSVLLELGAYCG
YSAVRMARLLSPGARLITIEINPDCAAITQRMVDFAGVKDKVTLVVGASQDIIPQLKKKY
DVDTLDMVFLDHWKDRYLPDTLLLEECGLLRKGTVLLADNVICPGAPDFLAHVRGSSCFE
CTHYQSFLEYREVVDGLEKAIYKGPGSEAGP
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 271
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 30037
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 5.15
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • O-methyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
Component
Enzyme 3 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones. Also shortens the biological half-lives of certain neuroactive drugs, like L-DOPA, alpha-methyl DOPA and isoproterenol
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • 1-32
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 180920 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P21964 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name COMT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >816 bp
ATGCCGGAGGCCCCGCCTCTGCTGTTGGCAGCTGTGTTGCTGGGCCTGGTGCTGCTGGTG
GTGCTGCTGCTGCTTCTGAGGCACTGGGGCTGGGGCCTGTGCCTTATCGGCTGGAACGAG
TTCATCCTGCAGCCCATCCACAACCTGCTCATGGGTGACACCAAGGAGCAGCGCATCCTG
AACCACGTGCTGCAGCATGCGGAGCCCGGGAACGCACAGAGCGTGCTGGAGGCCATTGAC
ACCTACTGCGAGCAGAAGGAGTGGGCCATGAACGTGGGCGACAAGAAAGGCAAGATCGTG
GACGCCGTGATTCAGGAGCACCAGCCCTCCGTGCTGCTGGAGCTGGGGGCCTACTGTGGC
TACTCAGCTGTGCGCATGGCCCGCCTGCTGTCACCAGGGGCGAGGCTCATCACCATCGAG
ATCAACCCCGACTGTGCCGCCATCACCCAGCGGATGGTGGATTTCGCTGGCGTGAAGGAC
AAGGTCACCCTTGTGGTTGGAGCGTCCCAGGACATCATCCCCCAGCTGAAGAAGAAGTAT
GATGTGGACACACTGGACATGGTCTTCCTCGACCACTGGAAGGACCGGTACCTGCCGGAC
ACGCTTCTCTTGGAGGAATGTGGCCTGCTGCGGAAGGGGACAGTGCTACTGGCTGACAAC
GTGATCTGCCCAGGTGCGCCAGACTTCCTAGCACACGTGCGCGGGAGCAGCTGCTTTGAG
TGCACACACTACCAATCGTTCCTGGAATACAGGGAGGTGGTGGACGGCCTGGAGAAGGCC
ATCTACAAGGGCCCAGGCAGCGAAGCAGGGCCCTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID M65212 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID COMT Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID COMT Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:2228 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 22
Enzyme 3 Locus 22q11.21-q11.23|22q11.21
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Lundstrom K, Salminen M, Jalanko A, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Cloning and characterization of human placental catechol-O-methyltransferase cDNA. DNA Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;10(3):181-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bertocci B, Miggiano V, Da Prada M, Dembic Z, Lahm HW, Malherbe P: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase: cloning and expression of the membrane-associated form. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1416-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Lundstrom K, Kiviluoto T, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Genomic organization of the human catechol O-methyltransferase gene and its expression from two distinct promoters. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;223(3):1049-59. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Tilgmann C, Kalkkinen N: Purification and partial sequence analysis of the soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase from human placenta: comparison to the rat liver enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jan 31;174(2):995-1002. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ulmanen I, Lundstrom K: Cell-free synthesis of rat and human catechol O-methyltransferase. Insertion of the membrane-bound form into microsomal membranes in vitro. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Dec 18;202(3):1013-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics. 1996 Jun;6(3):243-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 5512
Enzyme 4 Name Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. PAH
  2. Phe-4- monooxygenase
Enzyme 4 Gene Name PAH
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
MSTAVLENPGLGRKLSDFGQETSYIEDNCNQNGAISLIFSLKEEVGALAKVLRLFEENDV
NLTHIESRPSRLKKDEYEFFTHLDKRSLPALTNIIKILRHDIGATVHELSRDKKKDTVPW
FPRTIQELDRFANQILSYGAELDADHPGFKDPVYRARRKQFADIAYNYRHGQPIPRVEYM
EEEKKTWGTVFKTLKSLYKTHACYEYNHIFPLLEKYCGFHEDNIPQLEDVSQFLQTCTGF
RLRPVAGLLSSRDFLGGLAFRVFHCTQYIRHGSKPMYTPEPDICHELLGHVPLFSDRSFA
QFSQEIGLASLGAPDEYIEKLATIYWFTVEFGLCKQGDSIKAYGAGLLSSFGELQYCLSE
KPKLLPLELEKTAIQNYTVTEFQPLYYVAESFNDAKEKVRNFAATIPRPFSVRYDPYTQR
IEVLDNTQQLKILADSINSEIGILCSALQKIK
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 452
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 51863
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 6.57
Enzyme 4 GO Classification
Function
  • amine binding
  • amino acid binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • monooxygenase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
  • phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
Process
  • L-phenylalanine catabolism
  • L-phenylalanine metabolism
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • aromatic amino acid family metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
Enzyme 4 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 4 Specific Function L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O(2) = L-tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Enzyme 4 Pathways
  • Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism (map00400 Link Image)
Enzyme 4 Reactions
  • L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 189937 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00439 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PH4H_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID 2PHM Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB File Show
Enzyme 4 3D Structure
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >1359 bp
ATGTCCACTGCGGTCCTGGAAAACCCAGGCTTGGGCAGGAAACTCTCTGACTTTGGACAG
GAAACAAGCTATATTGAAGACAACTGCAATCAAAATGGTGCCATATCACTGATCTTCTCA
CTCAAAGAAGAAGTTGGTGCATTGGCCAAAGTATTGCGCTTATTTGAGGAGAATGATGTA
AACCTGACCCACATTGAATCTAGACCTTCTCGTTTAAAGAAAGATGAGTATGAATTTTTC
ACCCATTTGGATAAACGTAGCCTGCCTGCTCTGACAAACATCATCAAGATCTTGAGGCAT
GACATTGGTGCCACTGTCCATGAGCTTTCACGAGATAAGAAGAAAGACACAGTGCCCTGG
TTCCCAAGAACCATTCAAGAGCTGGACAGATTTGCCAATCAGATTCTCAGCTATGGAGCG
GAACTGGATGCTGACCACCCTGGTTTTAAAGATCCTGTGTACCGTGCAAGACGGAAGCAG
TTTGCTGACATTGCCTACAACTACCGCCATGGGCAGCCCATCCCTCGAGTGGAATACATG
GAGGAAGAAAAGAAAACATGGGGCACAGTGTTCAAGACTCTGAAGTCCTTGTATAAAACC
CATGCTTGCTATGAGTACAATCACATTTTTCCACTTCTTGAAAAGTACTGTGGCTTCCAT
GAAGATAACATTCCCCAGCTGGAAGACGTTTCTCAATTCCTGCAGACTTGCACTGGTTTC
CGCCTCCGACCTGTGGCTGGCCTGCTTTCCTCTCGGGATTTCTTGGGTGGCCTGGCCTTC
CGAGTCTTCCACTGCACACAGTACATCAGACATGGATCCAAGCCCATGTATACCCCCGAA
CCTGACATCTGCCATGAGCTGTTGGGACATGTGCCCTTGTTTTCAGATCGCAGCTTTGCC
CAGTTTTCCCAGGAAATTGGCCTTGCCTCTCTGGGTGCACCTGATGAATACATTGAAAAG
CTCGCCACAATTTACTGGTTTACTGTGGAGTTTGGGCTCTGCAAACAAGGAGACTCCATA
AAGGCATATGGTGCTGGGCTCCTGTCATCCTTTGGTGAATTACAGTACTGCTTATCAGAG
AAGCCAAAGCTTCTCCCCCTGGAGCTGGAGAAGACAGCCATCCAAAATTACACTGTCACG
GAGTTCCAGCCCCTGTATTACGTGGCAGAGAGTTTTAATGATGCCAAGGAGAAAGTAAGG
AACTTTGCTGCCACAATACCTCGGCCCTTCTCAGTTCGCTACGACCCATACACCCAAAGG
ATTGAGGTCTTGGACAATACCCAGCAGCTTAAGATTTTGGCTGATTCCATTAACAGTGAA
ATTGGAATCCTTTGCAGTGCCCTCCAGAAAATAAAGTAA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID K03020 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID PAH Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID PAH Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:8582 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location 12
Enzyme 4 Locus 12q22-q24.2
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References
  1. Kwok SC, Ledley FD, DiLella AG, Robson KJ, Woo SL: Nucleotide sequence of a full-length complementary DNA clone and amino acid sequence of human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 1985 Jan 29;24(3):556-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Cotton RG, McAdam W, Jennings I, Morgan FJ: A monoclonal antibody to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Identification of the epitope. Biochem J. 1988 Oct 1;255(1):193-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Erlandsen H, Fusetti F, Martinez A, Hough E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria. Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Dec;4(12):995-1000. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC, Hough E: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 10;37(45):15638-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Fusetti F, Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Structure of tetrameric human phenylalanine hydroxylase and its implications for phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 3;273(27):16962-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Erlandsen H, Bjorgo E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure and site-specific mutagenesis of pterin-bound human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 7;39(9):2208-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Andersen OA, Flatmark T, Hough E: High resolution crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in its catalytically active Fe(II) form and binary complex with tetrahydrobiopterin. J Mol Biol. 2001 Nov 23;314(2):279-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Konecki DS, Lichter-Konecki U: The phenylketonuria locus: current knowledge about alleles and mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in various populations. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):377-88. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Cotton RG: Heterogeneity of phenylketonuria at the clinical, protein and DNA levels. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1990;13(5):739-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Eisensmith RC, Woo SL: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and related hyperphenylalaninemias: mutations and polymorphisms in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):13-23. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Hoang L, Byck S, Prevost L, Scriver CR: PAH Mutation Analysis Consortium Database: a database for disease-producing and other allelic variation at the human PAH locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jan 1;24(1):127-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Lichter-Konecki U, Konecki DS, DiLella AG, Brayton K, Marvit J, Hahn TM, Trefz FK, Woo SL: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency caused by a single base substitution in an exon of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Biochemistry. 