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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for L-Methionine (HMDB00696)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2010-03-10 12:54:55
Accession Number HMDB00696
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name L-Methionine
Description Methionine is a dietary indispensable amino acid required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, it is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyl transferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is also required for synthesis of cysteine. Methionine is accepted as the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine. (PMID 16702340) The adequacy range of dietary requirements of specific amino acids in disease states is difficult to determine. Requirements may not be similar in disease with regard to protein synthesis. Requirements for this purpose can be assessed only when such a function can be measured and related to clinical outcome. There is apparent consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethionemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimal recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g., acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established.(PMID 16702341) Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. A "loading dose" of methionine (0.1 g/kg) has been given, and the resultant acute increase in plasma homocysteine has been used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Although this procedure results in vascular dysfunction, this is acute and unlikely to result in permanent damage. However, a 10-fold larger dose, given mistakenly, resulted in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times normal resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid. In infants, methionine intakes of 2 to 5 times normal resulted in impaired growth and extremely high plasma methionine levels, but no adverse long-term consequences were observed. (PMID 16702346)
Synonyms
  1. (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
  2. (S)-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoate
  3. (S)-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid
  4. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)-Butanoate
  5. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)-Butanoic acid
  6. (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  7. (l)-methionine
  8. (s)-(+)-methionine
  9. (s)-methionine
  10. 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyrate
  11. 2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  12. 2-Amino-4-methylthiobutanoic acid
  13. A-amino-g-methylmercaptobutyrate
  14. A-amino-g-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  15. Acimethin
  16. Alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  17. Cymethion
  18. G-methylthio-a-aminobutyrate
  19. G-methylthio-a-aminobutyric acid
  20. H-met-h
  21. H-met-oh
  22. L(-)-amino-alpha-amino-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  23. L(-)-amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid
  24. L-(-)-methionine
  25. L-2-Amino-4methylthiobutyric acid
  26. L-Methionine
  27. L-a-amino-g-methylthiobutyrate
  28. L-a-amino-g-methylthiobutyric acid
  29. L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
  30. L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylthiobutyric acid
  31. L-gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  32. L-methionin
  33. L-methioninum
  34. Liquimeth
  35. MET
  36. Mepron
  37. Methilanin
  38. Methionine
  39. Methioninum
  40. Metionina
  41. Neo-methidin
  42. Poly-l-methionine
  43. Polymethionine
  44. S-methionine
  45. S-methyl-l-homocysteine
  46. Toxin WAR
  47. alpha-amino-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  48. gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid
  49. l-2-Amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
  50. alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyrate
  51. gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyrate
  52. L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylthiobutyrate
  53. (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate
  54. 2-Amino-4-methylthiobutanoate
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanyl-butanoic acid
Chemical Formula C5H11NO2S
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • thioether
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • carboxylic acid
  • alpha-aminoacid
Biofunction
  • Essential amino acids
  • Component of Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
  • Component of Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
  • Component of Histidine metabolism
  • Component of Methionine metabolism
  • Component of Selenoamino acid metabolism
  • Component of Tyrosine metabolism
Application
—
Source
  • Exogenous
Average Molecular Weight 149.211
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 149.051056
Isomeric SMILES CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CSCCC(N)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C00073 Link Image
BioCyc ID MET Link Image
BiGG ID 33753 Link Image
Wikipedia Link MET Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00696 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00696 Link Image
METLIN ID 5664 Link Image
PubChem Compound 6137 Link Image
PubChem Substance 10317509 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16811 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 63-68-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Boy, Matthias; Klein, Daniela; Schroeder, Hartwig. Method for the production and recovery of methionine. PCT Int. Appl. (2005), 34 pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) 284 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 56.6 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]; 56.6 mg/mL at 25 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 23.900002 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.87 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.85 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -1.9 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1C21 Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • Extracellular
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Fibroblasts —
Muscle —
Pancreas —
Spleen —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 25.0 (21.0-29.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 35.0 +/- 5.0 uM
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 27.0 +/- 5.0 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 32.0 +/- 6.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 27.0 +/- 5.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 20.00 (10.00-30.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 1.9 +/- 0.7 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 4.07 (3.00-5.14) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 6.1 +/- 3.1 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 4.3 +/- 2.5 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 5 +/- 4 uM
