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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Quinolinic acid (HMDB00232)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-05-05 20:57:46
Accession Number HMDB00232
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Quinolinic acid
Description A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a product of tryptophan metabolism that can act as an endogenous brain excitotoxin when released by activated macrophages. (Valle et. al, Brain 127:1047 (2004))
Synonyms
  1. pyridine-2,3-carboxylate
  2. 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
  3. Pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid
  4. 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid
  5. 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylate
  6. Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate
  7. Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
  8. Quinolinate
  9. Pyridin-2,3-dicarbonsaeure
  10. Quinolinic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
Chemical Formula C7H5NO4
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Organic acids
Class
  • Dicarboxylic Acids
Sub Class
  • Aromatic dicarboxylic acids
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • carboxylic acid
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
  • Component of Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 167.119
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 167.021851
Isomeric SMILES OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C03722 Link Image
BioCyc ID QUINOLINATE Link Image
BiGG ID 42393 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00232 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00232 Link Image
METLIN ID 330 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1066 Link Image
PubChem Substance 11372742 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16675 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 89-00-9
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C7H5NO4/c9-6(10)4-2-1-3-8-5(4)7(11)12/h1-3H,(H,9,10)(H,11,12)
Synthesis Reference Akhmerova, S. G.; Islamgulova, V. R.; Koksharov, V. G.; Sapozhnikov, Yu. E.; Manaeva, R. M. Methods of preparation of quinolinic acid. Bashkirskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (2001), 8(2), 9-14.
Melting Point (Experimental) 190
Experimental Water Solubility 11.0 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 4.07 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge -2
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.15 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -2.1 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP]; -0.12 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1QAP Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Brain —
Central Nervous System —
Neuron —
Spleen —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 0.47 +/- 0.047 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.018 (0.012-0.024) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.023 +/- 0.002 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al.: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992 Oct;115 ( Pt 5):1249-73. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.02 +/- 0.002 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.022 +/- 0.0021 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.07 (0.05-0.10) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.018 +/- 0.006 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.07 (0.05-0.10) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.67 +/- 1.34 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 44.8 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 44.8 (10.4-115.3) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 13.2 (0.1-54.5) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 10.5 (4.8-26.2) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Children aged 2-6 years
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 7.7 (4.3-13.7) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Children aged 6-10 years
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 7.3 (2.4-13.2) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Children >10 years old
References
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 2.5 +/- 1.1 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.00015 (0.00011-0.00019) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Hepatic coma
Comments Not Available
References
  • Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.29 (0.17-0.41) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Traumatic brain injury