1988 Apr 19;27(8):2881-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Lyonnet S, Caillaud C, Rey F, Berthelon M, Frezal J, Rey J, Munnich A: Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in Mediterranean countries: a mutation associated with partial phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Apr;44(4):511-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Hofman KJ, Antonarakis SE, Missiou-Tsangaraki S, Boehm CD, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in the Greek population. Haplotype analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and identification of a PKU mutation. Mol Biol Med. 1989 Jun;6(3):245-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Svensson E, Andersson B, Hagenfeldt L: Two mutations within the coding sequence of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Genet. 1990 Aug;85(3):300-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Dianzani I, Forrest SM, Camaschella C, Saglio G, Ponzone A, Cotton RG: Screening for mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene from Italian patients with phenylketonuria by using the chemical cleavage method: a new splice mutation. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Mar;48(3):631-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Hofman KJ, Steel G, Kazazian HH, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in U.S. blacks: molecular analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;48(4):791-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Okano Y, Wang T, Eisensmith RC, Longhi R, Riva E, Giovannini M, Cerone R, Romano C, Woo SL: Phenylketonuria missense mutations in the Mediterranean. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):96-103. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Dworniczak B, Grudda K, Stumper J, Bartholome K, Aulehla-Scholz C, Horst J: Phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: novel missense mutation in exon 7 causing severe phenylketonuria. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):193-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Konecki DS, Schlotter M, Trefz FK, Lichter-Konecki U: The identification of two mis-sense mutations at the PAH gene locus in a Turkish patient with phenylketonuria. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):389-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  21. Caillaud C, Lyonnet S, Rey F, Melle D, Frebourg T, Berthelon M, Vilarinho L, Vaz Osorio R, Rey J, Munnich A: A 3-base pair in-frame deletion of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene results in a kinetic variant of phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9351-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  22. Economou-Petersen E, Henriksen KF, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Molecular basis for nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. Genomics. 1992 Sep;14(1):1-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  23. Lin CH, Hsiao KJ, Tsai TF, Chao HK, Su TS: Identification of a missense phenylketonuria mutation at codon 408 in Chinese. Hum Genet. 1992 Aug;89(6):593-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  24. Jaruzelska J, Melle D, Matuszak R, Borski K, Munnich A: A new 15 bp deletion in exon 11 of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):763-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  25. Desviat LR, Perez B, Ugarte M: A new PKU mutation associated with haplotype 12. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):765-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  26. Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria in Denmark: 99% of the mutations detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Genomics. 1993 Jul;17(1):141-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  27. Abadie V, Jaruzelska J, Lyonnet S, Millasseau P, Berthelon M, Rey F, Munnich A, Rey J: Illegitimate transcription of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in lymphocytes for identification of mutations in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jan;2(1):31-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  28. Goebel-Schreiner B, Schreiner R: Identification of a new missense mutation in Japanese phenylketonuric patients. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(6):950-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  29. Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Thony B, Blau N, Guttler F: Molecular heterogeneity of nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia in 25 Danish patients. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):453-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  30. Benit P, Rey F, Melle D, Munnich A, Rey J: Five novel missense mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(3):229-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  31. Knappskog PM, Eiken HG, Martinez A, Bruland O, Apold J, Flatmark T: PKU mutation (D143G) associated with an apparent high residual enzyme activity: expression of a kinetic variant form of phenylalanine hydroxylase in three different systems. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):236-46. [PubMed Link Image]
  32. Guldberg P, Mallmann R, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in a population in Germany: mutational profile and nine novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):276-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  33. Argiolas A, Bosco P, Cali F, Ceratto N, Anello G, Riva E, Biasucci G, Carducci C, Romano V: Two novel PAH gene mutations detected in Italian phenylketonuric patients. Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;99(2):275-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  34. Byck S, Tyfield L, Carter K, Scriver CR: Prediction of multiple hypermutable codons in the human PAH gene: codon 280 contains recurrent mutations in Quebec and other populations. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(4):316-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  35. Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Nowacki P, Scriver CR: In vitro expression analysis of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase: linking genotype to phenotype and structure to function. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(1):4-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  36. Bosco P, Cali F, Meli C, Mollica F, Zammarchi E, Cerone R, Vanni C, Palillo L, Greco D, Romano V: Eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(3):240-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  37. De Lucca M, Perez B, Desviat LR, Ugarte M: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria in Venezuela: presence of two novel null mutations. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):354-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  38. Park YS, Seoung CS, Lee SW, Oh KH, Lee DH, Yim J: Identification of three novel mutations in Korean phenylketonuria patients: R53H, N207D, and Y325X. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S121-2. [PubMed Link Image]
  39. Michiels L, Francois B, Raus J, Vandevyver C: Identification of seven new mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, associated with hyperphenylalaninemia in the Belgian population. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S123-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  40. Popescu T, Blazkova M, Kozak L, Jebeleanu G, Popescu A: Mutation spectrum and phenylalanine hydroxylase RFLP/VNTR background in 44 Romanian phenylketonuric alleles. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):314-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  41. Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Hewson AS, Scriver CR: Alterations in protein aggregation and degradation due to mild and severe missense mutations (A104D, R157N) in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH). Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):344-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  42. Kibayashi M, Nagao M, Chiba S: Mutation analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and its clinical implications in two Japanese patients with non-phenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(4):231-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  43. Hennermann JB, Vetter B, Wolf C, Windt E, Buhrdel P, Seidel J, Monch E, Kulozik AE: Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia in eastern Germany: a characteristic molecular profile and 15 novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(3):254-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  44. Gjetting T, Petersen M, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Missense mutations in the N-terminal domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase interfere with binding of regulatory phenylalanine. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1353-60. Epub 2001 Apr 20. [PubMed Link Image]
  45. Acosta A, Silva W Jr, Carvalho T, Gomes M, Zago M: Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 2001 Feb;17(2):122-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  46. Yang Y, Drummond-Borg M, Garcia-Heras J: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns from Texas. Hum Mutat. 2001 Jun;17(6):523. [PubMed Link Image]
  47. Gjetting T, Romstad A, Haavik J, Knappskog PM, Acosta AX, Silva WA Jr, Zago MA, Guldberg P, Guttler F: A phenylalanine hydroxylase amino acid polymorphism with implications for molecular diagnostics. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Jul;73(3):280-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 5643
Enzyme 5 Name Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Enzyme 5 Synonyms
  1. PNMTase
  2. Noradrenaline N-methyltransferase
Enzyme 5 Gene Name PNMT
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
MSGADRSPNAGAAPDSAPGQAAVASAYQRFEPRAYLRNNYAPPRGDLCNPNGVGPWKLRC
LAQTFATGEVSGRTLIDIGSGPTVYQLLSACSHFEDITMTDFLEVNRQELGRWLQEEPGA
FNWSMYSQHACLIEGKGECWQDKERQLRARVKRVLPIDVHQPQPLGAGSPAPLPADALVS
AFCLEAVSPDLASFQRALDHITTLLRPGGHLLLIGALEESWYLAGEARLTVVPVSEEEVR
EALVRSGYKVRDLRTYIMPAHLQTGVDDVKGVFFAWAQKVGL
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 282
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 30855
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 5.96
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
Component
Enzyme 5 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 5 Specific Function Converts noradrenaline to adrenaline
Enzyme 5 Pathways
Enzyme 5 Reactions
  • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylphenylethanolamine
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 190142 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P11086 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PNMT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID 1N7J Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB File Show
Enzyme 5 3D Structure
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >849 bp
ATGAGCGGCGCAGACCGTAGCCCCAATGCGGGCGCAGCCCCTGACTCGGCCCCGGGCCAG
GCGGCGGTGGCTTCGGCCTACCAGCGCTTCGAGCCGCGCGCCTACCTCCGCAACAACTAC
GCGCCCCCTCGCGGGGACCTGTGCAACCCGAACGGCGTCGGGCCGTGGAAGCTGCGCTGC
TTGGCGCAGACCTTCGCCACCGGTGAAGTGTCCGGACGCACCCTCATCGACATTGGTTCA
GGCCCCACCGTGTACCAGCTGCTCAGTGCCTGCAGCCACTTTGAGGACATCACCATGACA
GATTTCCTGGAGGTCAACCGCCAGGAGCTGGGGCGCTGGCTGCAGGAGGAGCCGGGGGCC
TTCAACTGGAGCATGTACAGCCAACATGCCTGCCTCATTGAGGGCAAGGGGGAATGCTGG
CAGGATAAGGAGCGCCAGCTGCGAGCCAGGGTGAAACGGGTCCTGCCCATCGACGTGCAC
CAGCCCCAGCCCCTGGGTGCTGGGAGCCCAGCTCCCCTGCCTGCTGACGCCCTGGTCTCT
GCCTTCTGCTTGGAGGCTGTGAGCCCAGATCTTGCCAGCTTTCAGCGGGCCCTGGACCAC
ATCACCACGCTGCTGAGGCCTGGGGGGCACCTCCTCCTCATCGGGGCCCTGGAGGAGTCG
TGGTACCTGGCTGGGGAGGCCAGGCTGACGGTGGTGCCAGTGTCTGAGGAGGAGGTGAGG
GAGGCCCTGGTGCGTAGTGGCTACAAGGTCCGGGACCTCCGCACCTATATCATGCCTGCC
CACCTTCAGACAGGCGTAGATGATGTCAAGGGCGTCTTCTTCGCCTGGGCTCAGAAGGTT
GGGCTGTGA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID J03727 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID PNMT Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID PNMT Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:9160 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location 17
Enzyme 5 Locus 17q21-q22
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References
  1. Kaneda N, Ichinose H, Kobayashi K, Oka K, Kishi F, Nakazawa A, Kurosawa Y, Fujita K, Nagatsu T: Molecular cloning of cDNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the enzyme for epinephrine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 5;263(16):7672-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Baetge EE, Behringer RR, Messing A, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD: Transgenic mice express the human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene in adrenal medulla and retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(10):3648-52. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 6117
Enzyme 6 Name Glycerol kinase
Enzyme 6 Synonyms
  1. ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase
  2. Glycerokinase
  3. GK
Enzyme 6 Gene Name GK
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >Glycerol kinase
MAASKKAVLGPLVGAVDQGTSSTRFLVFNSKTAELLSHHQVEIKQEFPREGWVEQDPKEI
LHSVYECIEKTCEKLGQLNIDISNIKAIGVSNQRETTVVWDKITGEPLYNAVVWLDLRTQ
STVESLSKRIPGNNNFVKSKTGLPLSTYFSAVKLRWLLDNVRKVQKAVEEKRALFGTIDS
WLIWSLTGGVNGGVHCTDVTNASRTMLFNIHSLEWDKQLCEFFGIPMEILPNVRSSSEIY
GLMKAGALEGVPISGCLGDQSAALVGQMCFQIGQAKNTYGTGCFLLCNTGHKCVFSDHGL
LTTVAYKLGRDKPVYYALEGSVAIAGAVIRWLRDNLGIIKTSEEIEKLAKEVGTSYGCYF
VPAFSGLYAPYWEPSARGIICGLTQFTNKCHIAFAALEAVCFQTREILDAMNRDCGIPLS
HLQVDGGMTSNKILMQLQADILYIPVVKPSMPETTALGAAMAAGAAEGVGVWSLEPEDLS
AVTMERFEPQINAEESEIRYSTWKKAVMKSMGWVTTQSPESGIP
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 524
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 57490
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 6.25
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • glycerol kinase activity
  • kinase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Process
  • alcohol metabolism
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • glycerol metabolism
  • glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism
  • macromolecule metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • polyol metabolism
Component
Enzyme 6 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism
Enzyme 6 Pathways
Enzyme 6 Reactions
  • ATP + glycerol = ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein 348167 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P32189 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name GLPK_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence >1575 bp
ATGGCAGCCTCAAAGAAGGCAGTTTTGGGGCCATTGGTGGGGGCGGTGGACCAGGGCACC
AGTTCGACGCGCTTTTTGGTTTTCAATTCAAAAACAGCTGAACTACTTAGTCATCATCAA
GTAGAAATAAAACAAGAGTTCCCAAGAGAAGGATGGGTGGAACAGGACCCTAAGGAAATT
CTACATTCTGTCTATGAGTGTATAGAGAAAACATGTGAGAAACTTGGACAGCTCAATATT
GATATTTCCAACATAAAAGCTATTGGTGTCAGCAACCAGAGGGAAACCACTGTAGTCTGG
GACAAGATAACTGGAGAGCCTCTCTACAATGCTGTGGTGTGGCTTGATCTAAGAACCCAG
TCTACCGTTGAGAGTCTTAGTAAAAGAATTCCAGGAAATAATAACTTTGTCAAGTCCAAG
ACAGGCCTTCCACTTAGCACTTACTTCAGTGCAGTGAAACTTCGTTGGCTCCTTGACAAT
GTGAGAAAAGTTCAAAAGGCCGTTGAAGAAAAACGAGCTCTTTTTGGGACTATTGATTCA
TGGCTTATTTGGAGTTTGACAGGAGGAGTCAATGGAGGTGTCCACTGTACAGATGTAACA
AATGCAAGTAGGACTATGCTTTTCAACATTCATTCTTTGGAATGGGATAAACAACTCTGC
GAATTTTTTGGAATTCCAATGGAAATTCTTCCAAATGTCCGGAGTTCTTCTGAGATCTAT
GGCCTAATGAAAGCTGGGGCCTTGGAAGGTGTGCCAATATCTGGGTGTTTAGGGGACCAG
TCTGCTGCATTGGTGGGACAAATGTGCTTCCAGATTGGACAAGCCAAAAATACGTATGGA
ACAGGATGTTTCTTACTATGTAATACAGGCCATAAGTGTGTATTTTCTGATCATGGCCTT
CTCACCACAGTGGCTTACAAACTTGGCAGAGACAAACCAGTATATTATGCTTTGGAAGGT
TCTGTAGCTATAGCTGGTGCTGTTATTCGCTGGCTAAGAGACAATCTTGGAATTATAAAG
ACCTCAGAAGAAATTGAAAAACTTGCTAAAGAAGTAGGTACTTCTTATGGCTGCTACTTC
GTCCCAGCATTTTCGGGGTTATATGCACCTTATTGGGAGCCCAGCGCAAGAGGGATAATC
TGTGGACTCACTCAGTTCACCAATAAATGCCATATTGCTTTTGCTGCATTAGAAGCTGTT
TGTTTCCAAACTCGAGAGATTTTGGATGCCATGAATCGAGACTGTGGAATTCCACTCAGT
CATTTGCAGGTAGATGGAGGAATGACCAGCAACAAAATTCTTATGCAGCTACAAGCAGAC
ATTCTGTATATACCAGTAGTGAAGCCCTCAATGCCCGAAACCACTGCACTGGGTGCGGCT
ATGGCGGCAGGGGCTGCAGAAGGAGTCGGCGTATGGAGTCTCGAACCCGAGGATTTGTCT
GCCGTCACGATGGAGCGGTTTGAACCTCAGATTAATGCGGAGGAAAGTGAAATTCGTTAT
TCTACATGGAAGAAAGCTGTGATGAAGTCAATGGGTTGGGTTACAACTCAATCTCCAGAA
AGTGGTATTCCATAA
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID L13943 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID GK Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID GK Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:4289 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location X
Enzyme 6 Locus Xp21.3
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References
  1. Guo W, Worley K, Adams V, Mason J, Sylvester-Jackson D, Zhang YH, Towbin JA, Fogt DD, Madu S, Wheeler DA, et al.: Genomic scanning for expressed sequences in Xp21 identifies the glycerol kinase gene. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):367-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sargent CA, Young C, Marsh S, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA: The glycerol kinase gene family: structure of the Xp gene, and related intronless retroposons. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Aug;3(8):1317-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sargent CA, Affara NA, Bentley E, Pelmear A, Bailey DM, Davey P, Dow D, Leversha M, Aplin H, Besley GT, et al.: Cloning of the X-linked glycerol kinase deficiency gene and its identification by sequence comparison to the Bacillus subtilis homologue. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Feb;2(2):97-106. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Walker AP, Muscatelli F, Monaco AP: Isolation of the human Xp21 glycerol kinase gene by positional cloning. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Feb;2(2):107-14. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Walker AP, Muscatelli F, Stafford AN, Chelly J, Dahl N, Blomquist HK, Delanghe J, Willems PJ, Steinmann B, Monaco AP: Mutations and phenotype in isolated glycerol kinase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jun;58(6):1205-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Sjarif DR, Sinke RJ, Duran M, Beemer FA, Kleijer WJ, Ploos van Amstel JK, Poll-The BT: Clinical heterogeneity and novel mutations in the glycerol kinase gene in three families with isolated glycerol kinase deficiency. J Med Genet. 1998 Aug;35(8):650-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Gaudet D, Arsenault S, Perusse L, Vohl MC, St-Pierre J, Bergeron J, Despres JP, Dewar K, Daly MJ, Hudson T, Rioux JD: Glycerol as a correlate of impaired glucose tolerance: dissection of a complex system by use of a simple genetic trait. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 May;66(5):1558-68. Epub 2000 Mar 27. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 6924
Enzyme 7 Name Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 7 Synonyms
  1. Alpha-2A adrenoceptor
  2. Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor
  3. Alpha-2AAR
  4. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10
Enzyme 7 Gene Name ADRA2A
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
MGSLQPDAGNASWNGTEAPGGGARATPYSLQVTLTLVCLAGLLMLLTVFGNVLVIIAVFT
SRALKAPQNLFLVSLASADILVATLVIPFSLANEVMGYWYFGKAWCEIYLALDVLFCTSS
IVHLCAISLDRYWSITQAIEYNLKRTPRRIKAIIITVWVISAVISFPPLISIEKKGGGGG
PQPAEPRCEINDQKWYVISSCIGSFFAPCLIMILVYVRIYQIAKRRTRVPPSRRGPDAVA
APPGGTERRPNGLGPERSAGPGGAEAEPLPTQLNGAPGEPAPAGPRDTDALDLEESSSSD
HAERPPGPRRPERGPRGKGKARASQVKPGDSLPRRGPGATGIGTPAAGPGEERVGAAKAS
RWRGRQNREKRFTFVLAVVIGVFVVCWFPFFFTYTLTAVGCSVPRTLFKFFFWFGYCNSS
LNPVIYTIFNHDFRRAFKKILCRGDRKRIV
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 450
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 48957
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 10.20
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
  • alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 7 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 7 Specific Function Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol
Enzyme 7 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 7 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions
  • 34-59 71-96 107-129 150-173 193-217 375-399 407-430
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein 178196 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P08913 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA2A_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence >1353 bp
ATGGGCTCCCTGCAGCCGGACGCGGGCAACGCGAGCTGGAACGGGACCGAGGCGCCGGGG
GGCGGCGCCCGGGCCACCCCTTACTCCCTGCAGGTGACGCTGACGCTGGTGTGCCTGGCC
GGCCTGCTCATGCTGCTCACCGTGTTCGGCAACGTGCTCGTCATCATCGCCGTGTTCACG
AGCCGCGCGCTCAAGGCGCCCCAAAACCTCTTCCTGGTGTCTCTGGCCTCGGCCGACATC
CTGGTGGCCACGCTCGTCATCCCTTTCTCGCTGGCCAACGAGGTCATGGGCTACTGGTAC
TTCGGCAAGGCTTGGTGCGAGATCTACCTGGCGCTCGACGTGCTCTTCTGCACGTCGTCC
ATCGTGCACCTGTGCGCCATCAGCCTGGACCGCTACTGGTCCATCACACAGGCCATCGAG
TACAACCTGAAGCGCACGCCGCGCCGCATCAAGGCCATCATCATCACCGTGTGGGTCATC
TCGGCCGTCATCTCCTTCCCGCCGCTCATCTCCATCGAGAAGAAGGGCGGCGGCGGCGGC
CCGCAGCCGGCCGAGCCGCGCTGCGAGATCAACGACCAGAAGTGGTACGTCATCTCGTCG
TGCATCGGCTCCTTCTTCGCTCCCTGCCTCATCATGATCCTGGTCTACGTGCGCATCTAC
CAGATCGCCAAGCGTCGCACCCGCGTGCCACCCAGCCGCCGGGGTCCGGACGCCGTCGCC
GCGCCGCCGGGGGGCACCGAGCGCAGGCCCAACGGTCTGGGCCCCGAGCGCAGCGCGGGC
CCGGGGGGCGCAGAGGCCGAACCGCTGCCCACCCAGCTCAACGGCGCCCCTGGCGAGCCC