Age N/A
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Wishart DS, Lewis MJ, Morrissey JA, Flegel MD, Jeroncic K, Xiong Y, Cheng D, Eisner R, Gautam B, Tzur D, Sawhney S, Bamforth F, Greiner R, Li L: The human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Aug 15;871(2):164-173. Epub 2008 May 8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 2.9 +/- 0.69 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 2.303 (0.658-3.947) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Doctor's Data
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.065 (0.0-0.13) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.611 +/- 0.45 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 1.3 +/- 0.97 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 1.12 +/- 0.97 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 1.21 +/- 1.20 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Infant:0-1 yr old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 1.0 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guo K, Li L: Differential (12)C-/(13)C-Isotope Dansylation Labeling and Fast Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Absolute and Relative Quantification of the Metabolome. Anal Chem. 2009 Mar 23. [PubMed Link Image]
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 17.8 (17.0-18.6) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Epilepsy
Comments Acute seizures (0.1, 9.3) 2-6 years:
References
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 415.0 +/- 7.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Heart failure
Comments Non-diabetic patients with chronic heart failure
References
  • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 750.0 (500.00-1000.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 9.00 (0.00-18.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Homocystinuria
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 775.00 (250.00-1300.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Blood
Value 518.5 (37.00-1000.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 6.0 +/- 5.3 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 3.5 +/- 0.4 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central Nervous System (CNS) disease
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 2.7 +/- 0.67 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Abnormal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Zollinger M, Gutteck-Amsler U, Cuenod M, Holsboer F: gamma-Glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2652-62. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Epilepsy
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Heart failure
  • Norrelund H, Wiggers H, Halbirk M, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Botker HE, Schmitz O, Jorgensen JO, Christiansen JS, Moller N: Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failure. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):11-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Homocystinuria
Leukemia
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Betaine Metabolism SMP00123 Link Image map00260 Link Image
Glycine and Serine Metabolism SMP00004 Link Image map00260 Link Image
Methionine Metabolism SMP00033 Link Image map00270 Link Image
Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis SMP00445 Link Image
Transcription/Translation SMP00019 Link Image
General References
  1. Alme B, Bremmelgaard A, Sjovall J, Thomassen P: Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatorgaphy-mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res. 1977 May;18(3):339-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sardharwalla IB, Fowler B, Robins AJ, Komrower GM: Detection of heterozygotes for homocystinuria. Study of sulphur-containing amino acids in plasma and urine after L-methionine loading. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Jul;49(7):553-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Alton KB, Hernandez A, Alvarez N, Patrick JE: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-[2(S)-(mercaptomethyl)-3-(2-methylphenyl)-1-oxopropyl]-L-methionine, the active plasma metabolite of a prodrug atriopeptidase inhibitor (SCH 42495), using a thiol selective (Au/Hg) amperometric detector. J Chromatogr. 1992 Sep 2;579(2):307-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Fischer JL, Lancia JK, Mathur A, Smith ML: Selenium protection from DNA damage involves a Ref1/p53/Brca1 protein complex. Anticancer Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2A):899-904. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Kersemans V, Cornelissen B, Kersemans K, Bauwens M, Achten E, Dierckx RA, Mertens J, Slegers G: In vivo characterization of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine in an R1M rhabdomyosarcoma athymic mouse model as a potential tumor tracer for SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2005 Mar;46(3):532-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Ditscheid B, Funfstuck R, Busch M, Schubert R, Gerth J, Jahreis G: Effect of L-methionine supplementation on plasma homocysteine and other free amino acids: a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;59(6):768-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Hesse A, Heimbach D: Causes of phosphate stone formation and the importance of metaphylaxis by urinary acidification: a review. World J Urol. 1999 Oct;17(5):308-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Harth G, Horwitz MA: Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase as a novel antibiotic strategy against tuberculosis: demonstration of efficacy in vivo. Infect Immun. 2003 Jan;71(1):456-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Takasu A, Shimosegawa T, Shimosegawa E, Hatazawa J, Kimura K, Fujita M, Koizumi M, Kanno I, Toyota T: 11C-methionine uptake to the pancreas and its secretion: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Pancreas. 1999 May;18(4):392-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Methionine synthase
  2. Tyrosine aminotransferase
  3. S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2
  4. Arsenite methyltransferase
  5. Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase
  6. S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1
  7. Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
  8. Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
  9. Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5392
Enzyme 1 Name Methionine synthase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-- homocysteine methyltransferase
