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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Uric acid (HMDB00289)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-08-05 12:40:09
Accession Number HMDB00289
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Uric acid
Description Uric acid is a heterocyclic purine derivative that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. It is produced by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which oxidizes oxypurines such as xanthine into uric acid. In most mammals, except humans and higher primates, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is also the end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds and reptiles. In such species, it is excreted in feces as a dry mass. Humans produce only small quantities of uric acid with excess accumulation leading to a type of arthritis known as gout. The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid vitamin C. This may be because in higher primates uric acid partially replaces ascorbic acid.
Synonyms
  1. 1H-Purine-2,6,8-triol
  2. 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine
  3. 2,6,8-Trioxopurine
  4. 2,6,8-Trioxypurine
  5. Lithate
  6. Lithic acid
  7. Purine-2,6,8(1H,3H,9H)-trione
  8. Urate
  9. Uric acid
Chemical IUPAC Name 7,9-dihydro-1H-Purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione
Chemical Formula C5H4N4O3
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Nucleosides and Nucleoside conjugates
Class
  • Purines and Purine Derivatives
Sub Class
  • Hydroxy purines
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • oxo(het)arene
  • aromatic compound
  • heterocyclic compound
Biofunction
  • Electron donor
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 168.110
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 168.028336
Isomeric SMILES O=C1NC(=O)C2=C(N1)NC(=O)N2
Canonical SMILES O=C1NC(=O)C2=C(N1)NC(=O)N2
KEGG Compound ID C00366 Link Image
BioCyc ID URATE Link Image
BiGG ID 34768 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Uric acid Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00289 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00289 Link Image
METLIN ID 88 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1175 Link Image
PubChem Substance 5428230 Link Image
ChEBI ID 17775 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 69-93-2
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C5H4N4O3/c10-3-1-2(7-4(11)6-1)8-5(12)9-3/h(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12)
Synthesis Reference Brenner-Holzach, O.; Leuthardt, F. Uric acid formation from glucose carbon in Drosophila melanogaster. Preliminary report. Helvetica Chimica Acta (1963), 46(4), 1426-8.
Melting Point (Experimental) > 300 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 0.06 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.76 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.17 [NAHUM,A & HORVATH,C (1980)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.12 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -1.6 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1L5S Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • Extracellular
  • peroxisome
Biofluid Location
  • Amniotic Fluid
  • Bile
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Adipose Tissue —
Bladder —
Brain —
Epidermis —
Erythrocyte —
Intestine —
Kidney —
Liver —
Muscle —
Placenta —
Platelet —
Spleen —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Amniotic Fluid
Value 384.18 +/- 203.31 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Bile
Value 260.0 +/- 63.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal glucose tolerance
Comments Not Available
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 377.6 +/- 82.6 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal glucose tolerance
Comments Normal glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 372.0 (238.0-506.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.
Biofluid Blood
Value 298.0 (149.0-446.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Mark H. Beers, MD, Robert Berkow, MD, eds. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labs, 1999.
Biofluid Blood
Value 329.0 +/- 129.0 uM
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 302.0 +/- 60.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 234.0 +/- 52.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 256.8 +/- 7.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 271.95 +/- 43.13 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 181.5 (35.7-327.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 178.5 (35.7-327.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 16.0 (4.2-28.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 22.0 (6.6-37.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 29.3 (11.9-46.7) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Kastenbauer S, Koedel U, Becker BF, Pfister HW: Oxidative stress in bacterial meningitis in humans. Neurology. 2002 Jan 22;58(2):186-91. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 15.4 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • GC/MS analysis by Josh Morrissey
Biofluid Saliva
Value <1.00 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Inoue K, Namiki T, Iwasaki Y, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H: Determination of uric acid in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Feb 25;785(1):57-63. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 118.09 +/- 114.57 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 188.0 (78.9-296.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Merck Manual
Biofluid Urine
Value 524.75 +/- 249.57 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 337.84 +/- 29.75 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adolescent:13-18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 209.55 +/- 104.52 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 206.5 +/- 87.5 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 1244.00 (565.5-1923.00) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 197.00 (98.6-293.5) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Kim KM, Henderson GN, Frye RF, Galloway CD, Brown NJ, Segal MS, Imaram W, Angerhofer A, Johnson RJ: Simultaneous determination of uric acid metabolites allantoin, 6-aminouracil, and triuret in human urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Jan 1;877(1-2):65-70. Epub 2008 Nov 25. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 400.0 +/- 103.2 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Condition Diabetes mellitus type 2
Comments High risk for type 2 diabetes. A higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as: (1) first-degree relative with DM or (2) previous fasting plasma glucose >= 5.4 mmol/L. Subjects were consecutively included from the outpatient clinic of the Diabetes Unit of the Hospital Clinic, who attended a diabetes prevention program. None had known their oral glucose tolerance state before inclusion in this study, and none was receiving a diuretic treatment.