Comments Brain oedema or injury
References
  • Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.031 +/- 0.005 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Hydrocephalus
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.20 (0.12 - 0.75) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Intraventricular hemorrhage
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.28 +/- 0.082 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition CNS tumors
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 1.08 +/- 0.54 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition CNS infections
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 3.78 +/- 0.88 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition AIDS
Comments Not Available
References
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.8 (0.7-1.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Malaria
Comments Severe malaria
References
  • Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 6.10 (0.37-100.9) uM
Age N/A
Sex N/A
Condition Tuberculous meningitis
Comments In children
References
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.10 (0-2.37) uM
Age N/A
Sex N/A
Condition Anemia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.09 (0.07-0.11) uM
Age N/A
Sex N/A
Condition Malaria
Comments Cerebral malaria in children
References
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.08 (0.04-0.16) uM
Age N/A
Sex N/A
Condition Malaria
Comments Uncomplicated malaria in children
References
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.03 (0.01-0.13) uM
Age N/A
Sex N/A
Condition Convulsion
Comments In children
References
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
AIDS
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed Link Image]
Anemia
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
CNS infections
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
CNS tumors
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Convulsion
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
Hepatic coma
  • Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed Link Image]
Hydrocephalus
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Intraventricular hemorrhage
  • Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Malaria
Traumatic brain injury
  • Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
Tuberculous meningitis
  • Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism SMP00048 Link Image map00760 Link Image
Tryptophan Metabolism SMP00063 Link Image map00380 Link Image
General References
  1. Wolfensberger M, Amsler U, Cuenod M, Foster AC, Whetsell WO Jr, Schwarcz R: Identification of quinolinic acid in rat and human brain tissue. Neurosci Lett. 1983 Nov 11;41(3):247-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Heyes MP, Achim CL, Wiley CA, Major EO, Saito K, Markey SP: Human microglia convert l-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J. 1996 Dec 1;320 ( Pt 2):595-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Mar;113(3):361-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Heyes MP, Wyler AR, Devinsky O, Yergey JA, Markey SP, Nadi NS: Quinolinic acid concentrations in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable complex partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1990 Mar-Apr;31(2):172-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Central role of hypothalamic digoxin in conscious perception, neuroimmunoendocrine integration, and coordination of cellular function: relation to hemispheric dominance. Int J Neurosci. 2002 Jun;112(6):705-39. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Lal S, Etienne P, Nair NP: Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and frontal cortex of patients with hepatic failure. J Neurochem. 1986 Dec;47(6):1667-71. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Heyes MP, Saito K, Lackner A, Wiley CA, Achim CL, Markey SP: Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):881-96. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Basile AS, Saito K, al-Mardini H, Record CO, Hughes RD, Harrison P, Williams R, Li Y, Heyes MP: The relationship between plasma and brain quinolinic acid levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 1995 Mar;108(3):818-23. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Power C, Johnson RT: HIV-1 associated dementia: clinical features and pathogenesis. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 May;22(2):92-100. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Medana IM, Hien TT, Day NP, Phu NH, Mai NT, Chu'ong LV, Chau TT, Taylor A, Salahifar H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Turner GD, Farrar J, White NJ, Hunt NH: The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):650-6. Epub 2002 Feb 14. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Smythe GA, Poljak A, Bustamante S, Braga O, Maxwell A, Grant R, Sachdev P: ECNI GC-MS analysis of picolinic and quinolinic acids and their amides in human plasma, CSF, and brain tissue. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:705-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Ellison DW, Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Malloy JR, Bird ED, Martin JB: Amino acid neurotransmitter abnormalities in Huntington's disease and the quinolinic acid animal model of Huntington's disease. Brain. 1987 Dec;110 ( Pt 6):1657-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Saito K, Markey SP, Heyes MP: Effects of immune activation on quinolinic acid and neuroactive kynurenines in the mouse. Neuroscience. 1992 Nov;51(1):25-39. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Heyes MP, Rubinow D, Lane C, Markey SP: Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1989 Aug;26(2):275-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Heyes MP, Ellis RJ, Ryan L, Childers ME, Grant I, Wolfson T, Archibald S, Jernigan TL: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid levels are associated with region-specific cerebral volume loss in HIV infection. Brain. 2001 May;124(Pt 5):1033-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Medana IM, Day NP, Salahifar-Sabet H, Stocker R, Smythe G, Bwanaisa L, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Turner GD, Taylor TE, Hunt NH: Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):844-9. Epub 2003 Sep 9. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Heyes MP, Saito K, Milstien S, Schiff SJ: Quinolinic acid in tumors, hemorrhage and bacterial infections of the central nervous system in children. J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;133(1-2):112-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  20. Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al.: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992 Oct;115 ( Pt 5):1249-73. [PubMed Link Image]
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
  2. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5573
Enzyme 1 Name Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase [decarboxylating]
  2. QAPRTase
  3. QPRTase
Enzyme 1 Gene Name QPRT
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating] 
MDAEGLALLLPPVTLAALVDSWLREDCPGLNYAALVSGAGPSQAALWAKSPGVLAGQPFF
DAIFTQLNCQVSWFLPEGSKLVPVARVAEVRGPAHCLLLGERVALNTLARCSGIASAAAA
AVEAARGAGWTGHVAGTRKTTPGFRLVEKYGLLVGGAASHRYDLGGLVMVKDNHVVAAGG
VEKAVRAARQAADFALKVEVECSSLQEAVQAAEAGADLVLLDNFKPEELHPTATVLKAQF
PSVAVEASGGITLDNLPQFCGPHIDVISMGMLTQAAPALDFSLKLFAKEVAPVPKIH
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 297
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 30816
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 6.15
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
  • nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase (carboxylating) activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
Process
  • NAD biosynthesis
  • cellular metabolism
  • coenzyme biosynthesis
  • coenzyme metabolism
  • cofactor metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Coenzyme transport and metabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + diphosphate + CO(2) = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1- diphosphate
Enzyme 1 Pathways
  • Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism (map00760 Link Image)
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + diphosphate + CO2 = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • 1-16
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 1060907 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q15274 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name NADC_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >894 bp 
ATGGACGCTGAAGGCCTGGCGCTGCTGCTGCCGCCCGTCACCCTGGCAGCCCTGGTGGAC
AGCTGGCTCCGAGAGGACTGCCCAGGGCTCAACTACGCAGCCTTGGTCAGCGGGGCAGGC
CCCTCGCAGGCGGCGCTGTGGGCCAAATCCCCTGGGGTACTGGCAGGGCAGCCTTTCTTC
GATGCCATATTTACCCAACTCAACTGCCAAGTCTCCTGGTTCCTCCCCGAGGGATCGAAG
CTGGTGCCGGTGGCCAGAGTGGCCGAGGTCCGGGGCCCTGCCCACTGCCTGCTGCTGGGG
GAACGGGTGGCCCTCAACACGCTGGCCCGCTGCAGTGGCATTGCCAGTGCTGCCGCCGCT
GCAGTGGAGGCCGCCAGGGGGGCCGGCTGGACTGGGCACGTGGCAGGCACGAGGAAGACC
ACGCCAGGCTTCCGGCTGGTGGAGAAGTATGGGCTCCTGGTGGGCGGGGCCGCCTCGCAC