  2. Methionine synthase, vitamin-B12 dependent
  3. MS
Enzyme 1 Gene Name MTR
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Methionine synthase 
MSPALQDLSQPEGLKKTLRDEINAILQKRIMVLDGGMGTMIQREKLNEEHFRGQEFKDHA
RPLKGNNDILSITQPDVIYQIHKEYLLAGADIIETNTFSSTSIAQADYGLEHLAYRMNMC
SAGVARKAAEEVTLQTGIKRFVAGALGPTNKTLSVSPSVERPDYRNITFDELVEAYQEQA
KGLLDGGVDILLIETIFDTANAKAALFALQNLFEEKYAPRPIFISGTIVDKSGRTLSGQT
GEGFVISVSHGEPLCIGLNCALGAAEMRPFIEIIGKCTTAYVLCYPNAGLPNTFGDYDET
PSMMAKHLKDFAMDGLVNIVGGCCGSTPDHIREIAEAVKNCKPRVPPATAFEGHMLLSGL
EPFRIGPYTNFVNIGERCNVAGSRKFAKLIMAGNYEEALCVAKVQVEMGAQVLDVNMDDG
MLDGPSAMTRFCNLIASEPDIAKVPLCIDSSNFAVIEAGLKCCQGKCIVNSISLKEGEDD
FLEKARKIKKYGAAMVVMAFDEEGQATETDTKIRVCTRAYHLLVKKLGFNPNDIIFDPNI
LTIGTGMEEHNLYAINFIHATKVIKETLPGARISGGLSNLSFSFRGMEAIREAMHGVFLY
HAIKSGMDMGIVNAGNLPVYDDIHKELLQLCEDLIWNKDPEATEKLLRYAQTQGTGGKKV
IQTDEWRNGPVEERLEYALVKGIEKHIIEDTEEARLNQKKYPRPLNIIEGPLMNGMKIVG
DLFGAGKMFLPQVIKSARVMKKAVGHLIPFMEKEREETRVLNGTVEEEDPYQGTIVLATV
KGDVHDIGKNIVGVVLGCNNFRVIDLGVMTPCDKILKAALDHKADIIGLSGLITPSLDEM
IFVAKEMERLAIRIPLLIGGATTSKTHTAVKIAPRYSAPVIHVLDASKSVVVCSQLLDEN
LKDEYFEEIMEEYEDIRQDHYESLKERRYLPLSQARKSGFQMDWLSEPHPVKPTFIGTQV
FEDYDLQKLVDYIDWKPFFDVWQLRGKYPNRGFPKIFNDKTVGGEARKVYDDAHNMLNTL
ISQKKLRARGVVGFWPAQSIQDDIHLYAEAAVPQAAEPIATFYGLRQQAEKDSASTEPYY
CLSDFIAPLHSGIRDYLGLFAVACFGVEELSKAYEDDGDDYSSIMVKALGDRLAEAFAEE
LHERVRRELWAYCGSEQLDVADLRRLRYKGIRPAPGYPSQPDHTEKLTMWRLADIEQSTG
IRLTESLAMAPASAVSGLYFSNLKSKYFAVGKISKDQVEDYALRKNISVAEVEKWLGPIL
GYDTD
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 1265
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 140529
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 5.27
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • S-methyltransferase activity
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • cation binding
  • cobalamin binding
  • cobalt ion binding
  • dihydropteroate synthase activity
  • homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • ion binding
  • methionine synthase activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
  • transition metal ion binding
  • vitamin binding
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • aromatic compound metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • folic acid and derivative biosynthesis
  • folic acid and derivative metabolism
  • metabolism
  • methionine biosynthesis
  • physiological process
  • sulfur amino acid biosynthesis
  • sulfur amino acid metabolism
Component
  • cell
  • intracellular
Enzyme 1 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyl- cobalamin to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine. Subsequently, remethylates the cofactor using methyltetrahydrofolate
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 1923221 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q99707 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name METH_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >3798 bp 
ATGTCACCCGCGCTCCAAGACCTGTCGCAACCCGAAGGTCTGAAGAAAACCCTGCGGGAT
GAGATCAATGCCATTCTGCAGAAGAGGATTATGGTGCTGGATGGAGGGATGGGGACCATG
ATCCAGCGGGAGAAGCTAAACGAAGAACACTTCCGAGGTCAGGAATTTAAAGATCATGCC
AGGCCGCTGAAAGGCAACAATGACATTTTAAGTATAACTCAGCCTGATGTCATTTACCAA
ATCCATAAGGAATACTTGCTGGCTGGGGCAGATATCATTGAAACAAATACTTTTAGCAGC
ACTAGTATTGCCCAAGCTGACTATGGCCTTGAACACTTGGCCTACCGGATGAACATGTGC
TCTGCAGGAGTGGCCAGAAAAGCTGCCGAGGAGGTAACTCTCCAGACAGGAATTAAGAGG
TTTGTGGCAGGGGCTCTGGGTCCGACTAATAAGACACTCTCTGTGTCCCCATCTGTGGAA
AGGCCGGATTATAGGAACATCACATTTGATGAGCTTGTTGAAGCATACCAAGAGCAGGCC
AAAGGACTTCTGGATGGCGGGGTTGATATCTTACTCATTGAAACTATTTTTGATACTGCC
AATGCCAAGGCAGCCTTGTTTGCACTCCAAAATCTTTTTGAGGAGAAATATGCTCCCCGG
CCTATCTTTATTTCAGGGACGATCGTTGATAAAAGTGGGCGGACTCTTTCCGGACAGACA
GGAGAGGGATTTGTCATCAGCGTGTCTCATGGAGAACCACTCTGCATTGGATTAAATTGT
GCTTTGGGTGCAGCTGAGATGAGACCTTTTATTGAAATAATTGGAAAATGTACAACAGCC
TATGTCCTCTGTTATCCCAATGCAGGTCTTCCCAACACCTTTGGTGACTATGATGAAACG
CCTTCTATGATGGCCAAGCACCTAAAGGATTTTGCTATGGATGGCTTGGTCAATATAGTT
GGAGGATGCTGTGGGTCAACACCAGATCATATCAGGGAAATTGCTGAAGCTGTGAAAAAT
TGTAAGCCTAGAGTTCCACCTGCCACTGCTTTTGAAGGACATATGTTACTGTCTGGTCTA
GAGCCCTTCAGGATTGGACCGTACACCAACTTTGTTAACATTGGAGAGCGCTGTAATGTT
GCAGGATCAAGGAAGTTTGCTAAACTCATCATGGCAGGAAACTATGAAGAAGCCTTGTGT
GTTGCCAAAGTGCAGGTGGAAATGGGAGCCCAGGTGTTGGATGTCAACATGGATGATGGC
ATGCTAGATGGTCCAAGTGCAATGACCAGATTTTGCAACTTAATTGCTTCCGAGCCAGAC
ATCGCAAAGGTACCTTTGTGCATCGACTCCTCCAATTTTGCTGTGATTGAAGCTGGGTTA
AAGTGCTGCCAAGGGAAGTGCATTGTCAATAGCATTAGTCTGAAGGAAGGAGAGGACGAC
TTCTTGGAGAAGGCCAGGAAGATTAAAAAGTATGGAGCTGCTATGGTGGTCATGGCTTTT
GATGAAGAAGGACAGGCAACAGAAACAGACACAAAAATCAGAGTGTGCACCCGGGCCTAC
CATCTGCTTGTGAAAAAACTGGGCTTTAATCCAAATGACATTATTTTTGACCCTAATATC
CTAACCATTGGGACTGGAATGGAGGAACACAACTTGTATGCCATTAATTTTATCCATGCA
ACAAAAGTCATTAAAGAAACATTACCTGGAGCCAGAATAAGTGGAGGTCTTTCCAACTTG
TCCTTCTCCTTCCGAGGAATGGAAGCCATTCGAGAAGCAATGCATGGGGTTTTCCTTTAC
CATGCAATCAAGTCTGGCATGGACATGGGGATAGTGAATGCTGGAAACCTCCCTGTGTAT
GATGATATCCATAAGGAACTTCTGCAGCTCTGTGAAGATCTCATCTGGAATAAAGACCCT
GAGGCCACTGAGAAGCTCTTACGTTATGCCCAGACTCAAGGCACAGGAGGGAAGAAAGTC
ATTCAGACTGATGAGTGGAGAAATGGCCCTGTCGAAGAACGCCTTGAGTATGCCCTTGTG
AAGGGCATTGAAAAACATATTATTGAGGATACTGAGGAAGCCAGGTTAAACCAAAAAAAA
TATCCCCGACCTCTCAATATAATTGAAGGACCCCTGATGAATGGAATGAAAATTGTTGGT
GATCTTTTTGGAGCTGGAAAAATGTTTCTACCTCAGGTTATAAAGTCAGCCCGGGTTATG
AAGAAGGCTGTTGGCCACCTTATCCCTTTCATGGAAAAAGAAAGAGAAGAAACCAGAGTG
CTTAACGGCACAGTAGAAGAAGAGGACCCTTACCAGGGCACCATCGTGCTGGCCACTGTT
AAAGGCGACGTGCACGACATAGGCAAGAACATAGTTGGAGTAGTCCTTGGCTGCAATAAT
TTCCGAGTTATTGATTTAGGAGTCATGACTCCATGTGATAAGATACTGAAAGCTGCTCTT
GACCACAAAGCAGATATAATTGGCCTGTCAGGACTCATCACTCCTTCCCTGGATGAAATG
ATTTTTGTTGCCAAGGAAATGGAGAGATTAGCTATAAGGATTCCATTGTTGATTGGAGGA
GCAACCACTTCAAAAACCCACACAGCAGTTAAAATAGCTCCGAGATACAGTGCACCTGTA
ATCCATGTCCTGGACGCGTCCAAGAGTGTGGTGGTGTGTTCCCAGCTGTTAGATGAAAAT
CTAAAGGATGAATACTTTGAGGAAATCATGGAAGAATATGAAGATATTAGACAGGACCAT
TATGAGTCTCTCAAGGAGAGGAGATACTTACCCTTAAGTCAAGCCAGAAAAAGTGGTTTC
CAAATGGATTGGCTGTCTGAACCTCACCCAGTGAAGCCCACGTTTATTGGGACCCAGGTC
TTTGAAGACTATGACCTGCAGAAGCTGGTGGACTACATTGACTGGAAGCCTTTCTTTGAT
GTCTGGCAGCTCCGGGGCAAGTACCCGAATCGAGGCTTCCCCAAGATATTTAACGACAAA
ACAGTAGGTGGAGAGGCCAGGAAGGTCTACGATGATGCCCACAATATGCTGAACACACTG
ATTAGTCAAAAGAAACTCCGGGCCCGGGGTGTGGTTGGGTTCTGGCCAGCACAGAGTATC
CAAGACGACATTCACCTGTACGCAGAGGCTGCTGTGCCCCAGGCTGCAGAGCCCATAGCC
ACTTTCTATGGGTTAAGGCAACAGGCTGAGAAGGACTCTGCCAGCACGGAGCCATACTAC
TGCCTCTCAGACTTCATCGCTCCCTTGCATTCTGGCATCCGTGACTACCTGGGCCTGTTT
GCCGTTGCCTGCTTTGGGGTAGAAGAGCTGAGCAAGGCCTATGAGGATGATGGTGACGAC
TACAGCAGCATCATGGTCAAGGCGCTGGGGGACCGGCTGGCAGAGGCCTTTGCAGAAGAG
CTCCATGAAAGAGTTCGCCGAGAACTGTGGGCCTACTGTGGCAGTGAGCAGCTGGACGTC
GCAGACCTGCGAAGGTTGCGGTACAAGGGCATCCGCCCGGCTCCTGGCTACCCCAGCCAG
CCCGACCACACCGAGAAGCTCACCATGTGGAGACTCGCAGACATCGAGCAGTCTACAGGC
ATTAGGTTAACAGAATCATTAGCAATGGCACCTGCTTCAGCAGTCTCAGGCCTCTACTTC
TCCAATTTGAAGTCCAAATATTTTGCTGTGGGGAAGATTTCCAAGGATCAGGTTGAGGAT
TATGCATTGAGGAAGAACATATCTGTGGCTGAGGTTGAGAAATGGCTTGGACCCATTTTG
GGATATGATACAGACTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID U71285 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID MTR Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID MTR Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:7468 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 1 Locus 1q43
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Leclerc D, Campeau E, Goyette P, Adjalla CE, Christensen B, Ross M, Eydoux P, Rosenblatt DS, Rozen R, Gravel RA: Human methionine synthase: cDNA cloning and identification of mutations in patients of the cblG complementation group of folate/cobalamin disorders. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Dec;5(12):1867-74. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Li YN, Gulati S, Baker PJ, Brody LC, Banerjee R, Kruger WD: Cloning, mapping and RNA analysis of the human methionine synthase gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Dec;5(12):1851-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chen LH, Liu ML, Hwang HY, Chen LS, Korenberg J, Shane B: Human methionine synthase. cDNA cloning, gene localization, and expression. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 7;272(6):3628-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Gulati S, Baker P, Li YN, Fowler B, Kruger W, Brody LC, Banerjee R: Defects in human methionine synthase in cblG patients. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Dec;5(12):1859-65. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5509
Enzyme 2 Name Tyrosine aminotransferase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. TAT
Enzyme 2 Gene Name TAT
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Tyrosine aminotransferase 
MDPYMIQMSSKGNLPSILDVHVNVGGRSSVPGKMKGRKARWSVRPSDMAKKTFNPIRAIV
DNMKVKPNPNKTMISLSIGDPTVFGNLPTDPEVTQAMKDALDSGKYNGYAPSIGFLSSRE
EIASYYHCPEAPLEAKDVILTSGCSQAIDLCLAVLANPGQNILVPRPGFSLYKTLAESMG
IEVKLYNLLPEKSWEIDLKQLEYLIDEKTACLIVNNPSNPCGSVFSKRHLQKILAVAARQ
CVPILADEIYGDMVFSDCKYEPLATLSTDVPILSCGGLAKRWLVPGWRLGWILIHDRRDI
FGNEIRDGLVKLSQRILGPCTIVQGALKSILCRTPGEFYHNTLSFLKSNADLCYGALAAI
PGLRPVRPSGAMYLMVGIEMEHFPEFENDVEFTERLVAEQSVHCLPATCFEYPNFIRVVI
TVPEVMMLEACSRIQEFCEQHYHCAEGSQEECDK
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 454
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 50400
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.24
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity
  • binding
  • carbon-sulfur lyase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • lyase activity
  • pyridoxal phosphate binding
  • transaminase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
  • tyrosine transaminase activity
  • vitamin binding
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid catabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • aromatic amino acid family catabolism
  • aromatic amino acid family metabolism
  • biosynthesis
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4- hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 36713 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P17735 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ATTY_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1365 bp 
ATGGACCCATACATGATTCAGATGAGCAGCAAAGGCAACCTCCCCTCAATTCTGGACGTG
CATGTCAACGTTGGTGGGAGAAGCTCTGTGCCGGGAAAAATGAAAGGCAGAAAGGCCAGG
TGGTCTGTGAGGCCCTCAGACATGGCCAAGAAAACTTTCAACCCCATCCGAGCCATTGTG
GACAACATGAAGGTGAAACCAAATCCAAACAAAACCATGATTTCCCTGTCCATTGGGGAC
CCTACTGTGTTTGGAAACCTGCCTACAGACCCTGAAGTTACCCAGGCAATGAAAGATGCC
CTGGACTCGGGCAAATATAATGGCTATGCCCCATCCATCGGCTTCCTATCCAGTCGGGAG
GAGATTGCTTCTTATTACCACTGTCCTGAGGCACCCCTAGAAGCTAAGGACGTCATTCTG
ACAAGTGGCTGCAGCCAAGCTATTGACCTTTGTTTAGCTGTGTTGGCCAACCCAGGGCAG
AACATCCTGGTTCCAAGACCTGGTTTCTCTCTCTACAAGACTCTGGCTGAGTCTATGGGA
ATTGAGGTCAAACTCTACAATTTGTTGCCAGAGAAATCTTGGGAAATTGACCTGAAACAA
CTGGAATATCTAATTGATGAAAAGACAGCTTGTCTCATTGTCAATAATCCATCAAACCCC
TGTGGGTCAGTGTTCAGCAAACGTCATCTTCAGAAGATTCTGGCAGTGGCTGCACGGCAG
TGTGTCCCCATCTTAGCTGATGAGATCTATGGAGACATGGTGTTTTCGGATTGCAAATAT
GAACCACTGGCCACCCTCAGCACCGATGTCCCCATCCTGTCCTGTGGAGGGCTGGCCAAG
CGCTGGCTGGTTCCTGGCTGGAGGTTGGGCTGGATCCTCATTCATGACCGAAGAGACATT
TTTGGCAATGAGATCCGAGATGGGCTGGTGAAGCTGAGTCAGCGCATTTTGGGACCCTGT
ACCATTGTCCAGGGAGCTCTGAAAAGCATCCTATGTCGCACCCCGGGAGAGTTTTACCAC
AACACTCTGAGCTTCCTCAAGTCCAATGCTGATCTCTGTTATGGGGCGTTGGCTGCCATC
CCTGGACTCCGGCCAGTCCGCCCTTCTGGGGCTATGTACCTCATGGTTGGAATTGAGATG
GAACATTTCCCAGAATTTGAGAACGATGTGGAGTTCACGGAGCGGTTAGTTGCTGAGCAG
TCTGTCCACTGCCTCCCAGCAACGTGCTTTGAGTACCCGAATTTCATCCGAGTGGTCATC
ACAGTCCCCGAGGTGATGATGCTGGAGGCGTGCAGCCGGATCCAGGAGTTCTGTGAGCAG
CACTACCATTGTGCTGAAGGCAGCCAGGAGGAGTGTGATAAATAG
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID X52520 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID TAT Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID TAT Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:11573 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 16
Enzyme 2 Locus 16q22.1
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Rettenmeier R, Natt E, Zentgraf H, Scherer G: Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jul 11;18(13):3853-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zelenin SM, Mertvetsov NP: [Nucleotide sequence of the human tyrosine aminotransferase gene] Bioorg Khim. 1994 Feb;20(2):196-204. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Seralini GE, Luu-The V, Labrie F: Cloning and expression of human tyrosine aminotransferase cDNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jan 2;1260(1):97-101. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Natt E, Kida K, Odievre M, Di Rocco M, Scherer G: Point mutations in the tyrosine aminotransferase gene in tyrosinemia type II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9297-301. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 5642
Enzyme 3 Name S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. Methionine adenosyltransferase 2
  2. AdoMet synthetase 2
  3. Methionine adenosyltransferase II
  4. MAT-II
Enzyme 3 Gene Name MAT2A
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2 
MNGQLNGFHEAFIEEGTFLFTSESVGEGHPDKICDQISDAVLDAHLQQDPDAKVACETVA
KTGMILLAGEITSRAAVDYQKVVREAVKHIGYDDSSKGFDYKTCNVLVALEQQSPDIAQG
VHLDRNEEDIGAGDQGLMFGYATDETEECMPLTIVLAHKLNAKLAELRRNGTLPWLRPDS
KTQVTVQYMQDRGAVLPIRVHTIVISVQHDEEVCLDEMRDALKEKVIKAVVPAKYLDEDT
IYHLQPSGRFVIGGPQGDAGLTGRKIIVDTYGGWGAHGGGAFSGKDYTKVDRSAAYAARW
VAKSLVKGGLCRRVLVQVSYAIGVSHPLSISIFHYGTSQKSERELLEIVKKNFDLRPGVI
VRDLDLKKPIYQRTAAYGHFGRDSFPWEVPKKLKY
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 395
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 43661
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 6.45
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • methionine adenosyltransferase activity
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • one-carbon compound metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Coenzyme transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP
Enzyme 3 Pathways
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 36327 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P31153 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name METK2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1188 bp 
ATGAACGGACAGCTCAACGGCTTCCACGAGGCGTTCATCGAGGAGGGCACATTCCTTTTC
ACCTCAGAGTCGGTCGGGGAAGGCCACCCAGATAAGATTTGTGACCAAATCAGTGATGCT
GTCCTTGATGCCCACCTTCAGCAGGATCCTGATGCCAAAGTAGCTTGTGAAACTGTTGCT
AAAACTGGAATGATCCTTCTTGCTGGGGAAATTACATCCAGAGCTGCTGTTGACTACCAG
AAAGTGGTTCGTGAAGCTGTTAAACACATTGGATATGATGATTCTTCCAAAGGTTTTGAC
TACAAGACTTGTAACGTGCTGGTAGCCTTGGAGCAACAGTCACCAGATATTGCTCAAGGT
GTTCATCTTGACAGAAATGAAGAAGACATTGGTGCTGGAGACCAGGGCTTAATGTTTGGC
TATGCCACTGATGAAACTGAGGAGTGTATGCCTTTAACCATTGTCTTGGCACACAAGCTA
AATGCCAAACTGGCAGAACTACGCCGTAATGGCACTTTGCCTTGGTTACGCCCTGATTCT
AAAACTCAAGTTACTGTGCAGTATATGCAGGATCGAGGTGCTGTGCTTCCCATCAGAGTC
CACACAATTGTTATATCTGTTCAGCATGATGAAGAGGTTTGTCTTGATGAAATGAGGGAT
GCCCTAAAGGAGAAAGTCATCAAAGCAGTTGTGCCTGCGAAATACCTTGATGAGGATACA
ATCTACCACCTACAGCCAAGTGGCAGATTTGTTATTGGTGGGCCTCAGGGTGATGCTGGT
TTGACTGGACGGAAAATCATTGTGGACACTTATGGCGGTTGGGGTGCTCATGGAGGAGGT
GCCTTTTCAGGAAAGGATTATACCAAGGTCGACCGTTCAGCTGCTTATGCTGCTCGTTGG
GTGGCAAAATCCCTTGTTAAAGGAGGTCTGTGCCGGAGGGTTCTTGTTCAGGTCTCTTAT
GCTATTGGAGTTTCTCATCCATTATCTATCTCCATTTTCCATTATGGTACCTCTCAGAAG
AGTGAGAGAGAGCTATTAGAGATTGTGAAGAAGAATTTCGATCTCCGCCCTGGGGTCATT
GTCAGGGATCTGGATCTGAAGAAGCCAATTTATCAGAGGACTGCAGCCTATGGCCACTTT
GGTAGGGACAGCTTCCCATGGGAAGTGCCCAAAAAGCTTAAATATTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID X68836 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID MAT2A Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID MAT2A Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:6904 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Horikawa S, Tsukada K: Molecular cloning and developmental expression of a human kidney S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. FEBS Lett. 1992 Nov 2;312(1):37-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. LeGros HL Jr, Halim AB, Geller AM, Kotb M: Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the beta regulatory subunit of human methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT II). J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 28;275(4):2359-66. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 5645
Enzyme 4 Name Arsenite methyltransferase
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. S-adenosyl-L- methionine:arsenic(IIImethyltransferase
  2. Methylarsonite methyltransferase
Enzyme 4 Gene Name AS3MT
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Arsenite methyltransferase 
MAALRDAEIQKDVQTYYGQVLKRSADLQTNGCVTTARPVPKHIREALQNVHEEVALRYYG
CGLVIPEHLENCWILDLGSGSGRDCYVLSQLVGEKGHVTGIDMTKGQVEVAEKYLDYHME
KYGFQASNVTFFHGNIEKLAEAGIKNESHDIVVSNCVINLVPDKQQVLQEAYRVLKHGGE
LYFSDVYTSLELPEEIRTHKVLWGECLGGALYWKELAVLAQKIGFCPPRLVTANLITIQN
KELERVIGDCRFVSATFRLFKHSKTGPTKRCQVIYNGGITGHEKELMFDANFTFKEGEIV
EVDEETAAILKNSRFAQDFLIRPIGEKLPTSGGCSALELKDIITDPFKLAEESDSMKSRC
VPDAAGGCCGTKKSC
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 375
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 41747
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 6.14
Enzyme 4 GO Classification Not Available
Enzyme 4 General Function Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Enzyme 4 Specific Function Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to trivalent arsenicals producing methylated and dimethylated arsenicals. It methylates arsenite to form methylarsonate, Me- AsO(3)H(2), which is reduced by methylarsonate reductase to methylarsonite, Me-As(OH)2. Methylarsonite is also a substrate and it is converted into the much less toxic compound dimethylarsinate (cacodylate), Me(2)As(O)-OH
Enzyme 4 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 4 Reactions
  • (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate
  • (2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 9963861 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9HBK9 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AS3MT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >1017 bp 
ATGGCTGCACTTCGTGACGCTGAGATACAGAAGGACGTGCAGACCTACTACGGGCAGGTG
CTGAAGAGATCGGCAGACCTCCAGACCAACGGCTGTGTCACCACAGCCAGGCCGGTCCCC
AAGCACATCCGGGAAGCCTTGCAAAATGTACACGAAGAAGTAGCCCTAAGATATTATGGC
TGTGGTCTGGTGATCCCTGAGCATCTAGAAAACTGCTGGATTTTGGATCTGGGTAGTGGA
AGTGGCAGAGATTGCTATGTACTTAGCCAGCTGGTTGGTGAAAAAGGACACGTGACTGGA
ATAGACATGACCAAAGGCCAGGTGGAAGTGGCTGAAAAGTATCTTGACTATCACATGGAA
AAATATGGCTTCCAGGCATCTAATGTGACTTTTTTCCATGGCAACATTGAGAAGTTGGCA
GAGGCTGGAATCAAGAATGAGAGCCATGATATTGTTGTATCAAACTGTGTTATTAACCTT
GTGCCTGATAAACAACAAGTGCTTCAGGAGGCATATCGGGTGCTGAAGCATGGTGGGGAG
TTATATTTCAGTGACGTCTATACGAGCCTTGAACTGCCAGAAGAAATCAGGACACACAAA
GTTTTATGGGGTGAGTGTCTGGGTGGTGCTTTATACTGGAAGGAACTTGCTGTCCTTGCT
CAAAAAATTGGGTTCTGCCCTCCACGTTTGGTCACTGCCAATCTCATTACAATTCAAAAC
AAGGAACTGGAAAGAGTTATCGGTGACTGTCGTTTTGTTTCTGCAACATTTCGCCTCTTC
AAACACTCTAAGACAGGACCAACCAAGAGATGCCAAGTTATTTACAATGGAGGAATTACA
GGACATGAAAAAGAACTAATGTTTGATGCCAATTTTACATTTAAGGAAGGTGAAATTGTT
GAAGTGGATGAAGAAACAGCAGCTATCTTGAAGAATTCAAGATTTGCTCAAGATTTTCTG
ATCAGACCAATTGGAGAGAAGTTGCCAACATCTGGAGCTGTTCTGCTTTGGAGTTAA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID AF226730 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID AS3MT Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID AS3MT Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:17452 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References Not Available
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 5652
Enzyme 5 Name Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase
Enzyme 5 Synonyms
  1. Aromatic alkylamine N-methyltransferase
  2. Indolamine N-methyltransferase
  3. Arylamine N- methyltransferase
  4. Amine N-methyltransferase
Enzyme 5 Gene Name INMT
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase 
MKGGFTGGDEYQKHFLPRDYLATYYSFDGSPSPEAEMLKFNLECLHKTFGPGGLQGDTLI
DIGSGPTIYQVLAACDSFQDITLSDFTDRNREELEKWLKKEPGAYDWTPAVKFACELEGN
SGRWEEKEEKLRAAVKRVLKCDVHLGNPLAPAVLPLADCVLTLLAMECACCSLDAYRAAL
CNLASLLKPGGHLVTTVTLRLPSYVVGKREFSCVALEKEEVEQAVLDAGFDIEQLLHSPQ
SYSVTNAANNGVCCIVARKKPGP
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 263
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 28815
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 4.92
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 5 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 5 Specific Function Catalyzes the N-methylation of tryptamine and structurally related compounds (Potential)
Enzyme 5 Pathways
Enzyme 5 Reactions
  • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + an amine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated amine
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 6580815 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID O95050 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name INMT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >792 bp 
