Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2012-09-06 21:03:51 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-09-22 18:34:56 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0029140 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Valylvaline |
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Description | Valylvaline, also known as H-L-val-L-val-OH or V-V, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. Valylvaline has been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anatidaes (Anatidae), chickens (Gallus gallus), and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). This could make valylvaline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Valylvaline is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Valylvaline. |
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Structure | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C10H20N2O3/c1-5(2)7(11)9(13)12-8(6(3)4)10(14)15/h5-8H,11H2,1-4H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)/t7-,8-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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H-L-Val-L-val-OH | ChEBI | H-Val-val-OH | ChEBI | L-Val-L-val | ChEBI | V-V | ChEBI | L-Valyl-L-valine | HMDB | V-V Dipeptide | HMDB | Val-val | HMDB | Valine valine dipeptide | HMDB | Valine-valine dipeptide | HMDB | VV Dipeptide | HMDB | Di-valine | HMDB | N-L-Valyl-L-valine | HMDB | N-Valylvaline | HMDB | Valyl-valine | HMDB | Valylvaline | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C10H20N2O3 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 216.281 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 216.147392512 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido]-3-methylbutanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | (2S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido]-3-methylbutanoic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 3918-94-3 |
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SMILES | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H20N2O3/c1-5(2)7(11)9(13)12-8(6(3)4)10(14)15/h5-8H,11H2,1-4H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)/t7-,8-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | KRNYOVHEKOBTEF-YUMQZZPRSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Peptides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Alpha peptide
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- Valine or derivatives
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- Branched fatty acid
- Methyl-branched fatty acid
- Fatty acyl
- Fatty acid
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Amino acid
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary amine
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | -1.61 | Extrapolated |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredictor | Adduct Type | CCS Value (Å2) | Reference |
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DeepCCS | [M+H]+ | 157.521 | 30932474 | DeepCCS | [M-H]- | 155.125 | 30932474 | DeepCCS | [M-2H]- | 188.009 | 30932474 | DeepCCS | [M+Na]+ | 163.485 | 30932474 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Valylvaline,1TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C | 1728.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,1TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O | 1749.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,1TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1699.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C | 1804.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C | 1759.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1713.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1796.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1755.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1770.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1914.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 1795.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1913.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C | 1887.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1781.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1844.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1909.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1916.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,4TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1983.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,4TMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1998.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C | 1955.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)C(=O)O | 1972.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1914.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C | 2216.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C | 2157.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2152.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2201.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2204.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2141.8 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2336.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O | 2166.5 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2568.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2434.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2434.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)[C@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2399.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2566.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2454.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2829.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Valylvaline,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N(C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2698.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Valylvaline GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-3490000000-ba3c7b790904d5a2b126 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0fk9-9500000000-9a8d3974fc6b9e9f0a65 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0ab9-9000000000-b990a9717c8bf989a471 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0190000000-40b068dba9854168bb96 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-3900000000-4948906383ed6b1d9eab | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Valylvaline 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9100000000-4c81a7c8957e89d57992 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-29 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Expected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Colorectal cancer |
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- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB112141 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 96710 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 107475 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 73704 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Nath M, Pokharia S, Eng G, Song X, Kumar A: New triorganotin (IV) derivatives of dipeptides as models for metal-protein interactions: synthesis, structural characterization and biological studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2006 Jan;63(1):66-75. Epub 2005 Jun 9. [PubMed:15950528 ]
- Takahashi N, Sato T: Preferential utilization of dipeptides by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Res. 2001 May;80(5):1425-9. [PubMed:11437213 ]
- Yang S, Jia C, Zhu H, Han S: CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism and cervical cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2012 Dec;33(6):2265-72. doi: 10.1007/s13277-012-0488-y. Epub 2012 Sep 5. [PubMed:22948778 ]
- Marco-Pallares J, Nager W, Kramer UM, Cunillera T, Camara E, Cucurell D, Schule R, Schols L, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Munte TF: Neurophysiological markers of novelty processing are modulated by COMT and DRD4 genotypes. Neuroimage. 2010 Nov 15;53(3):962-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.012. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [PubMed:20156565 ]
- Kawashiro K, Ishizaki H, Sugiyama S, Hayashi H: Esterification of N-benzyloxycarbonyldipeptides in ethanol-water with immobilized papain. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1993 Jul;42(3):309-14. [PubMed:18613014 ]
- Qian QJ, Yang L, Wang YF, Zhang HB, Guan LL, Chen Y, Ji N, Liu L, Faraone SV: Gene-gene interaction between COMT and MAOA potentially predicts the intelligence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys in China. Behav Genet. 2010 May;40(3):357-65. doi: 10.1007/s10519-009-9314-8. Epub 2009 Nov 26. [PubMed:19941049 ]
- Pakhomova SA, Korovaitseva GI, Monchakovskaia MIu, Vil'ianov VB, Frolova LP, Kasparov SV, Kolesnichenko EV, Golimbet VE: [Molecular-genetic study of early-onset schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2010;110(2):66-9. [PubMed:20436453 ]
- Kulikova MA, Maluchenko NV, Timofeeva MA, Shlepzova VA, Schegolkova JV, Sysoeva OV, Ivanitsky AM, Tonevitsky AG: Effect of functional catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on physical aggression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008 Jan;145(1):62-4. [PubMed:19024004 ]
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