Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2012-09-11 21:55:47 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:55:03 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0036756 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid |
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Description | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as kaurane diterpenoids. These are diterpene alkaloids with a structure that is based on the kaurane skeleton. Kaurane is a tetracyclic compound that arises by cyclisation of a pimarane precursor followed by rearrangement. It possesses a [3,2,1]-bicyclic ring system with C15-C16 bridge connected to C13, forming the five-membered ring D. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid. |
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Structure | CC12CCCC(C)(C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(C1)CCC23)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C20H32O5/c1-18-6-3-7-19(2,17(24)25)15(18)14(22)16(23)20-8-11(4-5-13(18)20)12(9-20)10-21/h11-16,21-23H,3-10H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(ent-6a,7a,16AlphaH)-6,7,17-trihydroxy-19-kauranoate | Generator | (ent-6a,7a,16AlphaH)-6,7,17-trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid | Generator | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16AlphaH)-6,7,17-trihydroxy-19-kauranoate | Generator | (ent-6Α,7α,16alphah)-6,7,17-trihydroxy-19-kauranoate | Generator | (ent-6Α,7α,16alphah)-6,7,17-trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid | Generator | 2,3-Dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C20H32O5 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 352.4651 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 352.224974134 |
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IUPAC Name | 2,3-dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid |
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Traditional Name | 2,3-dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 56064-72-3 |
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SMILES | CC12CCCC(C)(C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(C1)CCC23)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C20H32O5/c1-18-6-3-7-19(2,17(24)25)15(18)14(22)16(23)20-8-11(4-5-13(18)20)12(9-20)10-21/h11-16,21-23H,3-10H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25) |
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InChI Key | FQXFNQBHZJYODR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as kaurane diterpenoids. These are diterpene alkaloids with a structure that is based on the kaurane skeleton. Kaurane is a tetracyclic compound that arises by cyclisation of a pimarane precursor followed by rearrangement. It possesses a [3,2,1]-bicyclic ring system with C15-C16 bridge connected to C13, forming the five-membered ring D. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Diterpenoids |
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Direct Parent | Kaurane diterpenoids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Kaurane diterpenoid
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Not Available |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | | Show more...
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedMetabolite | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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(ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid | CC12CCCC(C)(C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(C1)CCC23)C(O)=O | 2772.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid | CC12CCCC(C)(C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(C1)CCC23)C(O)=O | 2831.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid | CC12CCCC(C)(C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(C1)CCC23)C(O)=O | 3107.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
DerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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(ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3109.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3103.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 3127.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3048.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 2972.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3041.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 3058.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 2955.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #5 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 3056.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TMS,isomer #6 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 3033.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 2943.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 2936.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 2970.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 2920.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,4TMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C)C3 | 2920.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3344.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3341.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3392.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,1TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3320.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3463.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3514.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3541.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3439.5 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #5 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3537.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,2TBDMS,isomer #6 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3548.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CO)C(CCC21)C3 | 3631.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3633.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #3 | CC1(C(=O)O)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3668.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,3TBDMS,isomer #4 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3634.4 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC1(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)CCCC2(C)C1C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C13CC(CCC21)C(CO[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C3 | 3818.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-008i-2948000000-cfa61bd9c75f632da1c6 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid GC-MS (4 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-004i-1011249000-dce997746b7dc7b06d5c | 2017-10-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0f79-0019000000-228ac8907bad784f002c | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00kr-0149000000-d812897831c56df9e301 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-3294000000-3b26920672c3e20dcb1e | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0019000000-3700a0981b32106493cd | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0zpr-0049000000-f14f451861e48bb96f0f | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-004i-2094000000-a9d9a89a82b5513f1fe1 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0009000000-380bcdac41775c30cac2 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0029000000-bd410a1d72124635fcd9 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0uk9-0049000000-faa268b52710d38766b0 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0udi-0009000000-04fec15919a137f4a57e | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-1009-1079000000-647b0af7d7410a8a5f16 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - (ent-6alpha,7alpha,16alphaH)-6,7,17-Trihydroxy-19-kauranoic acid 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0pvr-8579000000-d98eb42e551b9f4c41e0 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane
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Biospecimen Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | None |
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Associated OMIM IDs | None |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB015695 |
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KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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Chemspider ID | 35014236 |
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KEGG Compound ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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METLIN ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound | 131752049 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 175527 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | Not Available |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Simons K, Toomre D: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;1(1):31-9. [PubMed:11413487 ]
- Watson AD: Thematic review series: systems biology approaches to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipidomics: a global approach to lipid analysis in biological systems. J Lipid Res. 2006 Oct;47(10):2101-11. Epub 2006 Aug 10. [PubMed:16902246 ]
- Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig AJ: Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1253-62. Epub 2007 Mar 20. [PubMed:17374880 ]
- Lingwood D, Simons K: Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):46-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1174621. [PubMed:20044567 ]
- (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .
- Gunstone, Frank D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
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