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 368.2 +/- 115.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Condition Diabetes mellitus type 2
Comments High risk for type 2 diabetes. A higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as: (1) first-degree relative with DM or (2) previous fasting plasma glucose >= 5.4 mmol/L. Subjects were consecutively included from the outpatient clinic of the Diabetes Unit of the Hospital Clinic, who attended a diabetes prevention program. None had known their oral glucose tolerance state before inclusion in this study, and none was receiving a diuretic treatment.
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 426.0 +/- 107.4 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Condition Impaired glucose tolerance
Comments Impaired glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 347.5 +/- 105.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Condition Impaired glucose tolerance
Comments Impaired glucose tolerance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.
References
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 1797.90 +/- 895.44 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Canavan disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 476.00 (357.00-714.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 654.6 (595.00-714.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 24.0 (20.1-27.9) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Degenerative disc disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 125.0 (35.5-215.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Meningitis
Comments Bacterial
References
  • Kastenbauer S, Koedel U, Becker BF, Pfister HW: Oxidative stress in bacterial meningitis in humans. Neurology. 2002 Jan 22;58(2):186-91. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 22.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Comments Not Available
References
  • Marinaki AM, Champion M, Kurian MA, Simmonds HA, Marie S, Vincent MF, van den Berghe G, Duley JA, Fairbanks LD: Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency--first British case. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1231-3. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 1554.14 +/- 748.85 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Canavan disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 166.45 +/- 31.5 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Abnormal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 248.8 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
  • Marinaki AM, Champion M, Kurian MA, Simmonds HA, Marie S, Vincent MF, van den Berghe G, Duley JA, Fairbanks LD: Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency--first British case. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1231-3. [PubMed Link Image]
Canavan disease
  • Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Leone P, Amorini AM, Bellia F, Janson CG, Di Pietro V, Ceccarelli L, Donzelli S, Francis JS, Giardina B: Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic separation of purines, pyrimidines, N-acetylated amino acids, and dicarboxylic acids for the chemical diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2005 Nov;38(11):997-1008. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
