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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:44:44 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000693
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00693
Metabolite Identification
Common NameHeparan sulfate
DescriptionHeparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide that belongs to the class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (PMID: 24146040 ). It is found in all animal tissues and consists of repeating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid, and closely related in structure to heparin. It occurs as a proteoglycan (HSPG) in which two or three HS chains are attached to either cell surface components or the extracellular matrix (ECM), where they serve to reinforce cell adhesion (PMID: 27241222 ). HS synthesis starts with the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose by the enzyme known as xylosyltransferase (XT) to specific serine residues within the protein core. Attachment of two galactose (Gal) residues by galactosyltransferases I and II (GalTI and GalTII) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) by the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase I (GlcATI) completes the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker. After attachment of the first N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue by the enzyme known as GalNAc Transferase I (GalNAcT-I), elongation of the tetrasaccharide linker is continued by the stepwise addition of GlcA and GlcNAc residues. These are transferred from their respective UDP-sugar nucleotides. HS functions through binding to a variety of protein ligands including interferon gamma, Wnt, antithrombin III, interleukin 8, fibroblast growth factor, endostatin and others. HS thereby regulates a wide range of developmental signaling pathways such as the Wnt, Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-β, and fibroblast growth factor pathways (PMID: 15563523 ). Heparan sulfate plays a role in a number of biological activities, including developmental processes, angiogenesis, blood coagulation, abolishing detachment activity by GrB (Granzyme B) and tumour metastasis.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC14H25NO21S3
Average Molecular Weight639.52
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight639.008120351
IUPAC Name(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-5-[(sulfooxy)amino]-2-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy}-3-methoxy-5-(sulfooxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid
Traditional Name(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-5-[(sulfooxy)amino]-2-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy}-3-methoxy-5-(sulfooxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid
CAS Registry Number9050-30-0
SMILES
CO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@H](OC)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1NOS(O)(=O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C14H25NO21S3/c1-29-9-7(17)10(35-38(23,24)25)14(34-11(9)12(18)19)33-8-4(3-31-37(20,21)22)32-13(30-2)5(6(8)16)15-36-39(26,27)28/h4-11,13-17H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,18,19)(H,20,21,22)(H,23,24,25)(H,26,27,28)/t4-,5-,6-,7+,8-,9+,10-,11-,13+,14+/m0/s1
InChI KeyAUQASCCBXZRMEG-RHKLHVFKSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as disaccharide sulfates. These are disaccharides carrying one or more sulfate group on a sugar unit.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentDisaccharide sulfates
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Disaccharide sulfate
  • 1-o-glucuronide
  • O-glucuronide
  • Glucuronic acid or derivatives
  • Glycosyl compound
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Sulfuric acid ester
  • Alkyl sulfate
  • Sulfate-ester
  • Sulfuric acid monoester
  • Pyran
  • Oxane
  • Organic sulfuric acid or derivatives
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Acetal
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Ether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Epidermis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Spleen
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.5 (0.0-1.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified54.10 +/- 9.70 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified2.6 (1.4-6.1) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothLiver disease with gastrointestinal bleeding details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Liver disease
  1. McKee RF, Hodson S, Dawes J, Garden OJ, Carter DC: Plasma concentrations of endogenous heparinoids in portal hypertension. Gut. 1992 Nov;33(11):1549-52. [PubMed:1452082 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022184
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID74854259
KEGG Compound IDC00925
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkHeparan sulfate
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound53477715
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDHS
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceMeier, Bernd Horst; Meier, Nele. Manufacture and use of modified adducts of polysaccharides and chitosan or chitin and a process to improve the preparation of polysaccharide-drug conjugates. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 67pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2007122269 A1 20071101 CAN 147:487869 AN 2007:1237349
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 13 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as estriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol) and xenobiotics (such as 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-aminophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and menthol). It is capable of 6 alpha-hydroxyglucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid.
Gene Name:
UGT2B4
Uniprot ID:
P06133
Molecular weight:
60512.035
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate.
Gene Name:
UGT1A4
Uniprot ID:
P22310
Molecular weight:
60024.535
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites. Is also active with androsterone, hyodeoxycholic acid and tetrachlorocatechol (in vitro).
Gene Name:
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID:
P16662
Molecular weight:
60720.15
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
Gene Name:
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID:
O60656
Molecular weight:
59940.495
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
Gene Name:
UGT1A6
Uniprot ID:
P19224
Molecular weight:
60750.215
General function:
Involved in galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis. Involved in forming the linkage tetrasaccharide present in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Transfers a glucuronic acid moiety from the uridine diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) to the common linkage region trisaccharide Gal-beta-1,3-Gal-beta-1,4-Xyl covalently bound to a Ser residue at the glycosaminylglycan attachment site of proteoglycans. Can also play a role in the biosynthesis of l2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on glycoproteins. Shows strict specificity for Gal-beta-1,3-Gal-beta-1,4-Xyl, exhibiting negligible incorporation into other galactoside substrates including Galbeta1-3Gal beta1-O-benzyl, Galbeta1-4GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4Glc.
Gene Name:
B3GAT3
Uniprot ID:
O94766
Molecular weight:
37121.52
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
Gene Name:
IDS
Uniprot ID:
P22304
Molecular weight:
Not Available
General function:
Involved in cell adhesion
Specific function:
The LG3 peptide has anti-angiogenic properties that require binding of calcium ions for full activity
Gene Name:
HSPG2
Uniprot ID:
P98160
Molecular weight:
468794.4
General function:
Involved in cytoskeletal protein binding
Specific function:
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate and that links the cytoskeleton to the interstitial matrix
Gene Name:
SDC1
Uniprot ID:
P18827
Molecular weight:
32461.4

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 13 proteins in total.