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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 21:13:21 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:54:48 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0036159
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB36159
Metabolite Identification
Common NameToxin T2 tetrol
DescriptionT-2 Tetraol is a type-A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by different Fusarium species, including F. soprotrichioides, F. poae, and F. acuinatum that contaminate feedstuffs and cereal grains (PMID: 11843402 , 31683661 ). T-2 Tetraol shows the highest toxicity in animals compared to other trichothecenes. It contains a tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene ring which is responsible for the high toxicological activity (PMID: 12749813 ). In T-2 Tetraol, a carbonyl group at the C-8 position is substituted by an ester. T-2 Tetraol is resistant to light and temperature, but sensitive to strong acid or alkaline conditions. Some coexisting bacteria or fungi can detoxify T-2 Tetraol by altering its structure. It is associated with a wide range of effects in animals including weight loss, diarrhea, lethargy, low plasma glucose, decreases in blood cell and leukocyte count. damage to cartilaginous tissues, and induction of apoptosis (PMID: 21417259 ).
Structure
Data?1563862830
Synonyms
ValueSource
12,13-Epoxy-trichothec-9-ene-3alpha,4beta,8alpha,15-tetrolHMDB
T 2 Toxin tetraolHMDB
T-2 TetraolHMDB
T-2 Tetraol toxinHMDB
T-2 TetrolHMDB
T2 TetrolHMDB
Toxin T 2 tetraolHMDB
Toxin T 4HMDB
Chemical FormulaC15H22O6
Average Molecular Weight298.3316
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight298.141638436
IUPAC Name2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0²,⁷]dodecan]-5'-ene-4',10',11'-triol
Traditional Name2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0²,⁷]dodecan]-5'-ene-4',10',11'-triol
CAS Registry Number34114-99-3
SMILES
CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C33CO3)C2(CO)CC1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C15H22O6/c1-7-3-9-14(5-16,4-8(7)17)13(2)11(19)10(18)12(21-9)15(13)6-20-15/h3,8-12,16-19H,4-6H2,1-2H3
InChI KeyZAXZBJSXSOISTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as trichothecenes. These are sesquiterpene mycotoxins structurally characterized by the presence of an epoxide ring and a benzopyran derivative with a variant number of hydroxyl, acetyl, or other substituents. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassSesquiterpenoids
Direct ParentTrichothecenes
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Trichothecene skeleton
  • Oxepane
  • Oxane
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Ether
  • Oxirane
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility63.7 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.1ALOGPS
logP-1.7ChemAxon
logS-0.67ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.96ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area102.68 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity72.31 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability29.83 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+168.05431661259
DarkChem[M-H]-162.10631661259
DeepCCS[M-2H]-198.24530932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+173.5930932474
AllCCS[M+H]+170.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+166.832859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+173.132859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+173.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-173.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-173.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-172.832859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Toxin T2 tetrolCC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C33CO3)C2(CO)CC1O3710.6Standard polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrolCC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C33CO3)C2(CO)CC1O2423.2Standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrolCC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C33CO3)C2(CO)CC1O2542.2Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO12561.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO12579.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12529.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12555.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO12569.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12508.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12533.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12525.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #5CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12543.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TMS,isomer #6CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12508.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12520.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12507.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12507.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12517.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,4TMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C)C31CO12503.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO12817.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO12829.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TBDMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12788.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,1TBDMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO12799.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O)C31CO13053.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12974.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO12987.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO12987.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #5CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO12990.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,2TBDMS,isomer #6CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO12957.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O)C31CO13190.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TBDMS,isomer #2CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO13185.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TBDMS,isomer #3CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO13156.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,3TBDMS,isomer #4CC1=CC2OC3C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO13153.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Toxin T2 tetrol,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC1=CC2OC3C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C2(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CC1O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C31CO13362.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0159-1490000000-53ff096ff842ec5461be2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (4 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-6036790000-5989591fe12137f5e80a2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01qa-0090000000-88d5fcda3ac6c65468992016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03e9-0390000000-3cabb2a400b3ca7227842016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-03dl-3970000000-ca01da90e3d464165a722016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-4ac6f016b9a5190078132016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00mk-0390000000-57b74d14b67bf934051f2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0kxs-6900000000-7a4368167137d7db546d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-1c4d4ddbd271d5abc1e32021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01pk-0090000000-0bc76e17dd1cb43969d22021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-014j-3090000000-4969053a42c29c98f0362021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-9cd78077e53667444b462021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-0018323fb1f4d2b47fa92021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Toxin T2 tetrol 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kb-1190000000-30dc506cb8dbff20176a2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-25Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB015012
KNApSAcK IDC00012637
Chemspider ID521016
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound599328
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
  2. Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
  3. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
  4. Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
  5. Mateo JJ, Mateo R, Jimenez M: Accumulation of type A trichothecenes in maize, wheat and rice by Fusarium sporotrichioides isolates under diverse culture conditions. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002 Jan 30;72(1-2):115-23. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00625-0. [PubMed:11843402 ]
  6. Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Burstmayr M, Burstmayr H: Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Oct 31;11(11). pii: toxins11110634. doi: 10.3390/toxins11110634. [PubMed:31683661 ]
  7. Sudakin DL: Trichothecenes in the environment: relevance to human health. Toxicol Lett. 2003 Jul 20;143(2):97-107. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00116-4. [PubMed:12749813 ]
  8. Li Y, Wang Z, Beier RC, Shen J, De Smet D, De Saeger S, Zhang S: T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin: review of toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Apr 27;59(8):3441-53. doi: 10.1021/jf200767q. Epub 2011 Mar 25. [PubMed:21417259 ]
  9. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
  10. Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.