GCGCCGGCCGGGCCGCGCGACACCGACGCGCTGGACCTGGAGGAGAGCTCGTCTTCCGAC
CACGCCGAGCGGCCTCCAGGGCCCCGCAGACCCGAGCGCGGTCCCCGGGGCAAAGGCAAG
GCCCGAGCGAGCCAGGTGAAGCCGGGCGACAGCCTGCGCGGCGCGGGCCGGGGGCGACGG
GGATCGGGACGCCGGCTGCAGGGCCGGGGGAGGAGCGCGTCGGGGCTGCCAAGGCGTCGC
GCTGGCGCGGGCGGGCAGAACCGCGAGAAGCGCTTCACGTTCGTGCTGGCCGTGGTCATC
GGAGTGTTCGTGGTGTGCTGGTTCCCCTTCTTCTTCACCTACACGCTCACGGCCGTCGGG
TGCTCCGTGCCACGCACGCTCTTCAAATTCTTCTTCTGGTTCGGCTACTGCAACAGCTCG
TTGAACCCGGTCATCTACACCATCTTCAACCACGATTTCCGCCGCGCCTTCAAGAAGATC
CTCTGTCGGGGGGACAGGAAGCGGATCGTGTGA
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID M23533 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID ADRA2A Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID ADRA2A Link Image
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID HGNC:281 Link Image
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location 10
Enzyme 7 Locus 10q24-q26
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References
  1. Fraser CM, Arakawa S, McCombie WR, Venter JC: Cloning, sequence analysis, and permanent expression of a human alpha 2-adrenergic receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Evidence for independent pathways of receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase attenuation and activation. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jul 15;264(20):11754-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kobilka BK, Matsui H, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Regan JW: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. Science. 1987 Oct 30;238(4827):650-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Guyer CA, Horstman DA, Wilson AL, Clark JD, Cragoe EJ Jr, Limbird LE: Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding the porcine alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. Allosteric modulation by Na+, H+, and amiloride analogs. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 5;265(28):17307-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chhajlani V, Rangel N, Uhlen S, Wikberg JE: Identification of an additional gene belonging to the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor family in the human genome by PCR. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):241-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Suryanarayana S, Daunt DA, Von Zastrow M, Kobilka BK: A point mutation in the seventh hydrophobic domain of the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor increases its affinity for a family of beta receptor antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1991 Aug 15;266(23):15488-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Wang CD, Buck MA, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis of alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors: identification of amino acids involved in ligand binding and receptor activation by agonists. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Aug;40(2):168-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chung DA, Zuiderweg ER, Fowler CB, Soyer OS, Mosberg HI, Neubig RR: NMR structure of the second intracellular loop of the alpha 2A adrenergic receptor: evidence for a novel cytoplasmic helix. Biochemistry. 2002 Mar 19;41(11):3596-604. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 6925
Enzyme 8 Name Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 8 Synonyms
  1. Alpha-2B adrenoceptor
  2. Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor
  3. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2
Enzyme 8 Gene Name ADRA2B
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
MDHQDPYSVQATAAIAAAITFLILFTIFGNALVILAVLTSRSLRAPQNLFLVSLAAADIL
VATLIIPFSLANELLGYWYFRRTWCEVYLALDVLFCTSSIVHLCAISLDRYWAVSRALEY
NSKRTPRRIKCIILTVWLIAAVISLPPLIYKGDQGPQPRGRPQCKLNQEAWYILASSIGS
FFAPCLIMILVYLRIYLIAKRSNRRGPRAKGGPGQGESKQPRPDHGGALASAKLPALASV
ASAREVNGHSKSTGEKEEGETPEDTGTRALPPSWAALPNSGQGQKEGVCGASPEDEAEEE
EEEEEEEEECEPQAVPVSPASACSPPLQQPQGSRVLATLRGQVLLGRGVGAIGGQWWRRR
AQLTREKRFTFVLAVVIGVFVLCWFPFFFSYSLGAICPKHCKVPHGLFQFFFWIGYCNSS
LNPVIYTIFNQDFRRAFRRILCRPWTQTAW
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 450
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 49954
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 8.52
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
  • alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 8 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 8 Specific Function Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine > norepinephrine > epinephrine = oxymetazoline > dopamine > p-tyramine = phenylephrine > serotonin > p-synephrine / p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > spiperone > prazosin > alprenolol > propanolol > pindolol
Enzyme 8 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 8 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • 1-31
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein 178198 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P18089 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA2B_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence >1353 bp
ATGGACCACCAGGACCCCTACTCCGTGCAGGCCACAGCGGCCATAGCGGCGGCCATCACC
TTCCTCATTCTCTTTACCATCTTCGGCAACGCTCTGGTCATCCTGGCTGTGTTGACCAGC
CGCTCGCTGCGCGCCCCTCAGAACCTGTTCCTGGTGTCGCTGGCCGCCGCCGACATCCTG
GTGGCCACGCTCATCATCCCTTTCTCGCTGGCCAACGAGCTGCTGGGCTACTGGTACTTC
CGGCGCACGTGGTGCGAGGTGTACCTGGCGCTCGACGTGCTCTTCTGCACCTCGTCCATC
GTGCACCTGTGCGCCATCAGCCTGGACCGCTACTGGGCCGTGAGCCGCGCGCTGGAGTAC
AACTCCAAGCGCACCCCGCGCCGCATCAAGTGCATCATCCTCACTGTGTGGCTCATCGCC
GCCGTCATCTCGCTGCCGCCCCTCATCTACAAGGGCGACCAGGGCCCCCAGCCGCGCGGG
CGCCCCCAGTGCAAGCTCAACCAGGAGGCCTGGTACATCCTGGCCTCCAGCATCGGATCT
TTCTTTGCTCCTTGCCTCATCATGATCCTTGTCTACCTGCGCATCTACCTGATCGCCAAA
CGCAGCAACCGCAGAGGTCCCAGGGCCAAGGGGGGGCCTGGGCAGGGTGAGTCCAAGCAG
CCCCGACCCGACCATGGTGGGGCTTTGGCCTCAGCCAAACTGCCAGCCCTGGCCTCTGTG
GCTTCTGCCAGAGAGGTCAACGGACACTCGAAGTCCACTGGGGAGAAGGAGGAGGGGGAG
ACCCCTGAAGATACTGGGACCCGGGCCTTGCCACCCAGTTGGGCTGCCCTTCCCAACTCA
GGCCAGGGCCAGAAGGAGGGTGTTTGTGGGGCATCTCCAGAGGATGAAGCTGAAGAGGAG
GAAGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAAGAGTGTGAACCCCAGGCAGTGCCAGTGTCTCCGGCC
TCAGCTTGCAGCCCCCCGCTGCAGCAGCCACAGGGCTCCCGGGTGCTGGCCACCCTACGT
GGCCAGGTGCTCCTGGGCAGGGGCGTGGGTGCTATAGGTGGGCAGTGGTGGCGTCGAAGG
GCGCACGTGACCCGGGAGAAGCGCTTCACCTTCGTGCTGGCTGTGGTCATTGGCGTTTTT
GTGCTCTGCTGGTTCCCCTTCTTCTTCAGCTACAGCCTGGGCGCCATCTGCCCGAAGCAC
TGCAAGGTGCCCCATGGCCTCTTCCAGTTCTTCTTCTGGATCGGCTACTGCAACAGCTCA
CTGAACCCTGTTATCTACACCATCTTCAACCAGGACTTCCGCCGTGCCTTCCGGAGGATC
CTGTGCCGCCCGTGGACCCAGACGGCCTGGTGA
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID M34041 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID ADRA2B Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID ADRA2B Link Image
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID HGNC:282 Link Image
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 8 Locus 2p13-q13
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References
  1. Lomasney JW, Lorenz W, Allen LF, King K, Regan JW, Yang-Feng TL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Expansion of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor family: cloning and characterization of a human alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype, the gene for which is located on chromosome 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(13):5094-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Weinshank RL, Zgombick JM, Macchi M, Adham N, Lichtblau H, Branchek TA, Hartig PR: Cloning, expression, and pharmacological characterization of a human alpha 2B-adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 1990 Nov;38(5):681-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chang AC, Ho TF, Chang NC: In vitro amplification by polymerase chain reaction of a partial gene encoding the third subtype of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Oct 30;172(2):817-23. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 9 [top]
Enzyme 9 ID 6955
Enzyme 9 Name Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 9 Synonyms
  1. Beta-1 adrenoceptor
  2. Beta-1 adrenoreceptor
Enzyme 9 Gene Name ADRB1
Enzyme 9 Protein Sequence >Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
MGAGVLVLGASEPGNLSSAAPLPDGAATAARLLVPASPPASLLPPASESPEPLSQQWTAG
MGLLMALIVLLIVAGNVLVIVAIAKTPRLQTLTNLFIMSLASADLVMGLLVVPFGATIVV
WGRWEYGSFFCELWTSVDVLCVTASIETLCVIALDRYLAITSPFRYQSLLTRARARGLVC
TVWAISALVSFLPILMHWWRAESDEARRCYNDPKCCDFVTNRAYAIASSVVSFYVPLCIM
AFVYLRVFREAQKQVKKIDSCERRFLGGPARPPSPSPSPVPAPAPPPGPPRPAAAAATAP
LANGRAGKRRPSRLVALREQKALKTLGIIMGVFTLCWLPFFLANVVKAFHRELVPDRLFV
FFNWLGYANSAFNPIIYCRSPDFRKAFQRLLCCARRAARRRHATHGDRPRASGCLARPGP
PPSPGAASDDDDDDVVGATPPARLLEPWAGCNGGAAADSDSSLDEPCRPGFASESKV
Enzyme 9 Number of Residues 477
Enzyme 9 Molecular Weight 51323
Enzyme 9 Theoretical pI 9.03
Enzyme 9 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • beta-adrenergic receptor activity
  • beta1-adrenergic receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 9 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 9 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity
Enzyme 9 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 9 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 9 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 9 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 9 Transmembrane Regions
  • 60-83 97-120 132-155 176-199 222-245 326-349 357-380
Enzyme 9 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenBank ID Protein 178200 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P08588 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 9 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 9 Gene Sequence >1434 bp
ATGGGCGCGGGGGTGCTCGTCCTGGGCGCCTCCGAGCCCGGTAACCTGTCGTCGGCCGCA
CCGCTCCCCGACGGCGCGGCCACCGCGGCGCGGCTGCTGGTGCCCGCGTCGCCGCCCGCC
TCGTTGCTGCCTCCCGCCAGCGAAAGCCCCGAGCCGCTGTCTCAGCAGTGGACAGCGGGC
ATGGGTCTGCTGATGGCGCTCATCGTGCTGCTCATCGTGGCGGGCAATGTGCTGGTGATC
GTGGCCATCGCCAAGACGCCGCGGCTGCAGACGCTCACCAACCTCTTCATCATGTCCCTG
GCCAGCGCCGACCTGGTCATGGGGCTGCTGGTGGTGCCGTTCGGGGCCACCATCGTGGTG
TGGGGCCGCTGGGAGTACGGCTCCTTCTTCTGCGAGCTGTGGACCTCAGTGGACGTGCTG
TGCGTGACGGCCAGCATCGAGACCCTGTGTGTCATTGCCCTGGACCGCTACCTCGCCATC
ACCTCGCCCTTCCGCTACCAGAGCCTGCTGACGCGCGCGCGGGCGCGGGGCCTCGTGTGC
ACCGTGTGGGCCATCTCGGCCCTGGTGTCCTTCCTGCCCATCCTCATGCACTGGTGGCGG
GCGGAGAGCGACGAGGCGCGCCGCTGCTACAACGACCCCAAGTGCTGCGACTTCGTCACC
AACCGGGCCTACGCCATCGCCTCGTCCGTAGTCTCCTTCTACGTGCCCCTGTGCATCATG
GCCTTCGTGTACCTGCGGGTGTTCCGCGAGGCCCAGAAGCAGGTGAAGAAGATCGACAGC
TGCGAGCGCCGTTTCCTCGGCGGCCCAGCGCGGCCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCGTC
CCCGCGCCCGCGCCGCCGCCCGGACCCCCGCGCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCGCCCCG
CTGGCCAACGGGCGTGCGGGTAAGCGGCGGCCCTCGCGCCTCGTGGCCCTACGCGAGCAG
AAGGCGCTCAAGACGCTGGGCATCATCATGGGCGTCTTCACGCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTC
TTCCTGGCCAACGTGGTGAAGGCCTTCCACCGCGAGCTGGTGCCCGACCGCCTCTTCGTC
TTCTTCAACTGGCTGGGCTACGCCAACTCGGCCTTCAACCCCATCATCTACTGCCGCAGC
CCCGACTTCCGCAAGGCCTTCCAGGGACTGCTCTGCTGCGCGCGCAGGGCTGCCCGCCGG
CGCCACGCGACCCACGGAGACCGGCCGCGCGCCTCGGGCTGTCTGGCCCGGCCCGGACCC
CCGCCATCGCCCGGGGCCGCCTCGGACGACGACGACGACGATGTCGTCGGGGCCACGCCG
CCCGCGCGCCTGCTGGAGCCCTGGGCCGGCTGCAACGGCGGGGCGGCGGCGGACAGCGAC
TCGAGCCTGGACGAGCCGTGCCGCCCCGGCTTCGCCTCGGAATCCAAGGTGTAG
Enzyme 9 GenBank Gene ID J03019 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GeneCard ID ADRB1 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GenAtlas ID ADRB1 Link Image
Enzyme 9 HGNC ID HGNC:285 Link Image
Enzyme 9 Chromosome Location 10
Enzyme 9 Locus 10q24-q26
Enzyme 9 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 9 General References
  1. Frielle T, Collins S, Daniel KW, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK: Cloning of the cDNA for the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7920-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Moore JD, Mason DA, Green SA, Hsu J, Liggett SB: Racial differences in the frequencies of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: analysis of c145A>G and c1165G>C. Hum Mutat. 1999 Sep 19;14(3):271. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Mason DA, Moore JD, Green SA, Liggett SB: A gain-of-function polymorphism in a G-protein coupling domain of the human beta1-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 30;274(18):12670-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Borjesson M, Magnusson Y, Hjalmarson A, Andersson B: A novel polymorphism in the gene coding for the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor associated with survival in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2000 Nov;21(22):1853-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH, Pei D, Hsiung CA, Chiang FT, Chen YD, Pratt R, Olshen RA, Curb D, Cox DR, Botstein D, Risch N: A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Apr;70(4):935-42. Epub 2002 Feb 18. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 9 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 10 [top]
Enzyme 10 ID 6959
Enzyme 10 Name Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 10 Synonyms
  1. Beta-2 adrenoceptor
  2. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor
Enzyme 10 Gene Name ADRB2
Enzyme 10 Protein Sequence >Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
MGQPGNGSAFLLAPNRSHAPDHDVTQQRDEVWVVGMGIVMSLIVLAIVFGNVLVITAIAK
FERLQTVTNYFITSLACADLVMGLAVVPFGAAHILMKMWTFGNFWCEFWTSIDVLCVTAS
IETLCVIAVDRYFAITSPFKYQSLLTKNKARVIILMVWIVSGLTSFLPIQMHWYRATHQE
AINCYANETCCDFFTNQAYAIASSIVSFYVPLVIMVFVYSRVFQEAKRQLQKIDKSEGRF
HVQNLSQVEQDGRTGHGLRRSSKFCLKEHKALKTLGIIMGTFTLCWLPFFIVNIVHVIQD
NLIRKEVYILLNWIGYVNSGFNPLIYCRSPDFRIAFQELLCLRRSSLKAYGNGYSSNGNT
GEQSGYHVEQEKENKLLCEDLPGTEDFVGHQGTVPSDNIDSQGRNCSTNDSLL
Enzyme 10 Number of Residues 413
Enzyme 10 Molecular Weight 46557
Enzyme 10 Theoretical pI 7.44
Enzyme 10 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • beta-adrenergic receptor activity
  • beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 10 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 10 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Enzyme 10 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 10 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 10 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 10 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 10 Transmembrane Regions
  • 35-58 72-95 107-129 151-174 197-220 275-298 306-329
Enzyme 10 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 10 GenBank ID Protein 29371 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P07550 Link Image
Enzyme 10 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 10 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 10 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 10 Gene Sequence >1242 bp
ATGGGGCAACCCGGGAACGGCAGCGCCTTCTTGCTGGCACCCAATAGAAGCCATGCGCCG
GACCACGACGTCACGCAGCAAAGGGACGAGGTGTGGGTGGTGGGCATGGGCATCGTCATG
TCTCTCATCGTCCTGGCCATCGTGTTTGGCAATGTGCTGGTCATCACAGCCATTGCCAAG
TTCGAGCGTCTGCAGACGGTCACCAACTACTTCATCACTTCACTGGCCTGTGCTGATCTG
GTCATGGGCCTGGCAGTGGTGCCCTTTGGGGCCGCCCATATTCTTATGAAAATGTGGACT
TTTGGCAACTTCTGGTGCGAGTTTTGGACTTCCATTGATGTGCTGTGCGTCACGGCCAGC
ATTGAGACCCTGTGCGTGATCGCAGTGGATCGCTACTTTGCCATTACTTCACCTTTCAAG
TACCAGAGCCTGCTGACCAAGAATAAGGCCCGGGTGATCATTCTGATGGTGTGGATTGTG
TCAGGCCTTACCTCCTTCTTGCCCATTCAGATGCACTGGTACCGGGCCACCCACCAGGAA
GCCATCAACTGCTATGCCAATGAGACCTGCTGTGACTTCTTCACGAACCAAGCCTATGCC
ATTGCCTCTTCCATCGTGTCCTTCTACGTTCCCCTGGTGATCATGGTCTTCGTCTACTCC
AGGGTCTTTCAGGAGGCCAAAAGGCAGCTCCAGAAGATTGACAAATCTGAGGGCCGCTTC
CATGTCCAGAACCTTAGCCAGGTGGAGCAGGATGGGCGGACGGGGCATGGACTCCGCAGA
TCTTCCAAGTTCTGCTTGAAGGAGCACAAAGCCCTCAAGACGTTAGGCATCATCATGGGC
ACTTTCACCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCGTTAACATTGTGCATGTGATCCAGGAT
AACCTCATCCGTAAGGAAGTTTACATCCTCCTAAATTGGATAGGCTATGTCAATTCTGGT
TTCAATCCCCTTATCTACTGCCGGAGCCCAGATTTCAGGATTGCCTTCCAGGAGCTTCTG
TGCCTGCGCAGGTCTTCTTTGAAGGCCTATGGGAATGGCTACTCCAGCAACGGCAACACA
GGGGAGCAGAGTGGATATCACGTGGAACAGGAGAAAGAAAATAAACTGCTGTGTGAAGAC
CTCCCAGGCACGGAAGACTTTGTGGGCCATCAAGGTACTGTGCCTAGCGATAACATTGAT
TCACAAGGGAGGAATTGTAGTACAAATGACTCACTGCTGTAA
Enzyme 10 GenBank Gene ID Y00106 Link Image
Enzyme 10 GeneCard ID ADRB2 Link Image
Enzyme 10 GenAtlas ID ADRB2 Link Image
Enzyme 10 HGNC ID HGNC:286 Link Image
Enzyme 10 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 10 Locus 5q31-q32
Enzyme 10 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 10 General References
  1. Schofield PR, Rhee LM, Peralta EG: Primary structure of the human beta-adrenergic receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3636. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kobilka BK, Dixon RA, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Sigal IS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: cDNA for the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(1):46-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chung FZ, Lentes KU, Gocayne J, Fitzgerald M, Robinson D, Kerlavage AR, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. Evolutionary relationship to rodent and avian beta-receptors and porcine muscarinic receptors. FEBS Lett. 1987 Jan 26;211(2):200-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Delavier-Klutchko C, Kaveri SV, Durieu-Trautmann O, Strosberg AD: Structure of the gene for human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: expression and promoter characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):6995-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Kobilka BK, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Dixon RA, Keller P, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7321-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Chung FZ, Wang CD, Potter PC, Venter JC, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis and continuous expression of human beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification of a conserved aspartate residue involved in agonist binding and receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4052-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. O'Dowd BF, Hnatowich M, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Bouvier M: Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7564-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Moffett S, Rousseau G, Lagace M, Bouvier M: The palmitoylation state of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor regulates the synergistic action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase involved in its phosphorylation and desensitization. J Neurochem. 2001 Jan;76(1):269-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Cao TT, Deacon HW, Reczek D, Bretscher A, von Zastrow M: A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature. 1999 Sep 16;401(6750):286-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB: Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 Mar;8(3):334-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Green SA, Turki J, Innis M, Liggett SB: Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994 Aug 16;33(32):9414-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Turki J, Pak J, Green SA, Martin RJ, Liggett SB: Genetic polymorphisms of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. Evidence that Gly16 correlates with the nocturnal phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1635-41. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 10 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 11 [top]
Enzyme 11 ID 7637
Enzyme 11 Name Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Enzyme 11 Synonyms
  1. Norepinephrine transporter
  2. NET
Enzyme 11 Gene Name SLC6A2
Enzyme 11 Protein Sequence >Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
MLLARMNPQVQPENNGADTGPEQPLRARKTAELLVVKERNGVQCLLAPRDGDAQPRETWG
KKIDFLLSVVGFAVDLANVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLIPYTLFLIIAGMPLFYMELALGQYN
REGAATVWKICPFFKGVGYAVILIALYVGFYYNVIIAWSLYYLFSSFTLNLPWTDCGHTW
NSPNCTDPKLLNGSVLGNHTKYSKYKFTPAAEFYERGVLHLHESSGIHDIGLPQWQLLLC
LMVVVIVLYFSLWKGVKTSGKVVWITATLPYFVLFVLLVHGVTLPGASNGINAYLHIDFY
RLKEATVWIDAATQIFFSLGAGFGVLIAFASYNKFDNNCYRDALLTSSINCITSFVSGFA
IFSILGYMAHEHKVNIEDVATEGAGLVFILYPEAISTLSGSTFWAVVFFVMLLALGLDSS
MGGMEAVITGLADDFQVLKRHRKLFTFGVTFSTFLLALFCITKGGIYVLTLLDTFAAGTS
ILFAVLMEAIGVSWFYGVDRFSNDIQQMMGFRPGLYWRLCWKFVSPAFLLFVVVVSIINF
KPLTYDDYIFPPWANWVGWGIALSSMVLVPIYVIYKFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHL
VAQRDIRQFQLQHWLAI
Enzyme 11 Number of Residues 617
Enzyme 11 Molecular Weight 69333
Enzyme 11 Theoretical pI 7.53
Enzyme 11 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 11 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 11 Specific Function Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals
Enzyme 11 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 11 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 11 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 11 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 11 Transmembrane Regions
  • 65-85 93-112 136-156 235-253 262-279 315-332 344-365 398-417 444-462 478-498 519-538 557-575
Enzyme 11 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 11 GenBank ID Protein 189258 Link Image
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P23975 Link Image