ATGAAGGGTGGCTTCACTGGGGGTGATGAGTACCAGAAGCACTTCCTGCCCAGGGACTAC
TTGGCTACTTACTACAGCTTCGATGGCAGCCCCTCACCCGAGGCCGAGATGCTGAAGTTT
AACTTGGAATGTCTCCACAAGACCTTCGGCCCTGGAGGCCTCCAAGGGGACACGCTGATT
GACATTGGCTCAGGTCCTACCATCTACCAAGTTCTTGCTGCCTGTGATTCCTTCCAAGAC
ATCACTCTCTCCGACTTTACCGACCGCAACCGGGAGGAGCTGGAAAAGTGGCTGAAGAAG
GAGCCGGGGGCCTATGACTGGACCCCAGCGGTGAAATTCGCCTGTGAGCTGGAAGGAAAC
AGCGGCCGATGGGAGGAGAAGGAGGAGAAGCTGCGGGCAGCGGTGAAGCGGGTGCTCAAG
TGCGATGTCCACCTGGGCAACCCGCTGGCCCCGGCTGTGTTGCCTCTCGCCGACTGTGTG
CTCACCCTGCTGGCCATGGAGTGTGCCTGCTGTAGCCTTGATGCCTACCGCGCTGCCCTG
TGCAACCTTGCCTCACTGCTCAAGCCGGGTGGCCACCTGGTGACCACTGTCACGCTTCGG
CTCCCGTCCTACGTGGTGGGGAAGCGTGAATTTTCCTGCGTGGCCCTGGAGAAAGAGGAG
GTGGAGCAGGCTGTCCTGGATGCTGGCTTTGACATTGAACAGCTCCTACACAGTCCCCAG
AGCTACTCTGTCACCAATGCTGCCAACAATGGGGTCTGCTGCATTGTGGCTCGCAAGAAG
CCTGGGCCCTGA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID AF128846 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID INMT Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID INMT Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:6069 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References
  1. Thompson MA, Moon E, Kim UJ, Xu J, Siciliano MJ, Weinshilboum RM: Human indolethylamine N-methyltransferase: cDNA cloning and expression, gene cloning, and chromosomal localization. Genomics. 1999 Nov 1;61(3):285-97. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 5655
Enzyme 6 Name S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1
Enzyme 6 Synonyms
  1. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1
  2. AdoMet synthetase 1
  3. Methionine adenosyltransferase I/III
  4. MAT-I/III
Enzyme 6 Gene Name MAT1A
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-1 
MNGPVDGLCDHSLSEGVFMFTSESVGEGHPDKICDQISDAVLDAHLKQDPNAKVACETVC
KTGMVLLCGEITSMAMVDYQRVVRDTIKHIGYDDSAKGFDFKTCNVLVALEQQSPDIAQC
VHLDRNEEDVGAGDQGLMFGYATDETEECMPLTIILAHKLNARMADLRRSGLLPWLRPDS
KTQVTVQYMQDNGAVIPVRIHTIVISVQHNEDITLEEMRRALKEQVIRAVVPAKYLDEDT
VYHLQPSGRFVIGGPQGDAGVTGRKIIVDTYGGWGAHGGGAFSGKDYTKVDRSAAYAARW
VAKSLVKAGLCRRVLVQVSYAIGVAEPLSISIFTYGTSQKTERELLDVVHKNFDLRPGVI
VRDLDLKKPIYQKTACYGHFGRSEFPWEVPRKLVF
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 395
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 43648
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 6.24
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • methionine adenosyltransferase activity
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups
Process
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • one-carbon compound metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 6 General Function Coenzyme transport and metabolism
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP
Enzyme 6 Pathways
Enzyme 6 Reactions
  • ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein 220066 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q00266 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name METK1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID 1O9T Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB File Show
Enzyme 6 3D Structure
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence >1188 bp 
ATGAATGGACCGGTGGATGGCTTGTGTGACCACTCTCTAAGTGAAGGAGTCTTCATGTTC
ACATCGGAGTCTGTGGGAGAGGGACACCCGGATAAGATCTGTGACCAGATCAGTGATGCA
GTGCTGGATGCCCATCTCAAGCAAGACCCCAATGCCAAGGTGGCCTGTGAGACAGTGTGC
AAGACCGGCATGGTGCTGCTGTGTGGTGAGATCACCTCAATGGCCATGGTGGACTACCAG
CGGGTGGTGAGGGACACCATCAAGCACATCGGCTACGATGACTCAGCCAAGGGCTTTGAC
TTCAAGACTTGCAACGTGCTGGTGGCTTTGGAGCAGCAATCCCCAGATATTGCCCAGTGC
GTCCATCTGGACAGAAATGAGGAGGATGTGGGGGCAGGAGATCAGGGTTTGATGTTCGGC
TATGCCACCGACGAGACAGAGGAGTGCATGCCCCTCACCATCATCCTTGCTCACAAGCTC
AACGCCCGGATGGCAGACCTCAGGCGCTCCGGCCTCCTCCCCTGGCTGCGGCCTGACTCT
AAGACTCAGGTGACAGTTCAGTACATGCAGGACAATGGCGCAGTCATCCCTGTGCGCATC
CACACCATCGTCATCTCTGTGCAGCACAACGAAGACATCACGCTGGAGGAGATGCGCAGG
GCCCTGAAGGAGCAAGTCATCAGGGCCGTGGTGCCGGCCAAGTACCTGGACGAAGACACC
GTCTACCACCTGCAGCCCAGTGGGCGGTTTGTCATCGGAGGTCCCCAGGGGGATGCGGGT
GTCACTGGCCGTAAGATTATTGTGGACACCTATGCGGCCTGGGGGGCTCATGGTGGTGGG
GCCTTCTCTGGGAAGGACTACACCAAGGTGGACCGCTCAGCCGCATATGCTGCCCGCTGG
GTGGCCAAGTCTCTGGTGAAAGCAGGGCTCTGCCGGAGAGTGCTTGTCCAGGTTTCCTAT
GCCATTGGTGTGGCCGAGCCGCTGTCCATTTCCATCTTCACCTACGGAACCTCTCAGAAG
ACAGAGCGAGAGCTGCTGGATGTGGTGCATAAGAACTTCGACCTCCGGCCGGGCGTCATT
GTCAGGGACTTGGATTTGAAGAAGCCCATCTACCAGAAGACAGCATGCTACGGCCATTTC
GGAAGAAGCGAGTTCCCATGGGAGGTTCCCAGGAAGCTTGTATTTTAG
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID D49357 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID MAT1A Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID MAT1A Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:6903 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References
  1. Alvarez L, Corrales F, Martin-Duce A, Mato JM: Characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding human liver S-adenosylmethionine synthetase: tissue-specific gene expression and mRNA levels in hepatopathies. Biochem J. 1993 Jul 15;293 ( Pt 2):481-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Horikawa S, Tsukada K: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the human liver S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. Biochem Int. 1991 Sep;25(1):81-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ubagai T, Lei KJ, Huang S, Mudd SH, Levy HL, Chou JY: Molecular mechanisms of an inborn error of methionine pathway. Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1995 Oct;96(4):1943-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chamberlin ME, Ubagai T, Mudd SH, Wilson WG, Leonard JV, Chou JY: Demyelination of the brain is associated with methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1996 Aug 15;98(4):1021-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Chamberlin ME, Ubagai T, Mudd SH, Levy HL, Chou JY: Dominant inheritance of isolated hypermethioninemia is associated with a mutation in the human methionine adenosyltransferase 1A gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Mar;60(3):540-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Chamberlin ME, Ubagai T, Mudd SH, Thomas J, Pao VY, Nguyen TK, Levy HL, Greene C, Freehauf C, Chou JY: Methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency: novel mutations and clinical variations. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2):347-55. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 5831
Enzyme 7 Name Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1
Enzyme 7 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Name BHMT
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 
MPPVGGKKAKKGILERLNAGEIVIGDGGFVFALEKRGYVKAGPWTPEAAVEHPEAVRQLH
REFLRAGSNVMQTFTFYASEDKLENRGNYVLEKISGQEVNEAACDIARQVADEGDALVAG
GVSQTPSYLSCKSETEVKKVFLQQLEVFMKKNVDFLIAEYFEHVEEAVWAVETLIASGKP