CGCTACGACCTGGGAGGGCTGGTGATGTTGAAGGATAACCATGTGGTGCCCCCCGGTGGC
GTGGAGAAGGCGGTGCGGGCGGCCAGACAGGCGGCTGACTTCGCTCTGAAGGTGGAAGTG
GAATGCAGCAGCCTGCAGGAGGTCGTCCAGGCAGCTGAGGCTGGCGCCGACCTTGTCCTG
CTGGACAACTTCAAGCCAGAGGAGCTGCACCCCACGGCCACCGCGCTGAAGGCCCAGTTC
CCGAGTGTGGCTGTGGAAGCCAGTGGGGGCATCACCCTGGACAACCTCCCCCAGTTCTGC
GGGCCGCACATAGACGTCATCTCCATGGGGATGCTGACCCAGGCGGTCCCAGCCCTTGAT
TTCTCCCTCAAGCTGTTTGCCAAAGAGGTGGCTCCAGTGCCCAAAATCCACTAG
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID D78177 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID QPRT Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID QPRT Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:9755 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Fukuoka SI, Nyaruhucha CM, Shibata K: Characterization and functional expression of the cDNA encoding human brain quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jan 21;1395(2):192-201. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 8105
Enzyme 2 Name Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name KMO
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 
MDSSVIQRKKVAVIGGGLVGSLQACFLAKRNFQIDVYEAREDTRVATFTRGRSINLALSH
RGRQALKAVGLEDQIVSQGIPMRARMIHSLSGKKSAIPYGTKSQYILSVSRENLNKDLLT
AAEKYPNVKMHFNHRLLKCNPEEGMITVLGSDKVPKDVTCDLIVGCDGAYSTVRSHLMKK
PRFDYSQQYIPHGYMELTIPPKNGDYAMEPNYLHIWPRNTFMMIALPNMNKSFTCTLFMP
FEEFEKLLTSNDVVDFFQKYFPDAIPLIGEKLLVQDFFLLPAQPMISVKCSSFHFKSHCV
LLGDAAHAIVPFFGQGMNAGFEDCLVFDELMDKFSNDLSLCLPVFSRLRIPDDHAISDLS
MYNYIEMRAHVNSSWFIFQKNMERFLHAIMPSTFIPLYTMVTFSRIRYHEAVQRWHWQKK
VINKGLFFLGSLIAISSTYLLIHYMSPRSFLRLRRPWNWIAHFRNTTCFPAKAVDSLEQI
SNLISR
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 486
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 55811
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 9.34
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Coenzyme transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic NMDA receptor antagonist and potential endogenous inhibitor of NMDA receptor signaling in axonal targeting, synaptogenesis and apoptosis during brain development. Quinolinic acid may also affect NMDA receptor signaling in pancreatic beta cells, osteoblasts, myocardial cells, and the gastrointestinal tract
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • L-kynurenine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP+ + H2O
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 384-404 425-445
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 2239124 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID O15229 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name KMO_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1461 bp 
ATGGACTCATCTGTCATTCAAAGGAAAAAAGTAGCTGTCATTGGTGGTGGCTTGGTTGGC
TCATTACAAGCATGCTTTCTTGCAAAGAGGAATTTCCAGATTGATGTATATGAAGCTAGG
GAAGATACTCGAGTGGCTACCTTCACACGTGGAAGAAGCATTAACTTAGCCCTTTCTCAT
AGAGGACGACAAGCCTTGAAAGCTGTTGGCCTGGAAGATCAGATTGTATCCCAAGGTATT
CCCATGAGAGCAAGAATGATCCACTCTCTTTCAGGAAAAAAGTCTGCAATTCCCTATGGG
ACAAAGTCTCAGTATATTCTTTCTGTAAGCAGAGAAAATCTAAACAAGGATCTATTGACT
GCTGCTGAGAAATACCCCAATGTGAAAATGCACTTTAACCACAGGCTGTTGAAATGTAAT
CCAGAGGAAGGAATGATCACAGTGCTTGGATCTGACAAAGTTCCCAAAGATGTCACTTGT
GACCTCATTGTAGGATGTGATGGAGCCTATTCAACTGTCAGATCTCACCTGATGAAGAAA
CCTCGCTTTGATTACAGTCAGCAGTACATTCCTCATGGGTACATGGAGTTGACTATTCCA
CCTAAGAACGGAGATTATGCCATGGAACCTAATTATCTGCATATTTGGCCTAGAAATACC
TTTATGATGATTGCACTTCCTAACATGAACAAATCATTCACATGTACTTTGTTCATGCCC
TTTGAAGAGTTTGAAAAACTTCTAACCAGTAATGATGTGGTAGATTTCTTCCAGAAATAC
TTTCCGGATGCCATCCCTCTAATTGGAGAGAAACTCCTAGTGCAAGATTTCTTCCTGTTG
CCTGCCCAGCCCATGATATCTGTAAAGTGCTCTTCATTTCACTTTAAATCTCACTGTGTA
CTGCTGGGAGATGCAGCTCATGCTATAGTGCCGTTTTTTGGGCAAGGAATGAATGCGGGC
TTTGAAGACTGCTTGGTATTTGATGAGTTAATGGATAAATTCAGTAACGACCTTAGTTTG
TGTCTTCCTGTGTTCTCAAGATTGAGAATCCCAGATGATCACGCGATTTCAGACCTATCC
ATGTACAATTACATAGAGATGCGAGCACATGTCAACTCAAGCTGGTTCATTTTTCAGAAG
AACATGGAGAGATTTCTTCATGCGATTATGCCATCGACCTTTATCCCTCTCTATACAATG
GTCACTTTTTCCAGAATAAGATACCATGAGGCTGTGCAGCGTTGGCATTGGCAAAAAAAG
GTGATAAACAAAGGACTCTTTTTCTTGGGATCACTGATAGCCATCAGCAGTACCTACCTA
CTTATACACTACATGTCACCACGATCTTTCCTCTGCTTGAGAAGACCATGGAACTGGATA
GCTCACTTCCGGAATACAACATGTTTCCCCGCAAAGGCCGTGGACTCCCTAGAACAAATT
TCCAATCTCATTAGCAGGTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID Y13153 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID KMO Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID KMO Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:6381 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 2 Locus 1q42-q44
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References Not Available
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available