Enzyme 11 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SC6A2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 11 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 11 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 11 Gene Sequence >1854 bp
ATGCTTCTGGCGCGGATGAACCCGCAGGTGCAGCCCGAGAACAACGGGGCGGACACGGGT
CCAGAGCAGCCCCTTCGGGCGCGCAAAACTGCGGAGCTGCTGGTGGTGAAGGAGCGCAAC
GGCGTCCAGTGCCTGCTGGCGCCCCGCGACGGCGACGCGCAGCCCCGGGAGACCTGGGGC
AAGAAGATCGACTTCCTGCTGTCCGTAGTCGGCTTCGCAGTGGACCTGGCCAACGTGTGG
CGCTTCCCCTACCTCTGCTACAAGAACGGCGGCGGTGCCTTCTTGATCCCGTACACACTG
TTCCTTATCATCGCGGGGATGCCCCTGTTCTACATGGAGCTGGCTCTGGGACAGTACAAC
CGGGAGGGGGCTGCCACCGTTTGGAAAATCTGCCCATTCTTCAAAGGCGTTGGCTATGCT
GTCATCCTGATCGCCCTGTACGTTGGCTTCTACTACAACGTCATCATCGCCTGGTCACTC
TACTACCTCTTCTCCTCCTTCACCCTCAACCTGCCCTGGACCGACTGTGGCCACACCTGG
AACAGCCCCAACTGTACCGACCCCAAGCTCCTCAATGGCTCCGTGCTTGGCAACCACACC
AAGTACTCCAAGTACAAGTTCACGCCGGCAGCCGAGTTTTATGAGCGTGGTGTCCTGCAC
CTTCACGAGAGCAGCGGGATTCATGACATCGGCCTGCCCCAGTGGCAGCTCTTGCTCTGT
CTGATGGTCGTCGTCATCGTCTTGTATTTTAGCCTCTGGAAAGGGGTGAAGACATCAGGA
AAGGTGGTGTGGATCACAGCCACGCTGCCTTACTTCGTGCTGTTCGTGCTCCTGGTCCAT
GGCGTCACGCTGCCCGGAGCCTCCAATGGCATCAATGCCTACCTGCACATCGACTTCTAC
CGCTTGAAAGAGGCCACGGTATGGATTGATGCCGCAACTCAGATATTTTTTTCCTTGGGG
GCTGGATTTGGAGTATTGATTGCATTTGCCAGTTACAACAAATTTGACAACAACTGTTAC
AGGGATGCCCTGCTGACCAGCAGCATCAACTGTATCACCAGCTTCGTCTCTGGGTTCGCC
ATCTTCTCCATCCTTGGTTACATGGCCCATGAACACAAGGTCAACATTGAGGATGTGGCC
ACAGAAGGAGCTGGCCTAGTGTTCATCCTGTATCCAGAGGCCATTTCTACCCTGTCTGGA
TCTACATTCTGGGCTGTTGTGTTTTTCGTCATGCTCCTGGCGCTGGGCCTTGACAGCTCA
ATGGGAGGCATGGAGGCTGTCATCACGGGCCTGGCAGATGACTTCCAGGTCCTGAAGCGA
CACCGGAAACTCTTCACATTTGGCGTCACCTTCAGCACTTTCCTTCTCGCCCTGTTCTGC
ATAACCAAGGGTGGAATTTACGTCTTGACCCTCCTGGACACCTTTGCTGCGGGCACCTCC
ATCCTTTTTGCTGTCCTCATGGAAGCCATCGGAGTTTCCTGGTTTTATGGAGTGGACAGG
TTCAGCAACGACATCCAGCAGATGATGGGGTTCAGGCCGGGTCTATACTGGAGACTGTGC
TGGAAGTTCGTCAGTCCTGCCTTCCTCCTGTTCGTGGTTGTGGTCAGCATCATCAACTTC
AAGCCACTCACCTACGACGACTACATCTTCCCGCCCTGGGCCAACTGGGTGGGGTGGGGC
ATCGCCCTGTCCTCCATGGTCCTGGTGCCCATCTACGTCATCTATAAGTTCCTCAGCACG
CAGGGCTCTCTTTGGGAGAGACTGGCCTATGGCATCACGCCAGAGAACGAGCACCACCTG
GTGGCTCAGAGGGACATCAGACAGTTCCAGTTGCAACACTGGCTGGCCATCTGA
Enzyme 11 GenBank Gene ID M65105 Link Image
Enzyme 11 GeneCard ID SLC6A2 Link Image
Enzyme 11 GenAtlas ID SLC6A2 Link Image
Enzyme 11 HGNC ID HGNC:11048 Link Image
Enzyme 11 Chromosome Location 16
Enzyme 11 Locus 16q12.2
Enzyme 11 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 11 General References
  1. Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG: Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature. 1991 Mar 28;350(6316):350-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Bruss M: Molecular cloning and organization of the coding region of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 24;215(3):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Torres GE, Yao WD, Mohn AR, Quan H, Kim KM, Levey AI, Staudinger J, Caron MG: Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1. Neuron. 2001 Apr;30(1):121-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Shannon JR, Flattem NL, Jordan J, Jacob G, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Blakely RD, Robertson D: Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 24;342(8):541-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 11 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 12 [top]
Enzyme 12 ID 13141
Enzyme 12 Name Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 12 Synonyms
  1. Alpha 1A-adrenoceptor
  2. Alpha 1A- adrenoreceptor
  3. Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor
  4. Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c
Enzyme 12 Gene Name ADRA1A
Enzyme 12 Protein Sequence >Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
MVFLSGNASDSSNCTQPPAPVNISKAILLGVILGGLILFGVLGNILVILSVACHRHLHSV
THYYIVNLAVADLLLTSTVLPFSAIFEVLGYWAFGRVFCNIWAAVDVLCCTASIMGLCII
SIDRYIGVSYPLRYPTIVTQRRGLMALLCVWALSLVISIGPLFGWRQPAPEDETICQINE
EPGYVLFSALGSFYLPLAIILVMYCRVYVVAKRESRGLKSGLKTDKSDSEQVTLRIHRKN
APAGGSGMASAKTKTHFSVRLLKFSREKKAAKTLGIVVGCFVLCWLPFFLVMPIGSFFPD
FKPSETVFKIVFWLGYLNSCINPIIYPCSSQEFKKAFQNVLRIQCLCRKQSSKHALGYTL
HPPSQAVEGQHKDMVRIPVGSRETFYRISKTDGVCEWKFFSSMPRGSARITVSKDQSSCT
TARVRSKSFLQVCCCVGPSTPSLDKNHQVPTIKVHTISLSENGEEV
Enzyme 12 Number of Residues 466
Enzyme 12 Molecular Weight 51487
Enzyme 12 Theoretical pI 9.23
Enzyme 12 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
  • alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 12 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 12 Specific Function This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins
Enzyme 12 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 12 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 12 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 12 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 12 Transmembrane Regions
  • 28-51 65-88 100-122 144-167 182-205 274-297 306-329
Enzyme 12 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 12 GenBank ID Protein 433201 Link Image
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35348 Link Image
Enzyme 12 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA1A_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 12 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 12 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 12 Gene Sequence >1401 bp
ATGGTGTTTCTCTCGGGAAATGCTTCCGACAGCTCCAACTGCACCCAACCGCCGGCACCG
GTGAACATTTCCAAGGCCATTCTGCTCGGGGTGATCTTGGGGGGCCTCATTCTTTTCGGG
GTGCTGGGTAACATCCTAGTGATCCTCTCCGTAGCCTGTCACCGACACCTGCACTCAGTC
ACGCACTACTACATCGTCAACCTGGCGGTGGCCGACCTCCTGCTCACCTCCACGGTGCTG
CCCTTCTCCGCCATCTTCGAGGTCCTAGGCTACTGGGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTTCTGCAAC
ATCTGGGCGGCAGTGGATGTGCTGTGCTGCACCGCGTCCATCATGGGCCTCTGCATCATC
TCCATCGACCGCTACATCGGCGTGAGCTACCCGCTGCGCTACCCAACCATCGTCACCCAG
AGGAGGGGTCTCATGGCTCTGCTCTGCGTCTGGGCACTCTCCCTGGTCATATCCATTGGA
CCCCTGTTCGGCTGGAGGCAGCCGGCCCCCGAGGACGAGACCATCTGCCAGATCAACGAG
GAGCCGGGCTACGTGCTCTTCTCAGCGCTGGGCTCCTTCTACCTGCCTCTGGCCATCATC
CTGGTCATGTACTGCCGCGTCTACGTGGTGGCCAAGAGGGAGAGCCGGGGCCTCAAGTCT
GGCCTCAAGACCGACAAGTCGGACTCGGAGCAAGTGACGCTCCGCATCCATCGGAAAAAC
GCCCCGGCAGGAGGCAGCGGGATGGCCAGCGCCAAGACCAAGACGCACTTCTCAGTGAGG
CTCCTCAAGTTCTCCCGGGAGAAGAAAGCGGCCAAAACGCTGGGCATCGTGGTCGGCTGC
TTCGTCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCTTTTTTCTTAGTCATGCCCATTGGGTCTTTCTTCCCTGAT
TTCAAGCCCTCTGAAACAGTTTTTAAAATAGTATTTTGGCTCGGATATCTAAACAGCTGC
ATCAACCCCATCATATACCCATGCTCCAGCCAAGAGTTCAAAAAGGCCTTTCAGAATGTC
TTGAGAATCCAGTGTCTCCGCAGAAAGCAGTCTTCCAAACATGCCCTGGGCTACACCCTG
CACCCGCCCAGCCAGGCCGTGGAAGGGCAACACAAGGACATGGTGCGCATCCCCGTGGGA
TCAAGAGAGACCTTCTACAGGATCTCCAAGACGGATGGCGTTTGTGAATGGAAATTTTTC
TCTTCCATGCCCCGTGGATCTGCCAGGATTACAGTGTCCAAAGACCAATCCTCCTGTACC
ACAGCCCGGGTGAGAAGTAAAAGCTTTTTGGAGGTCTGCTGCTGTGTAGGGCCCTCAACC
CCCAGCCTTGACAAGAACCATCAAGTTCCAACCATTAAGGTCCACACCATCTCCCTCAGT
GAGAACGGGGAGGAAGTCTAG
Enzyme 12 GenBank Gene ID D25235 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GeneCard ID P35348 Link Image
Enzyme 12 GenAtlas ID ADRA1A Link Image
Enzyme 12 HGNC ID HGNC:277 Link Image
Enzyme 12 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 12 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 12 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 12 General References
  1. Hirasawa A, Horie K, Tanaka T, Takagaki K, Murai M, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human cDNA for the alpha 1C-adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):902-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Weinberg DH, Trivedi P, Tan CP, Mitra S, Perkins-Barrow A, Borkowski D, Strader CD, Bayne M: Cloning, expression and characterization of human alpha adrenergic receptors alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 30;201(3):1296-304. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Tseng-Crank J, Kost T, Goetz A, Hazum S, Roberson KM, Haizlip J, Godinot N, Robertson CN, Saussy D: The alpha 1C-adrenoceptor in human prostate: cloning, functional expression, and localization to specific prostatic cell types. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(8):1475-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Hirasawa A, Shibata K, Horie K, Takei Y, Obika K, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Takagaki K, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human alpha 1c-adrenoceptor splice variants. FEBS Lett. 1995 Apr 24;363(3):256-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chang DJ, Chang TK, Yamanishi SS, Salazar FH, Kosaka AH, Khare R, Bhakta S, Jasper JR, Shieh IS, Lesnick JD, Ford AP, Daniels DV, Eglen RM, Clarke DE, Bach C, Chan HW: Molecular cloning, genomic characterization and expression of novel human alpha1A-adrenoceptor isoforms. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 30;422(2):279-83. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 12 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 13 [top]
Enzyme 13 ID 13142
Enzyme 13 Name Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 13 Synonyms
  1. Alpha 1B-adrenoceptor
  2. Alpha 1B- adrenoreceptor
Enzyme 13 Gene Name ADRA1B
Enzyme 13 Protein Sequence >Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
MNPDLDTGHNTSAPAHWGELKNANFTGPNQTSSNSTLPQLDITRAISVGLVLGAFILFAI
VGNILVILSVACNRHLRTPTNYFIVNLAMADLLLSFTVLPFSAALEVLGYWVLGRIFCDI
WAAVDVLCCTASILSLCAISIDRYIGVRYSLQYPTLVTRRKAILALLSVWVLSTVISIGP
LLGWKEPAPNDDKECGVTEEPFYALFSSLGSFYIPLAVILVMYCRVYIVAKRTTKNLEAG
VMKEMSNSKELTLRIHSKNFHEDTLSSTKAKGHNPRSSIAVKLFKFSREKKAAKTLGIVV
GMFILCWLPFFIALPLGSLFSTLKPPDAVFKVVFWLGYFNSCLNPIIYPCSSKEFKRAFV
RILGCQCRGRGRRRRRRRRRLGGCAYTYRPWTRGGSLERSQSRKDSLDDSGSCLSGSQRT
LPSASPSPGYLGRGAPPPVELCAFPEWKAPGALLSLPAPEPPGRRGRHDSGPLFTFKLLT
EPESPGTDGGASNGGCEAAADVANGQPGFKSNMPLAPGQF
Enzyme 13 Number of Residues 520
Enzyme 13 Molecular Weight 56837
Enzyme 13 Theoretical pI 9.79
Enzyme 13 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
  • alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 13 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 13 Specific Function This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system
Enzyme 13 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 13 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 13 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 13 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 13 Transmembrane Regions
  • 46-70 84-105 116-141 162-182 202-224 296-319 327-340
Enzyme 13 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 13 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35368 Link Image
Enzyme 13 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA1B_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 13 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 13 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 13 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 13 GenBank Gene ID M99589 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GeneCard ID P35368 Link Image