VAATMCIGPEGDLHGVPPGECAVRLVKAGASIIGVNCHFDPTISLKTVKLMKEGLEAARL
KAHLMSQPLAYHTPDCNKQGFIDLPEFPFGLEPRVATRWDIQKYAREAYNLGVRYIGGCC
GFEPYHIRAIAEELAPERGFLPPASEKHGSWGSGLDMHTKPWVRARARKEYWENLRIASG
RPYNPSMSKPDGWGVTKGTAELMQQKEATTEQQLKELFEKQKFKSQ
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 406
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 44999
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 7.04
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • S-methyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 7 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 7 Specific Function Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline
Enzyme 7 Pathways
Enzyme 7 Reactions
  • trimethylammonioacetate + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein 1522683 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q93088 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BHMT1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID 1LT8 Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB File Show
Enzyme 7 3D Structure
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence >1221 bp 
ATGCCACCCGTTGGGGGCAAAAAGGCCAAGAAGGGCATCCTAGAACGTTTAAATGCTGGA
GAGATTGTGATTGGAGATGGAGGGTTTGTCTTTGCACTGGAGAAGAGGGGCTACGTAAAG
GCAGGACCCTGGACTCCTGAAGCTGCTGTGGAGCACCCAGAAGCAGTTCGCCAGCTTCAT
CGAGAGTTCCTCAGAGCTGGCTCAAACGTCATGCAGACCTTCACCTTCTATGCGAGTGAA
GACAAGCTGGAGAACAGGGGCAACTATGTCTTAGAGAAGATATCTGGGCAGGAAGTCAAT
GAAGCTGCTTGCGACATCGCCCGACAAGTGGCTGATGAAGGAGATGCTTTGGTAGCAGGA
GGAGTGAGTCAGACACCTTCATACCTTAGCTGCAAGAGTGAAACTGAAGTCAAAAAAGTA
TTTCTGCAACAGTTAGAGGTCTTTATGAAGAAGAACGTGGACTTCTTGATTGCAGAGTAT
TTTGAACACGTTGAAGAAGCTGTGTGGGCAGTTGAAACCTTGATAGCATCCGGTAAACCT
GTGGCAGCAACCATGTGCATTGGCCCAGAAGGAGATTTGCATGGCGTGCCCCCCGGCGAG
TGTGCAGTGCGCCTGGTGAAAGCAGGAGCATCCATCATTGGTGTGAACTGCCACTTTGAC
CCCACCATTAGTTTAAAAACAGTGAAGCTCATGAAGGAGGGCTTGGAGGCTGCCCAACTG
AAAGCTCACCTGATGAGCCAGCCCTTGGCTTACCACACTCCTGACTGCAACAAGCAGGGA
TTCATCGATCTCCCAGAATTCCCATTTGGACTGGAACCCAGAGTTGCCACCAGATGGGAT
ATTCAAAAATACGCCAGAGAGGCCTACAACCTGGGGGTCAGGTACATTGGCGGGTGCTGT
GGATTTGAGCCCTACCACATCAGGGCAATTGCAGAGGAGCTGGCCCCAGAAAGGGGCTTT
TTGCCACCAGCTTCAGAAAAACATGGCAGCTGGGGAAGTGGTTTGGACATGCACACCAAA
CCCTGGGTTAGAGCAAGGGCCAGGAAGGAATACTGGGAGAATCTTCGGATAGCCTCAGGC
CGGCCATACAACCCTTCAATGTCAAAGCCAGATGGCTGGGGAGTGACCAAAGGAACAGCC
GAGCTGATGCAGCAGAAAGAAGCCACAACTGAGCAGCAGCTGAAAGAGCTCTTTGAAAAA
CAAAAATTCAAATCACAGTAG
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID U50929 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID BHMT Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID BHMT Link Image
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID HGNC:1047 Link Image
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location 5
Enzyme 7 Locus 5q13.1-q15
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References
  1. Garrow TA: Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 13;271(37):22831-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Park EI, Garrow TA: Interaction between dietary methionine and methyl donor intake on rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase gene expression and organization of the human gene. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 19;274(12):7816-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA: Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Sep 1;345(1):171-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Millian NS, Garrow TA: Human betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase is a zinc metalloenzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998 Aug 1;356(1):93-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Weisberg IS, Park E, Ballman KV, Berger P, Nunn M, Suh DS, Breksa AP 3rd, Garrow TA, Rozen R: Investigations of a common genetic variant in betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Apr;167(2):205-14. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 5895
Enzyme 8 Name Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
Enzyme 8 Synonyms
  1. Methionine--tRNA ligase
  2. MetRS
Enzyme 8 Gene Name MARS
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Methionyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic 
MRLFVSDGVPGCLPVLAAAGRARGRAEVLISTVGPEDCVVPFLTRPKVPVLQLDSGNYLF
STSAICRYFFLLSGWEQDDLTNQWLEWEATELQPALSAALYYLVVQGKKGEDVLGSVRRA
LTHIDHSLSRQNCPFLAGETESLADIVLWGALYPLLQDPAYLPEELSALHSWFQTLSTQE
PCQRAAETVLKQQGVLALRPYLQKQPQPSPAEGRAVTNEPEEEELATLSEEEIAMAVTAW
EKGLESLPPLRPQQNPVLPVAGERNVLITSALPYVNNVPHLGNIIGCVLSADVFARYSRL
RQWNTLYLCGTDEYGTATETKALEEGLTPQEICDKYHIIHADIYRWFNISFDIFGRTTTP
QQTKITQDIFQQLLKRGFVLQDTVEQLRCEHCARFLADRFVEGVCPFCGYEEARGDQCDK
CGKLINAVELKKPQCKVCRSCPVVQSSQHLFLDLPKLEKRLEEWLGRTLPGSDWTPNAQF
ITRSWLRDGLKPRCITRDLKWGTPVPLEGFEDKVFYVWFDATIGYLSITANYTDQWERWW
KNPEQVDLYQFMAKDNVPFHSLVFPCSALGAEDNYTLVSHLIATEYLNYEDGKFSKSRGV
GVFGDMAQDTGIPADIWRFYLLYIRPEGQDSAFSWTDLLLKNNSELLNNLGNFINRAGMF
VSKFFGGYVPEMVLTPDDQRLLAHVTLELQHYHQLLEKVRIRDALRSILTISRHGNQYIQ
VNEPWKRIKGSEADRQRAGTVTGLAVNIAALLSVMLQPYMPTVSATIQAQLQLPPPACSI
LLTNFLCTLPAGHQIGTVSPLFQKLENDQIESLRQRFGGGQAKTSPKPAVVETVTTAKPQ
QIQALMDEVTKQGNIVRELKAQKADKNEVAAEVAKLLDLKKQLAVAEGKPPEAPKGKKKK
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 900
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 101117
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 6.05
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • RNA ligase activity
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • ligase activity
  • ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds
  • methionine-tRNA ligase activity
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • tRNA ligase activity
Process
  • RNA metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
  • tRNA aminoacylation
  • tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
  • tRNA metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 8 General Function Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis
Enzyme 8 Specific Function ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met)
Enzyme 8 Pathways
Enzyme 8 Reactions
  • ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met)
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein 1702932 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P56192 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SYMC_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence >2703 bp 
ATGAGACTGTTCGTGAGTGATGGCGTCCCGGGTTGCTTGCCGGTGCTGGCCGCCGCCGGG
AGAGCCCGGGGCAGAGCAGAGGTGCTGATCAGCACTGTAGGCCCGGAAGATTGTGTGGTC
CCGTTCCTGACCCGGCCTAAGGTCCCTGTCTTGCAGGTGGATAGCGGCAACTACCTCTTC
TCCACTAGTGCAATCTGCCGATATTTTTTTTTGTTATCTGGCTGGGAGCAAGATGACCTC
ACTAACCAGTGGCTGGAATGGGAAGCGACAGAGCTGCAGCCAGCTTTGTCTGCTCCCCTG
TACTATTTAGTGGTCCAAGGCAAGAAGGGGGAAGATGTTCTTGGTTCAGTGCGGAGAGCC
CTGACTCACATTGACCACAGCTTGAGTCGTCAGAACTGTCCTTTCCTGGCTGGGGAGACA
GAATCTCTAGCCGACATTGTTTTGTGGGGAGCCCAATACCCATTACTGCAAGATCCCGCC
TACCTCCCTGAGGAGCTGAGTGCCCTGCACAGCTGGTTCCAGACACTGAGTACCCAGGAA
