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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 20:12:01 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:54:26 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0035249
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB35249
Metabolite Identification
Common NameTaraxinic acid glucosyl ester
DescriptionTaraxinic acid glucosyl ester belongs to the class of organic compounds known as germacranolides and derivatives. These are sesquiterpene lactones with a structure based on the germacranolide skeleton, characterized by a gamma lactone fused to a 1,7-dimethylcyclodec-1-ene moiety. Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester.
Structure
Data?1563862688
Synonyms
ValueSource
Taraxinate glucosyl esterGenerator
(-)-Taraxinic acid beta-glucopyranosyl esterHMDB
Taraxinic acid beta-glucopyranosyl esterHMDB
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl 10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-2H,3H,3ah,4H,5H,8H,9H,11ah-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylic acidGenerator
Chemical FormulaC21H28O9
Average Molecular Weight424.4416
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight424.173332494
IUPAC Name3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl 10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-2H,3H,3aH,4H,5H,8H,9H,11aH-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate
Traditional Name3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl 10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3aH,4H,5H,8H,9H,11aH-cyclodeca[b]furan-6-carboxylate
CAS Registry Number75911-14-7
SMILES
C\C1=C\C2OC(=O)C(=C)C2CC\C(=C/CC1)C(=O)OC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H28O9/c1-10-4-3-5-12(6-7-13-11(2)19(26)28-14(13)8-10)20(27)30-21-18(25)17(24)16(23)15(9-22)29-21/h5,8,13-18,21-25H,2-4,6-7,9H2,1H3/b10-8-,12-5+
InChI KeySIOXYUXOHTZOOM-INAGUISBSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as germacranolides and derivatives. These are sesquiterpene lactones with a structure based on the germacranolide skeleton, characterized by a gamma lactone fused to a 1,7-dimethylcyclodec-1-ene moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassTerpene lactones
Direct ParentGermacranolides and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Germacranolide
  • Terpene glycoside
  • Germacrane sesquiterpenoid
  • Sesquiterpenoid
  • Hexose monosaccharide
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Gamma butyrolactone
  • Monosaccharide
  • Oxane
  • Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester
  • Enoate ester
  • Tetrahydrofuran
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Lactone
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Oxacycle
  • Polyol
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Acetal
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point84 - 86 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.84 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.02ALOGPS
logP0.97ChemAxon
logS-2.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.2ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area142.75 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity104.09 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability43.24 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+197.36231661259
DarkChem[M-H]-193.33731661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+200.15730932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-197.79930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-231.23230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+206.44630932474
AllCCS[M+H]+202.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+199.832859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+204.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+204.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-195.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-196.132859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-197.032859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Taraxinic acid glucosyl esterC\C1=C\C2OC(=O)C(=C)C2CC\C(=C/CC1)C(=O)OC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O3864.1Standard polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl esterC\C1=C\C2OC(=O)C(=C)C2CC\C(=C/CC1)C(=O)OC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O3186.4Standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl esterC\C1=C\C2OC(=O)C(=C)C2CC\C(=C/CC1)C(=O)OC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O3463.2Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(O)C3O)CCC123483.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C3O)CCC123489.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123507.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123492.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C3O)CCC123456.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123472.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123453.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123456.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #5C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123457.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TMS,isomer #6C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123472.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123467.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123465.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123464.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123470.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,4TMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C)CCC123475.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(O)C3O)CCC123675.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C3O)CCC123703.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123715.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,1TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC123707.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C3O)CCC123870.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123879.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC123874.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O)CCC123880.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #5C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC123890.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,2TBDMS,isomer #6C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC123891.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O)CCC124072.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TBDMS,isomer #2C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC124077.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TBDMS,isomer #3C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC124067.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,3TBDMS,isomer #4C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC124073.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester,4TBDMS,isomer #1C=C1C(=O)OC2/C=C(/C)CC/C=C(/C(=O)OC3OC(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCC124236.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9314200000-f036712834a8ce29cc0b2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester GC-MS (3 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-004i-3394038000-ac22015b2e50b547b4cc2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03dj-0490300000-afa79b42ed7e008d26b72016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01ot-0790000000-9ddd12e7cf4e5e3f87372016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0005-3950000000-a98741cd15ab763157b72016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03k9-1291400000-bdf07daabf1f44a5c1e92016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03xr-2390100000-428eb5620eceb76a57e22016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0903-7390000000-f4d6cac15200159ff2b82016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004j-0151900000-858a5a4e7e9b4083f7ef2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0f6t-2291100000-b7aea0c2729f6b680d432021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-016s-6491000000-85578ec0da06d4e889122021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-0422900000-23318915ba361ee2f6d82021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0w90-6339200000-f60b6b9b3d77a48d7e822021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-066u-6490100000-a9d6135474914c39dc792021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB013909
KNApSAcK IDC00037887
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound131751687
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID172666
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  2. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  3. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  4. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  5. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
  6. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.