Enzyme 13 GenAtlas ID ADRA1B Link Image
Enzyme 13 HGNC ID HGNC:278 Link Image
Enzyme 13 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 13 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 13 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 13 General References
  1. Ramarao CS, Denker JM, Perez DM, Gaivin RJ, Riek RP, Graham RM: Genomic organization and expression of the human alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25;267(30):21936-45. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 13 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 14 [top]
Enzyme 14 ID 13743
Enzyme 14 Name Synaptotagmin-5
Enzyme 14 Synonyms
  1. Synaptotagmin V
  2. SytV
Enzyme 14 Gene Name SYT5
Enzyme 14 Protein Sequence >Synaptotagmin-5
MFPEPPTPGPPSPDTPPDSSRISHGPVPPWALATIVLVSGLLIFSCCFCLYRKSCRRRTG
KKSQAQAQVHLQEVKGLGQSYIDKVQPEVEELEPAPSGPGQQVADKHELGRLQYSLDYDF
QSGQLLVGILQAMGLAALDLGGSSDPYVRVYLLPDKRRRYETKVHRQTLNPHFGETFAFK
VPYVELGGRVLVMAVYDFDRFSRNDAIGEVRVPMSSVDLGRPVQAWRELQAAPREEQEKL
GDICFSLRYVPTAGKLTVIVLEAKNLKKMDVGGLSDPYVKVHLLQGGKKVRKKKTTIKKN
TLNPYYNEAFSFEVPCDQVQKVQVELTVLDYDKLGKNEAIGRVAVGAAAGGAGLRHWADM
LANPRRPIAQWHSLRPPDRVRLLPAP
Enzyme 14 Number of Residues 386
Enzyme 14 Molecular Weight 42901
Enzyme 14 Theoretical pI 9.57
Enzyme 14 GO Classification
Function
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • clathrin-coated vesicle
  • coated vesicle
  • cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicle
  • cytoplasmic vesicle
  • membrane
  • organelle
  • synaptic vesicle
  • vesicle
Enzyme 14 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 14 Specific Function May be involved in Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of secretory vesicles through Ca(2+) and phospholipid binding to the C2 domain or may serve as Ca(2+) sensors in the process of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis. Regulates the Ca(2+)- dependent secretion of norepinephrine in PC12 cells. Required for export from the endocytic recycling compartment to the cell surface
Enzyme 14 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 14 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 14 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 14 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 14 Transmembrane Regions
  • 25-45
Enzyme 14 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 14 GenBank ID Protein 2130995 Link Image
Enzyme 14 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID O00445 Link Image
Enzyme 14 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SYT5_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 14 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 14 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 14 Gene Sequence >1161 bp
ATGTTCCCGGAGCCCCCAACCCCGGGGCCTCCATCGCCCGACACGCCTCCCGACTCCAGT
CGCATCAGCCACGGCCCAGTGCCCCCCTGGGCCCTGGCCACCATCGTRCTGGTCTCAGGC
CTCCTCATCTTCAGCTGCTGTTTCTGTCTCTACCGGAAGAGCTGTCGGAGGCGGACAGGC
AAGAAGAGCCAGGCCCAAGCCCAGGTCCACCTTCAGGAAGTGAAGGGGCTGGGCCAGAGT
TACATAGACAAGGTGCAGCCAGAAGTAGAGGAGCTGGAGCCAGCACCATCCGGGCCAGGG
CAGCAGGTGSCAGACAAGCATGAGCTAGGACGACTGCAGTACTCCCTGGATTATGACTTC
CAGAGTGGCCAGCTGCTGGTGGGCATTCTGCAAGCAATGGGATTGGCAGCCTTGGATCTT
GGTGGCTCCTCGGACCCCTATGTGCGGGTCTACCTGCTGMCGGACAAACGGAGGCGGTAC
GAGACCAAGGTGCATCGGCAGACGCTGAACCCTCACTTTGGGGAGACCTTCGCCTTCAAG
GTMCCCTACGTGGAGCTGGGGGGCAGGGTGCTGGTCATGGCGGTGTACGACTTCGACCGC
TTCTCTCGCAATGACGCCATCGGGGAGGTGCGGGTCCCTATGAGCTCCGTGGACCTGGGG
CGGCCAGTGCAGGCCTGGCGGGAGCTGCAGGCGGCTCCGCGGGAGGAGCAGGAGAAGCTT
GGGGACATCTGCTTCTCCCTCCGCTATGTCCCCACGGCCGGGAAGCTCACCGTCATCGTC
CTGGAGGCTAAAAACCTGAAGAAGATGGACGTAGGAGGACTGTCAGATCCATACGTCAAG
GTCCACCTGCTGCAGGGCGGCAAAAAGGTGCGGAAGAAGAAAACCACCATCAAGAAGAAC
ACTCTGAACCCCTATTACAACGAAGCTTTCAGCTTCGAGGTGCCCTGTGACCAAGTCCAG
AAGGTGCAGGTGGAGCTGACCGTGCTGGACTACGACAAGCTGGGCAAGAACGAGGCCATC
GGGAGGGTGGCCGTGGGGGCGGCCGCCGGCGGGGCTGGCCTGCGGCACTGGGCGGACATG
CTGGCCAACCCGCGGCGGCCCATTGCCCAGTGGCACTCGCTGCGGCCCCCGGACCGAGTG
AGGCTGCTGCCTGCGCCCTGA
Enzyme 14 GenBank Gene ID X96783 Link Image
Enzyme 14 GeneCard ID O00445 Link Image
Enzyme 14 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 14 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 14 Chromosome Location 19
Enzyme 14 Locus 19q|11p
Enzyme 14 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 14 General References
  1. Craxton M, Olsen A, Goedert M: Human synaptotagmin V (SYT5): sequence, genomic structure, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 1997 May 15;42(1):165-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 14 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 15 [top]
Enzyme 15 ID 16425
Enzyme 15 Name cDNA, FLJ93072, Homo sapiens monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Monoamine oxidase B, isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 15 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 15 Gene Name MAOB
Enzyme 15 Protein Sequence >cDNA, FLJ93072, Homo sapiens monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA (Monoamine oxidase B, isoform CRA_a)
MSNKCDVVVVGGGISGMAAAKLLHDSGLNVVVLEARDRVGGRTYTLRNQKVKYVDLGGSY
VGPTQNRILRLAKELGLETYKVNEVERLIHHVKGKSYPFRGPFPPVWNPITYLDHNNFWR
TMDDMGREIPSDAPWKAPLAEEWDNMTMKELLDKLCWTESAKQLATLFVNLCVTAETHEV
SALWFLWYVKQCGGTTRIISTTNGGQERKFVGGSGQVSERIMDLLGDRVKLERPVIYIDQ
TRENVLVETLNHEMYEAKYVISAIPPTLGMKIHFNPPLPMMRNQMITRVPLGSVIKCIVY
YKEPFWRKKDYCGTMIIDGEEAPVAYTLDDTKPEGNYAAIMGFILAHKARKLARLTKEER
LKKLCELYAKVLGSLEALEPVHYEEKNWCEEQYSGGCYTTYFPPGILTQYGRVLRQPVDR
IYFAGTETATHWSGYMEGAVEAGERAAREILHAMGKIPEDEIWQSEPESVDVPAQPITTT
FLERHLPSVPGLLRLIGLTTIFSATALGFLAHKRGLLVRV
Enzyme 15 Number of Residues 520
Enzyme 15 Molecular Weight 58764
Enzyme 15 Theoretical pI 7.55
Enzyme 15 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
Enzyme 15 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 15 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 15 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 15 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 15 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 15 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 15 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 15 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 15 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 15 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B2R6R3 Link Image
Enzyme 15 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B2R6R3_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 15 PDB ID 2BK3 Link Image
Enzyme 15 PDB File Show
Enzyme 15 3D Structure
Enzyme 15 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 15 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 15 GenBank Gene ID AK312679 Link Image
Enzyme 15 GeneCard ID B2R6R3 Link Image
Enzyme 15 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 15 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 15 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 15 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 15 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 15 General References Not Available
Enzyme 15 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 16 [top]
Enzyme 16 ID 17038
Enzyme 16 Name Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 16 Synonyms
  1. Beta-3 adrenoreceptor
  2. Beta-3 adrenoceptor
Enzyme 16 Gene Name ADRB3
Enzyme 16 Protein Sequence >Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
MAPWPHENSSLAPWPDLPTLAPNTANTSGLPGVPWEAALAGALLALAVLATVGGNLLVIV
AIAWTPRLQTMTNVFVTSLAAADLVMGLLVVPPAATLALTGHWPLGATGCELWTSVDVLC
VTASIETLCALAVDRYLAVTNPLRYGALVTKRCARTAVVLVWVVSAAVSFAPIMSQWWRV
GADAEAQRCHSNPRCCAFASNMPYVLLSSSVSFYLPLLVMLFVYARVFVVATRQLRLLRG
ELGRFPPEESPPAPSRSLAPAPVGTCAPPEGVPACGRRPARLLPLREHRALCTLGLIMGT
FTLCWLPFFLANVLRALGGPSLVPGPAFLALNWLGYANSAFNPLIYCRSPDFRSAFRRLL
CRCGRRLPPEPCAAARPALFPSGVPAARSSPAQPRLCQRLDGASWGVS
Enzyme 16 Number of Residues 408
Enzyme 16 Molecular Weight 43520
Enzyme 16 Theoretical pI 9.07
Enzyme 16 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • beta-adrenergic receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 16 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 16 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis
Enzyme 16 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 16 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 16 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 16 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 16 Transmembrane Regions
  • 37-63 73-91 112-133 156-178 204-225 293-314 327-347
Enzyme 16 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 16 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 16 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P13945 Link Image
Enzyme 16 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB3_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 16 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 16 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 16 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 16 GenBank Gene ID M29932 Link Image
Enzyme 16 GeneCard ID P13945 Link Image
Enzyme 16 GenAtlas ID ADRB3 Link Image
Enzyme 16 HGNC ID HGNC:288 Link Image
Enzyme 16 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 16 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 16 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 16 General References
  1. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Briend-Sutren MM, Patey G, Tate K, Delavier-Klutchko C, Strosberg AD: Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science. 1989 Sep 8;245(4922):1118-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. van Spronsen A, Nahmias C, Krief S, Briend-Sutren MM, Strosberg AD, Emorine LJ: The promoter and intron/exon structure of the human and mouse beta 3-adrenergic-receptor genes. Eur J Biochem. 1993 May 1;213(3):1117-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lelias JM, Kaghad M, Rodriguez M, Chalon P, Bonnin J, Dupre I, Delpech B, Bensaid M, LeFur G, Ferrara P, et al.: Molecular cloning of a human beta 3-adrenergic receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett. 1993 Jun 14;324(2):127-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Granneman JG, Lahners KN, Rao DD: Rodent and human beta 3-adrenergic receptor genes contain an intron within the protein-coding block. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Dec;42(6):964-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Clement K, Vaisse C, Manning BS, Basdevant A, Guy-Grand B, Ruiz J, Silver KD, Shuldiner AR, Froguel P, Strosberg AD: Genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 10;333(6):352-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Fujisawa T, Ikegami H, Yamato E, Takekawa K, Nakagawa Y, Hamada Y, Oga T, Ueda H, Shintani M, Fukuda M, Ogihara T: Association of Trp64Arg mutation of the beta3-adrenergic-receptor with NIDDM and body weight gain. Diabetologia. 1996 Mar;39(3):349-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Candelore MR, Deng L, Tota LM, Kelly LJ, Cascieri MA, Strader CD: Pharmacological characterization of a recently described human beta 3-adrenergic receptor mutant. Endocrinology. 1996 Jun;137(6):2638-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 16 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 17 [top]