CCATGTCAGCGAGCTGCAGAGACTGTACTGAAACAGCAAGGTGTCCTGGCTCTCCGGCCT
TACCTCCAAAAGCAGCCCCAGCCCAGCCCCGCTGAGGGAAGGGCTGTCACCAATGAGCCT
GAGGAGGAGGAGCTGGCTACCCTATCTGAGGAGGAGATTGCTATGGCTGTTACTGCTTGG
GAGAAGGGCCTAGAAAGTTTGCCCCCGCTGCGGCCCCAGCAGAATCCAGTGTTGCCTGTG
GCTGGAGAAAGGAATGTGCTCATCACCAGTGCCCTCCCTTACGTCAACAATGTCCCCCAC
CTTGGGAACATCATTGGTTGTGTGCTCAGTGCCGATGTCTTTGCCAGGTACTCTCGCCTC
CGCCAGTGGAACACCCTCTATCTGTGTGGGACAGATGAGTATGGTACAGCAACAGAGACC
AAGGCTCTGGAGGAGGGACTAACCCCCCAGGAGATCTGCGACAAGTACCACATCATCCAT
GCTGACATCTACCGCTGGTTTAACATTTCGTTTGATATTTTTGGTCGCACCACCACTCCA
CAGCAGACCAAAATCACCCAGGACATTTTCCAGCAGTTGCTGAAACGAGGTTTTGTGCTG
CAAGATACTGTGGAGCAACTGCGATGTGAGCACTGTGCTCGCTTCCTGGCTGACCGCTTC
GTGGAGGGCGTGTGTCCCTTCTGTGGCTATGAGGAGGCTCGGGGTGACCAGTGTGACAAG
TGTGGCAAGCTCATCAATGCTGTCGAGCTTAAGAAGCCTCAGTGTAAAGTCTGCCGATCA
TGCCCTGTGGTGCAGTCGAGCCAGCACCTGTTTCTGGACCTGCCTAAGCTGGAGAAGCGA
CTGGAGGAGTGGTTGGGGAGGACATTGCCTGGCAGTGACTGGACACCCAATGCCCAGTTT
ATCACCCGTTCTTGGCTTCGGGATGGCCTCAAGCCACGCTGCATAACCCGAGACCTCAAA
TGGGGAACCCCTGTACCCTTAGAAGGTTTTGAAGACAAGGTATTCTATGTCTGGTTTGAT
GCCACTATTGGCTATCTGTCCATCACAGCCAACTACACAGACCAGTGGGAGAGATGGTGG
AAGAACCCAGAGCAAGTGGACCTGTATCAGTTCATGGCCAAAGACAATGTTCCTTTCCAT
AGCTTAGTCTTTCCTTGCTCAGCCCTAGGAGCTGAGGATAACTATACCTTGGTCAGCCAC
CTCATTGCTACAGAGTACCTGAACTATGAGGATGGGAAATTCTCTAAGAGCCGCGGTGTG
GGAGTGTTTGGGGACATGGCCCAGGACACGGGGATCCCTGCTGACATCTGGCGCTTCTAT
CTGCTGTACATTCGGCCTGAGGGCCAGGACAGTGCTTTCTCCTGGACGGACCTGCTGCTG
AAGAATAATTCTGAGCTGCTTAACAACCTGGGCAACTTCATCAACAGAGCTGGGATGTTT
GTGTCTAAGTTCTTTGGGGGCTATGTGCCTGAGATGGTGCTCACCCCTGATGATCAGCGC
CTGCTGGGCCATGTCACCCTGGAGCTCCAGCACTATCACCAGCTACTTGAGAAGGTTCGG
ATCCGGGATGCCTTGCGCAGTATCCTCACCATATCTCGACATGGCAACCAATATATTCAG
GTGAATGAGCCCTGGAAGCGGATTAAAGGCAGTGAGGCTGACAGGCAACGGGCAGGAACA
GTGACTGGCTTGGCAGTGAATATAGCTGCCTTGCTCTCTGTCATGCTTCAGCCTTACATG
CCCACGGTTAGTGCCACAATCCAGGCCCAGCTGCAGCTCCCACCTCCAGCCTGCAGTATC
CTGCTGACAAACTTCCTGTGTACCTTACCAGCAGGACACCAGATTGGCACAGTCAGTCCC
TTGTTCCAAAAATTGGAAAATGACCAGATTGAAAGTTTAAGGCAGCGCTTTGGAGGGGGC
CAGGCAAAAACGTCCCCGAAGCCAGCAGTTGTAGAGACTGTTACAACAGCCAAGCCACAG
CAGATACAAGCGCTGATGGATGAAGTGACAAAACAAGGAAACATTGTCCGAGAACTGAAA
GCACAAAAGGCAGACAAGAACGAGGTTGCTGCGGAGGTGGCGAAACTCTTGGATCTAAAG
AAACAGTTGGCTGTAGCTGAGGGGAAACCCCCTGAAGCCCCTAAAGGCAAGAAGAAAAAG
TAA
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID X94754 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID MARS Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID MARS Link Image
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID HGNC:6898 Link Image
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References
  1. Lage H, Dietel M: Cloning of a human cDNA encoding a protein with high homology to yeast methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Gene. 1996 Oct 31;178(1-2):187-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 9 [top]
Enzyme 9 ID 9553
Enzyme 9 Name Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta
Enzyme 9 Synonyms
  1. Methionine adenosyltransferase II beta
  2. MAT II beta
  3. Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 beta subunit
  4. DTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose 4- reductase
Enzyme 9 Gene Name MAT2B
Enzyme 9 Protein Sequence >Methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta 
MVGREKELSIHFVPGSCRLVEEEVNIPNRRVLVTGATGLLGRAVHKEFQQNNWHAVGCGF
RRARPKFEQVNLLDSNAVHHIIHDFQPHVIVHCAAERRPDVVENQPDAASQLNVDASGNL
AKEAAAVGAFLIYISSDYVFDGTNPPYREEDIPAPLNLYGKTKLDGEKAVLENNLGAAVL
RIPILYGEVEKLEESAVTVMFDKVQFSNKSANMDHWQQRFPTHVKDVATVCRQLAEKRML
DPSIKGTFHWSGNEQMTKYEMACAIADAFNLPSSHLRPITDSPVLGAQRPRNAQLDCSKL
ETLGIGQRTPFRIGIKESLWPFLIDKRWRQTVFH
Enzyme 9 Number of Residues 334
Enzyme 9 Molecular Weight 37552
Enzyme 9 Theoretical pI Not Available
Enzyme 9 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • carbohydrate biosynthesis
  • extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis
  • macromolecule biosynthesis
  • macromolecule metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • polysaccharide biosynthesis
Component
—
Enzyme 9 General Function Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis
Enzyme 9 Specific Function Non-catalytic regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2 (MAT2A), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S- adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates the activity of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2 by changing its kinetic properties, rendering the enzyme more susceptible to S- adenosylmethionine inhibition
Enzyme 9 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 9 Reactions
  • ATP + H2O + L-Methionine --> S-Adenosyl-L-methionine + Phosphate + Diphosphate
Enzyme 9 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 9 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 9 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 9 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenBank ID Protein 6815285 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9NZL9 Link Image
Enzyme 9 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name MAT2B_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 9 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 9 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenBank Gene ID AF182814 Link Image
Enzyme 9 GeneCard ID Not Available
Enzyme 9 GenAtlas ID MAT2B Link Image
Enzyme 9 HGNC ID HGNC:6905 Link Image
Enzyme 9 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 9 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 9 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 9 General References
  1. LeGros HL Jr, Halim AB, Geller AM, Kotb M: Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the beta regulatory subunit of human methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT II). J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 28;275(4):2359-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Bocher M, Blocker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Dusterhoft A, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwalder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A: Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs. Genome Res. 2001 Mar;11(3):422-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, Chen J, Chow B, Chui C, Crowley C, Currell B, Deuel B, Dowd P, Eaton D, Foster J, Grimaldi C, Gu Q, Hass PE, Heldens S, Huang A, Kim HS, Klimowski L, Jin Y, Johnson S, Lee J, Lewis L, Liao D, Mark M, Robbie E, Sanchez C, Schoenfeld J, Seshagiri S, Simmons L, Singh J, Smith V, Stinson J, Vagts A, Vandlen R, Watanabe C, Wieand D, Woods K, Xie MH, Yansura D, Yi S, Yu G, Yuan J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Goddard A, Wood WI, Godowski P, Gray A: The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. Genome Res. 2003 Oct;13(10):2265-70. Epub 2003 Sep 15. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 9 Metabolite References Not Available