Degenerative disc disease
  • Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Diabetes mellitus type 2
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Impaired glucose tolerance
  • Costa A, Iguala I, Bedini J, Quinto L, Conget I: Uric acid concentration in subjects at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):372-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Meningitis
  • Kastenbauer S, Koedel U, Becker BF, Pfister HW: Oxidative stress in bacterial meningitis in humans. Neurology. 2002 Jan 22;58(2):186-91. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Purine Metabolism SMP00050 Link Image map00230 Link Image
General References
  1. Kanbay M, Akcay A, Huddam B, Usluogullari CA, Arat Z, Ozdemir FN, Haberal M: Influence of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on serum uric acid levels in stable kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2005 Sep;37(7):3119-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Marinaki AM, Champion M, Kurian MA, Simmonds HA, Marie S, Vincent MF, van den Berghe G, Duley JA, Fairbanks LD: Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency--first British case. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1231-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Hanvivadhanakul P, Akkasilpa S, Deesomchok U: Efficacy of benzbromarone compared to allopurinol in lowering serum uric acid level in hyperuricemic patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 Jun;85 Suppl 1:S40-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Kirschbaum B: Correlation studies of plasma paraoxonase activity and uric acid concentration with AAPH-Induced erythrocyte hemolysis in hemodialysis patients. Artif Organs. 2004 Mar;28(3):259-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Sysyn GD, Rozycki HJ: Lack of prognostic significance of early elevated serum uric acid levels in low birthweight infants. Biol Neonate. 2003;83(4):253-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kastenbauer S, Koedel U, Becker BF, Pfister HW: Oxidative stress in bacterial meningitis in humans. Neurology. 2002 Jan 22;58(2):186-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Tumgor G, Arikan C, Kilic M, Aydogdu S: Frequency of hyperuricemia and effect of calcineurin inhibitors on serum uric acid levels in liver transplanted children. Pediatr Transplant. 2006 Sep;10(6):665-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Srinivasan S, Kalaiselvi P, Sakthivel R, Pragasam V, Muthu V, Varalakshmi P: Uric acid: an abettor or protector in calcium oxalate urolithiasis? Biochemical study in stone formers. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Mar;353(1-2):45-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Puig JG, Torres R, Ruilope LM: AT1 blockers and uric acid metabolism: are there relevant differences? J Hypertens Suppl. 2002 Jun;20(5):S29-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Alderman M, Aiyer KJ: Uric acid: role in cardiovascular disease and effects of losartan. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004 Mar;20(3):369-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Iwai N, Mino Y, Hosoyamada M, Tago N, Kokubo Y, Endou H: A high prevalence of renal hypouricemia caused by inactive SLC22A12 in Japanese. Kidney Int. 2004 Sep;66(3):935-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Williams KP, Galerneau F: The role of serum uric acid as a prognostic indicator of the severity of maternal and fetal complications in hypertensive pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 Aug;24(8):628-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Inoue K, Namiki T, Iwasaki Y, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H: Determination of uric acid in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Feb 25;785(1):57-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Cacabelos R, Fernandez-Novoa L, Corzo L, Pichel V, Lombardi V, Kubota Y: Genomics and phenotypic profiles in dementia: implications for pharmacological treatment. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(6):421-44. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Simkin PA, Hoover PL, Paxson CS, Wilson WF: Uric acid excretion: quantitative assessment from spot, midmorning serum and urine samples. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Jul;91(1):44-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Mazzali M: Uric acid and transplantation. Semin Nephrol. 2005 Jan;25(1):50-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5413
Enzyme 1 Name Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. XD
  2. Xanthine oxidase
  3. XO
  4. Xanthine oxidoreductase]
Enzyme 1 Gene Name XDH
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase [Includes: Xanthine dehydrogenase 
MTADKLVFFVNGRKVVEKNADPETTLLAYLRRKLGLSGTKLGCGEGGCGACTVMLSKYDR
LQNKIVHFSANACLAPICSLHHVAVTTVEGIGSTKTRLHPVQERIAKSHGSQCGFCTPGI
VMSMYTLLRNQPEPTMEEIENAFQGNLCRCTGYRPILQGFRTFARDGGCCGGDGNNPNCC
MNQKKDHSVSLSPSLFKPEEFTPLDPTQEPIFPPELLRLKDTPRKQLRFEGERVTWIQAS
TLKELLDLKAQHPDAKLVVGNTEIGIEMKFKNMLFPMIVCPAWIPELNSVEHGPDGISFG
AACPLSIVEKTLVDAVAKLPAQKTEVFRGVLEQLRWFAGKQVKSVASVGGNIITASPISD
LNPVFMASGAKLTLVSRGTRRTVQMDHTFFPGYRKTLLSPEEILLSIEIPYSREGEYFSA
FKQASRREDDIAKVTSGMRVLFKPGTTEVQELALCYGGMANRTISALKTTQRQLSKLWKE
ELLQDVCAGLAEELHLPPDAPGGMVDFRCTLTLSFFFKFYLTVLQKLGQENLEDKCGKLD
PTFASATLLFQKDPPADVQLFQEVPKGQSEEDMVGRPLPHLAADMQASGEAVYCDDIPRY
ENELSLRLVTSTRAHAKIKSIDTSEAKKVPGFVCFISADDVPGSNITGICNDETVFAKDK
VTCVGHIIGAVVADTPEHTQRAAQGVKITYEELPAIITIEDAIKNNSFYGPELKIEKGDL
KKGFSEADNVVSGEIYIGGQEHFYLETHCTIAVPKGEAGEMELFVSTQNTMKTQSFVAKM
LGVPANRIVVRVKRMGGGFGGKETRSTVVSTAVALAAYKTGRPVRCMLDRDEDMLITGGR
HPFLARYKVGFMKTGTVVALEVDHFSNVGNTQDLSQSIMERALFHMDNCYKIPNIRGTGR
LCKTNLPSNTAFRGFGGPQGMLIAECWMSEVAVTCGMPAEEVRRKNLYKEGDLTHFNQKL
EGFTLPRCWEECLASSQYHARKSEVDKFNKENCWKKRGLCIIPTKFGISFTVPFLNQAGA
LLHVYTDGSVLLTHGGTEMGQGLHTKMVQVASRALKIPTSKIYISETSTNTVPNTSPTAA
SVSADLNGQAVYAACQTILKRLEPYKKKNPSGSWEDWVTAAYMDTVSLSATGFYRTPNLG
YSFETNSGNPFHYFSYGVACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNLRTDIVMDVGSSLNPAIDIGQVEGAF
VQGLGLFTLEELHYSPEGSLHTRGPSTYKIPAFGSIPIEFRVSLLRDCPNKKAIYASKAV
GEPPLFLAASIFFAIKDAIRAARAQHTGNNVKELFRLDSPATPEKIRNACVDKFTTLCVT
GVPENCKPWSVRV