Enzyme 17 ID 17039
Enzyme 17 Name Norepinephrine transporter isoform 2
Enzyme 17 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 17 Gene Name Not Available
Enzyme 17 Protein Sequence >Norepinephrine transporter isoform 2
KFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHLVAQRDIRQFQMKTRQGRRRATNSCQISC
Enzyme 17 Number of Residues 53
Enzyme 17 Molecular Weight 6248
Enzyme 17 Theoretical pI 10.83
Enzyme 17 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 17 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 17 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 17 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 17 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 17 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 17 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 17 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 17 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 17 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 17 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9Y6W9 Link Image
Enzyme 17 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q9Y6W9_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 17 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 17 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 17 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 17 GenBank Gene ID AB022847 Link Image
Enzyme 17 GeneCard ID Q9Y6W9 Link Image
Enzyme 17 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 17 HGNC ID HGNC:11048 Link Image
Enzyme 17 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 17 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 17 SNPs Not Available
Enzyme 17 General References Not Available
Enzyme 17 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 18 [top]
Enzyme 18 ID 17040
Enzyme 18 Name Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Enzyme 18 Synonyms
  1. Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor
  2. Alpha-2C adrenoceptor
  3. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4
Enzyme 18 Gene Name ADRA2C
Enzyme 18 Protein Sequence >Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
MASPALAAALAVAAAAGPNASGAGERGSGGVANASGASWGPPRGQYSAGAVAGLAAVVGF
LIVFTVVGNVLVVIAVLTSRALRAPQNLFLVSLASADILVATLVMPFSLANELMAYWYFG
QVWCGVYLALDVLFCTSSIVHLCAISLDRYWSVTQAVEYNLKRTPRRVKATIVAVWLISA
VISFPPLVSLYRQPDGAAYPQCGLNDETWYILSSCIGSFFAPCLIMGLVYARIYRVAKLR
TRTLSEKRAPVGPDGASPTTENGLGAAAGAGENGHCAPPPADVEPDESSAAAERRRRRGA
LRRGGRRRAGAEGGAGGADGQGAGPGAAESGALTASRSPGPGGRLSRASSRSVEFFLSRR
RRARSSVCRRKVAQAREKRFTFVLAVVMGVFVLCWFPFFFSYSLYGICREACQVPGPLFK
FFFWIGYCNSSLNPVIYTVFNQDFRRSFKHILFRRRRRGFRQ
Enzyme 18 Number of Residues 462
Enzyme 18 Molecular Weight 49523
Enzyme 18 Theoretical pI 10.69
Enzyme 18 GO Classification
Function
  • G-protein coupled receptor activity
  • adrenoceptor activity
  • alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
  • alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity
  • amine receptor activity
  • receptor activity
  • rhodopsin-like receptor activity
  • signal transducer activity
  • transmembrane receptor activity
Process
  • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
  • cell communication
  • cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
  • cellular process
  • signal transduction
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 18 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 18 Specific Function Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins
Enzyme 18 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 18 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 18 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 18 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 18 Transmembrane Regions
  • 52-76 89-114 125-147 169-191 208-231 380-407 421-441
Enzyme 18 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 18 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 18 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P18825 Link Image
Enzyme 18 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA2C_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 18 PDB ID 1HOF Link Image
Enzyme 18 PDB File Show
Enzyme 18 3D Structure
Enzyme 18 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 18 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 18 GenBank Gene ID J03853 Link Image
Enzyme 18 GeneCard ID P18825 Link Image
Enzyme 18 GenAtlas ID ADRA2C Link Image
Enzyme 18 HGNC ID HGNC:283 Link Image
Enzyme 18 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 18 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 18 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 18 General References
  1. Regan JW, Kobilka TS, Yang-Feng TL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK: Cloning and expression of a human kidney cDNA for an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6301-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schaak S, Devedjian JC, Cayla C, Sender Y, Paris H: Molecular cloning, sequencing and functional study of the promoter region of the human alpha2C4-adrenergic receptor gene. Biochem J. 1997 Dec 1;328 ( Pt 2):431-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Small KM, Forbes SL, Rahman FF, Bridges KM, Liggett SB: A four amino acid deletion polymorphism in the third intracellular loop of the human alpha 2C-adrenergic receptor confers impaired coupling to multiple effectors. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 28;275(30):23059-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chhajlani V, Rangel N, Uhlen S, Wikberg JE: Identification of an additional gene belonging to the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor family in the human genome by PCR. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):241-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 18 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 19 [top]
Enzyme 19 ID 17041
Enzyme 19 Name Norepinephrine transporter isoform 1
Enzyme 19 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 19 Gene Name Not Available
Enzyme 19 Protein Sequence >Norepinephrine transporter isoform 1
KFLSTQGSLWERLAYGITPENEHHLVAQRDIRQFQLQHWLAI
Enzyme 19 Number of Residues 42
Enzyme 19 Molecular Weight 5032
Enzyme 19 Theoretical pI 7.80
Enzyme 19 GO Classification
Function
  • neurotransmitter transporter activity
  • neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular physiological process
  • neurotransmitter transport
  • physiological process
  • transport
Component
  • cell
  • integral to membrane
  • integral to plasma membrane
  • intrinsic to membrane
  • membrane
Enzyme 19 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 19 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 19 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 19 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 19 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 19 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 19 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 19 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 19 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 19 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9UQ04 Link Image
Enzyme 19 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q9UQ04_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 19 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 19 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 19 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 19 GenBank Gene ID AB022846 Link Image
Enzyme 19 GeneCard ID Q9UQ04 Link Image
Enzyme 19 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 19 HGNC ID HGNC:11048 Link Image
Enzyme 19 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 19 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 19 SNPs Not Available
Enzyme 19 General References Not Available
Enzyme 19 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 20 [top]
Enzyme 20 ID 17042
Enzyme 20 Name Norepinephrine transporter
Enzyme 20 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 20 Gene Name NET
Enzyme 20 Protein Sequence >Norepinephrine transporter
MLLARMNPQVQPENNGAD
Enzyme 20 Number of Residues 18
Enzyme 20 Molecular Weight 1998
Enzyme 20 Theoretical pI 4.19
Enzyme 20 GO Classification Not Available
Enzyme 20 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 20 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 20 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 20 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 20 Pfam Domain Function Not Available
Enzyme 20 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 20 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 20 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 20 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 20 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q71UR5 Link Image
Enzyme 20 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q71UR5_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 20 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 20 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 20 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 20 GenBank Gene ID AF061198 Link Image
Enzyme 20 GeneCard ID Q71UR5 Link Image
Enzyme 20 GenAtlas ID NET Link Image
Enzyme 20 HGNC ID HGNC:11048 Link Image
Enzyme 20 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 20 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 20 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 20 General References
  1. Kim CH, Kim HS, Cubells JF, Kim KS: A previously undescribed intron and extensive 5' upstream sequence, but not Phox2a-mediated transactivation, are necessary for high level cell type-specific expression of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 5;274(10):6507-18. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 20 Metabolite References Not Available