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Showing metabocard for Malonic acid (HMDB0000691)

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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:55:53 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000691
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00691
Metabolite Identification
Common NameMalonic acid
DescriptionMalonic acid, also known as malonate or H2MALO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Malonic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Malonic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, malonic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, malonic acid and acetic acid can be converted into acetoacetic acid; which is mediated by the enzyme fatty acid synthase. Beta ketoacyl synthase domain. In addition, malonic acid and coenzyme A can be biosynthesized from malonyl-CoA through its interaction with the enzyme fatty acid synthase. malonyl/acetyl transferase domain. An Malonic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. In humans, malonic acid is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, Malonic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as red beetroots, corns, scarlet beans, common beets, and cow milks. This could make malonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Malonic acid, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis, combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria, and early preeclampsia; malonic acid has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder malonyl-coa decarboxylase deficiency.
Structure
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MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

  Mrv1652309042000052D          

  7  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    2.0479    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6187    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8103    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  2  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
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3D MOL for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

HMDB0000691
     RDKit          3D
Malonic acid
 11 10  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.7434    1.6322    0.2780 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0764    0.4389    0.0389 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4163    0.1386   -0.1503 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1037   -0.6719   -0.0517 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2864   -0.2021    0.1718 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2023   -1.0621    0.1182 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6448    1.1045    0.4329 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.6976   -0.3940   -0.9816 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1304   -1.1073   -1.0770 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3870   -1.4391    0.7268 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4212    1.5622   -0.0365 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  2  0
  5  7  1  0
  3  8  1  0
  4  9  1  0
  4 10  1  0
  7 11  1  0
M  END
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3D SDF for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

  Mrv1652309042000052D          

  7  6  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    2.0479    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3332    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6187    0.0957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    0.5082    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.8103    0.0957    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0957    1.3333    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  2  0  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000691

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
OC(=O)CC(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)

> <INCHI_KEY>
OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C3H4O4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
104.0615

> <EXACT_MASS>
104.010958616

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
11

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
8.127328970673815

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
propanedioic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-0.60

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-0.3311172683333333

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
0.28

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-2

> <JCHEM_PKA>
5.919487044057661

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
2.4284239631132736

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
74.6

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
18.9878

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
1.97e+02 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
malonic acid

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
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3D-SDF for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

HMDB0000691
     RDKit          3D
Malonic acid
 11 10  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    0.7434    1.6322    0.2780 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0764    0.4389    0.0389 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4163    0.1386   -0.1503 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1037   -0.6719   -0.0517 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.2864   -0.2021    0.1718 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2023   -1.0621    0.1182 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6448    1.1045    0.4329 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.6976   -0.3940   -0.9816 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1304   -1.1073   -1.0770 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3870   -1.4391    0.7268 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.4212    1.5622   -0.0365 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  2  0
  5  7  1  0
  3  8  1  0
  4  9  1  0
  4 10  1  0
  7 11  1  0
M  END
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PDB for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 04-SEP-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   04-SEP-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       3.823   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0       2.489   0.949   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0       2.489   2.489   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0       1.155   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0      -0.179   0.949   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  O   UNK     0      -1.513   0.179   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    7  O   UNK     0      -0.179   2.489   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2                                                            
CONECT    2    1    3    4                                                  
CONECT    3    2                                                            
CONECT    4    2    5                                                       
CONECT    5    4    6    7                                                  
CONECT    6    5                                                            
CONECT    7    5                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    7    0   12    0
END
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3D PDB for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

COMPND    HMDB0000691
HETATM    1  O1  UNL     1       0.743   1.632   0.278  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       1.076   0.439   0.039  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  O2  UNL     1       2.416   0.139  -0.150  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    4  C2  UNL     1       0.104  -0.672  -0.052  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C3  UNL     1      -1.286  -0.202   0.172  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  O3  UNL     1      -2.202  -1.062   0.118  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    7  O4  UNL     1      -1.645   1.104   0.433  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    8  H1  UNL     1       2.698  -0.394  -0.982  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    9  H2  UNL     1       0.130  -1.107  -1.077  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   10  H3  UNL     1       0.387  -1.439   0.727  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   11  H4  UNL     1      -2.421   1.562  -0.037  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    2
CONECT    2    3    4
CONECT    3    8
CONECT    4    5    9   10
CONECT    5    6    6    7
CONECT    7   11
END
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SMILES for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

OC(=O)CC(O)=O
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INCHI for HMDB0000691 (Malonic acid)

InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
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View in JSmolView NMR AssignmentsView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC3H4O4
Average Molecular Weight104.0615
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight104.010958616
IUPAC Namepropanedioic acid
Traditional Namemalonic acid
CAS Registry Number141-82-2
SMILES
OC(=O)CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C3H4O4/c4-2(5)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,4,5)(H,6,7)
InChI KeyOFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentDicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 1,3-dicarbonyl compound
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Industrial applicationBiological role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point135 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility763 mg/mLNot Available
LogP-0.81HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Kidney
  • Liver
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Early preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
  2. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
  3. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
  4. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency
  1. Polinati PP, Valanne L, Tyni T: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency: long-term follow-up of a patient new clinical features and novel mutations. Brain Dev. 2015 Jan;37(1):107-13. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 Mar 7. [PubMed:24613099 ]
  2. Haan EA, Scholem RD, Croll HB, Brown GK: Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency. Clinical and biochemical findings in a second child with a more severe enzyme defect. Eur J Pediatr. 1986 Apr;144(6):567-70. [PubMed:3709568 ]
  3. Yano S, Sweetman L, Thorburn DR, Mofidi S, Williams JC: A new case of malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency presenting with cardiomyopathy. Eur J Pediatr. 1997 May;156(5):382-3. [PubMed:9177981 ]
  4. Matalon R, Michaels K, Kaul R, Whitman V, Rodriguez-Novo J, Goodman S, Thorburn D: Malonic aciduria and cardiomyopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(3):571-3. [PubMed:7609455 ]
  5. G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
Colorectal cancer
  1. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  2. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  3. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria
  1. Sloan JL, Johnston JJ, Manoli I, Chandler RJ, Krause C, Carrillo-Carrasco N, Chandrasekaran SD, Sysol JR, O'Brien K, Hauser NS, Sapp JC, Dorward HM, Huizing M, Barshop BA, Berry SA, James PM, Champaigne NL, de Lonlay P, Valayannopoulos V, Geschwind MD, Gavrilov DK, Nyhan WL, Biesecker LG, Venditti CP: Exome sequencing identifies ACSF3 as a cause of combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria. Nat Genet. 2011 Aug 14;43(9):883-6. doi: 10.1038/ng.908. [PubMed:21841779 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
  • 248360 (Malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency)
  • 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
  • 610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)
  • 614265 (Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria)
DrugBank IDDB02175
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB008117
KNApSAcK IDC00001193
Chemspider ID844
KEGG Compound IDC04025
BioCyc IDMALONATE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkMalonic_acid
METLIN ID3237
PubChem Compound867
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID30794
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDHC00319
MarkerDB IDMDB00000220
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceBehr, Arno; Botulinski, Andreas; Carduck, Franz Josef; Schneider, Michael. Process for preparation of malonic acid. Ger. Offen. (1992), 4 pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Ohdoi C, Nyhan WL, Kuhara T: Chemical diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 15;792(1):123-30. [PubMed:12829005 ]
  2. Yano S, Sweetman L, Thorburn DR, Mofidi S, Williams JC: A new case of malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency presenting with cardiomyopathy. Eur J Pediatr. 1997 May;156(5):382-3. [PubMed:9177981 ]
  3. Belgorodsky B, Fadeev L, Ittah V, Benyamini H, Zelner S, Huppert D, Kotlyar AB, Gozin M: Formation and characterization of stable human serum albumin-tris-malonic acid [C60]fullerene complex. Bioconjug Chem. 2005 Sep-Oct;16(5):1058-62. [PubMed:16173780 ]
  4. Buyukgebiz B, Jakobs C, Scholte HR, Huijmans JG, Kleijer WJ: Fatal neonatal malonic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998 Feb;21(1):76-7. [PubMed:9501274 ]
  5. Haan EA, Scholem RD, Croll HB, Brown GK: Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency. Clinical and biochemical findings in a second child with a more severe enzyme defect. Eur J Pediatr. 1986 Apr;144(6):567-70. [PubMed:3709568 ]
  6. Pollitt RJ, Fowler B, Sardharwalla IB, Edwards MA, Gray RG: Increased excretion of propan-1,3-diol and 3-hydroxypropionic acid apparently caused by abnormal bacterial metabolism in the gut. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Nov 16;169(2-3):151-7. [PubMed:3427776 ]
  7. Honda A, Yamashita K, Ikegami T, Hara T, Miyazaki T, Hirayama T, Numazawa M, Matsuzaki Y: Highly sensitive quantification of serum malonate, a possible marker for de novo lipogenesis, by LC-ESI-MS/MS. J Lipid Res. 2009 Oct;50(10):2124-30. doi: 10.1194/jlr.D800054-JLR200. Epub 2009 Apr 29. [PubMed:19403942 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine.
Gene Name:
ABAT
Uniprot ID:
P80404
Molecular weight:
56438.405
Enzyme Details
2. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
Reactions
Malonic acid → 6-[(2-carboxyacetyl)oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic aciddetails
Malonic acid → 2-(6-carboxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)propanedioic aciddetails
Enzyme Details
3. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src
General function:
Involved in protein kinase activity
Specific function:
ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate
Gene Name:
SRC
Uniprot ID:
P12931
Molecular weight:
59834.3
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]