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 1333
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 146426
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.70
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • electron transporter activity
  • ion binding
  • iron ion binding
  • metal ion binding
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • transition metal ion binding
  • transporter activity
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • electron transport
  • generation of precursor metabolites and energy
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Nucleotide transport and metabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function This enzyme can be converted from the dehydrogenase form (D) to the oxidase form (O) irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + H2O2
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 10336525 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P47989 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name XDH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID 1V97 Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB File Show
Enzyme 1 3D Structure
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >4002 bp 
ATGACAGCAGACAAATTGGTTTTCTTTGTGAATGGCAGAAAGGTGGTGGAGAAAAATGCA
GATCCAGAGACAACCCTTTTGGCCTACCTGAGAAGAAAGTTGGGGCTGAGTGGAACCAAG
CTCGGCTGTGGAGAGGGGGGCTGCGGGGCTTGCACAGTGATGCTCTCCAAGTATGATCGT
CTGCAGAACAAGATCGTCCACTTTTCTGCCAATGCCTGCCTGGCCCCCATCTGCTCCTTG
CACCATGTTGCAGTGACAACTGTGGAAGGAATAGGAAGCACCAAGACGAGGCTGCATCCT
GTGCAGGAGAGAATTGCCAAAAGCCACGGCTCCCAGTGCGGGTTCTGCACCCCTGGCATC
GTCATGAGTATGTACACACTGCTCCGGAATCAGCCCGAGCCCACCATGGAGGAGATTGAG
AATGCCTTCCAAGGAAATCTGTGCCGCTGCACAGGCTACAGACCCATCCTCCAGGGCTTC
CGGACCTTTGCCAGGGATGGTGGATGCTGTGGAGGAGATGGGAATAATCCAAATTGCTGC
ATGAACCAGAAGAAAGACCACTCAGTCAGCCTCTCGCCATCTTTATTCAAACCAGAGGAG
TTCACGCCCCTGGATCCAACCCAGGAGCCCATTTTTCCCCCAGAGTTGCTGAGGCTGAAA
GACACTCCTCGGAAGCAGCTGCGATTTGAAGGGGAGCGTGTGACGTGGATACAGGCCTCA
ACCCTCAAGGAGCTGCTGGACCTCAAGGCTCAGCACCCTGACGCCAAGCTGGTCGTGGGG
AACACGGAGATTGGCATTGAGATGAAGTTCAAGAATATGCTGTTTCCTATGATTGTCTGC
CCAGCCTGGATCCCTGAGCTGAATTCGGTAGAACATGGACCCGACGGTATCTCCTTTGGA
GCTGCTTGCCCCCTGAGCATTGTGGAAAAAACCCTGGTGGATGCTGTTGCTAAGCTTCCT
GCCCAAAAGACAGAGGTGTTCAGAGGGGTCCTGGAGCAGCTGCGCTGGTTTGCTGGGAAG
CAAGTCAAGTCTGTGGCGTCCGTTGGAGGGAACATCATCACTGCCAGCCCCATCTCCGAC
CTCAACCCCGTGTTCATGGCCAGTGGGGCCAAGCTGACACTTGTGTCCAGAGGCACCAGG
AGAACTGTCCAGATGGACCACACCTTCTTCCCTGGCTACAGAAAGACCCTGCTGAGCCCG
GAGGAGATACTGCTCTCCATAGAGATCCCCTACAGCAGGGAGGGGGAGTATTTCTCAGCA
TTCAAGCAGGCCTCCCGGAGAGAAGATGACATTGCCAAGGTAACCAGTGGCATGAGAGTT
TTATTCAAGCCAGGAACCACAGAGGTACAGGAGCTGGCCCTTTGCTATGGTGGAATGGCC
AACAGAACCATCTCAGCCCTCAAGACCACTCAGAGGCAGCTTTCCAAGCTCTGGAAGGAG
GAGCTGCTGCAGGACGTGTGTGCAGGACTGGCAGAGGAGCTGCATCTGCCTCCCGATGCC
CCTGGTGGCATGGTGGACTTCCGGTGCACCCTCACCCTCAGCTTCTTCTTCAAGTTCTAC
CTGACAGTCCTTCAGAAGCTGGGCCAAGAGAACCTGGAAGACAAGTGTGGTAAACTGGAC
CCCACTTTCGCCAGTGCAACTTTACTGTTTCAGAAAGACCCCCCAGCCGATGTCCAGCTC
TTCCAAGAGGTGCCCAAGGGTCAGTCTGAGGAGGACATGGTGGGCCGGCCCCTGCCCCAC
CTGGCAGCGGACATGCAGGCCTCTGGTGAGGCCGTGTACTGTGACGACATTCCTCGCTAC
GAGAATGAGCTGTCTCTCCGGCTGGTCACCAGCACCCGGGCCCACGCCAAGATCAAGTCC
ATAGATACATCAGAAGCTAAGAAGGTTCCAGGGTTTGTTTGTTTCATTTCCGCTGATGAT
GTTCCTGGGAGTAACATAACTGGAATTTGTAATGATGAGACAGTCTTTGCGAAGGATAAG
GTTACTTGTGTTGGGCATATCATTGGTGCTGTGGTTGCTGACACCCCGGAACACACACAG
AGAGCTGCCCAAGGGGTGAAAATCACCTATGAAGAACTACCAGCCATTATCACAATTGAG
GATGCTATAAAGAACAACTCCTTTTATGGACCTGAGCTGAAGATCGAGAAAGGGGACCTA
AAGAAGGGGTTTTCCGAAGCAGATAATGTTGTGTCAGGGGAGATATACATCGGTGGCCAA
GAGCACTTCTACCTGGAGACTCACTGCACCATTGCTGTTCCAAAAGGCGAGGCAGGGGAG
ATGGAGCTCTTTGTGTCTACACAGAACACCATGAAGACCCAGAGCTTTGTTGCAAAAATG
TTGGGGGTTCCAGCAAACCGGATTGTGGTTCGAGTGAAGAGAATGGGAGGAGGCTTTGGA
GGCAAGGAGACCCGGAGCACTGTGGTGTCCACGGCAGTGGCCCTGGCTGCATATAAGACC
GGCCGCCCTGTGCGATGCATGCTGGACCGTGATGAGGACATGCTGATAACTGGTGGCAGA
CATCCCTTCCTGGCCAGATACAAGGTTGGCTTCATGAAGACTGGGACAGTTGTGGCTCTT
GAGGTGGACCACTTCAGCAATGTGGGGAACACCCAGGATCTCTCTCAGAGTATTATGGAA
CGAGCTTTATTCCACATGGACAACTGCTATAAAATCCCCAACATCCGGGGCACTGGGCGG
CTGTGCAAAACCAACCTTCCCTCCAACACGGCCTTCCGGGGCTTTGGGGGGCCCCAGGGG
ATGCTCATTGCCGAGTGCTGGATGAGTGAAGTTGCAGTGACCTGTGGGATGCCTGCAGAG
GAGGTGCGGAGAAAAAACCTGTACAAAGAAGGGGACCTGACACACTTCAACCAGAAGCTT
GAGGGTTTCACCTTGCCCAGATGCTGGGAAGAATGCCTAGCAAGCTCTCAGTATCATGCT
CGGAAGAGTGAGGTTGACAAGTTCAACAAGGAGAATTGTTGGAAAAAGAGAGGATTGTGC
ATAATTCCCACCAAGTTTGGAATAAGCTTCACAGTTCCTTTTCTGAATCAGGCAGGAGCC
CTACTTCATGTGTACACAGATGGCTCTGTGCTGCTGACCCACGGGGGGACTGAGATGGGC
CAAGGCCTTCATACCAAAATGGTCCAGGTGGCCAGTAGAGCTCTGAAAATCCCCACCTCT
AAGATTTATATCAGCGAGACAAGCACTAACACTGTGCCCAACACCTCTCCCACGGCTGCC
TCTGTCAGCGCTGACCTCAATGGACAGGCCGTCTATGCGGCTTGTCAGACCATCTTGAAA
AGGCTGGAACCCTACAAGAAGAAGAATCCCAGTGGCTCCTGGGAAGACTGGGTCACAGCT
GCCTACATGGACACAGTGAGCTTGTCTGCCACTGGGTTTTATAGAACACCCAATCTGGGC
TACAGCTTTGAGACTAACTCAGGGAACCCCTTCCACTACTTCAGCTATGGGGTGGCTTGC
TCTGAAGTAGAAATCGACTGCCTAACAGGAGATCATAAGAACCTCCGCACAGATATTGTC
ATGGATGTTGGCTCCAGTCTAAACCCTGCCATTGATATTGGACAGGTGGAAGGGGCATTT
GTCCAGGGCCTTGGCCTCTTCACCCTAGAGGAGCTACACTATTCCCCCGAGGGGAGCCTG
CACACCCGTGGCCCTAGCACCTACAAGATCCCGGCATTTGGCAGCATCCCCATTGAGTTC
AGGGTGTCCCTGCTCCGCGACTGCCCCAACAAGAAGGCCATCTATGCATCGAAGGCTGTT
GGAGAGCCGCCCCTCTTCCTGGCTGCTTCTATCTTCTTTGCCATCAAAGATGCCATCCGT
GCAGCTCGAGCTCAGCACACAGGTAATAACGTGAAGGAACTCTTCCGGCTAGACAGCCCT
GCCACCCCGGAGAAGATCCGCAATGCCTGCGTGGACAAGTTCACCACCCTGTGTGTCACT
GGTGTCCCAGAAAACTGCAAACCCTGGTCTGTGAGGGTCTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID D11456 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID XDH Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID XDH Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:12805 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 2
Enzyme 1 Locus 2p23.1
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K, Minoshima S, Hosoya T, Sakai O, Shimizu N, Nishino T: Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene. Gene. 1993 Nov 15;133(2):279-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR: Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Mar 15;199(2):998-1004. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR: Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 4;215(1):429. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Saksela M, Raivio KO: Cloning and expression in vitro of human xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase. Biochem J. 1996 Apr 1;315 ( Pt 1):235-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available