| Record Information |
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| Version | 5.0 |
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| Status | Detected and Quantified |
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| Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2025-05-29 22:15:42 UTC |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB0000791 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0000834
- HMDB00791
- HMDB00834
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| Metabolite Identification |
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| Common Name | Octanoylcarnitine |
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| Description | L-Octanoylcarnitine is the physiologically active form of octanoylcarnitine (PMID: 11274033 ). Octanoylcarnitine is detected in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. MCAD is characterized by an intolerance to prolonged fasting, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma with medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria, impaired ketogenesis, and low plasma and tissue carnitine levels (OMIM: 201450 ). L-Octanoylcarnitine is also found to be associated with celiac disease and glutaric aciduria II, which are inborn errors of metabolism. |
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| Structure | CCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C InChI=1S/C15H29NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-15(19)20-13(11-14(17)18)12-16(2,3)4/h13H,5-12H2,1-4H3/t13-/m1/s1 |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| L-Octanoyl-L-carnitine | ChEBI | | O-Octanoyl-(R)-carnitine | ChEBI | | O-Octanoyl-R-carnitine | ChEBI | | (-)-Octanoylcarnitine | HMDB | | L-Carnitine octanoyl ester | HMDB | | L-O-Octanoylcarnitine | HMDB | | Octanoic acid ester with L-(3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt | HMDB | | Octanoyl-L-carnitine | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine chloride, (R)-isomer | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine, (R)-isomer | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine chloride | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine chloride, (+-)-isomer | HMDB | | Octanoylcarnitine, (+-)-isomer | HMDB | | C8-Carnitine | HMDB | | L-Octanoylcarnitine | ChEBI |
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| Chemical Formula | C15H29NO4 |
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| Average Molecular Weight | 287.3951 |
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| Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 287.209658421 |
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| IUPAC Name | (3R)-3-(octanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate |
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| Traditional Name | L-octanoylcarnitine |
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| CAS Registry Number | 25243-95-2 |
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| SMILES | CCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C15H29NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-15(19)20-13(11-14(17)18)12-16(2,3)4/h13H,5-12H2,1-4H3/t13-/m1/s1 |
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| InChI Key | CXTATJFJDMJMIY-CYBMUJFWSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl carnitines. These are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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| Class | Fatty Acyls |
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| Sub Class | Fatty acid esters |
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| Direct Parent | Acyl carnitines |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Acyl-carnitine
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tetraalkylammonium salt
- Quaternary ammonium salt
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Carboxylic acid salt
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic salt
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Ontology |
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| Physiological effect | |
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| Disposition | |
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| Process | |
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| Role | |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Experimental Molecular Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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| Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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| Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Retention Times Underivatized| Chromatographic Method | Retention Time | Reference |
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| Measured using a Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μmparticle diameter). Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. Predicted by Afia on May 17, 2022. | 4.5 minutes | 32390414 | | Predicted by Siyang on May 30, 2022 | 11.4394 minutes | 33406817 | | Predicted by Siyang using ReTip algorithm on June 8, 2022 | 3.56 minutes | 32390414 |
Predicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatized |
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| Spectra |
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| GC-MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-11-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-000i-6090000000-f5427438c18b619c6d12 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-000i-9000000000-0ffd63a09867f6b170e5 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-000i-9000000000-558ce1fa555823e95479 | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-0090000000-9c0281b8f2959b51e65e | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9050000000-5fd4264c445d0a035113 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Octanoylcarnitine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-e9262cbaff8cb4ad0ba6 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR Spectra| Spectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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| Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biospecimen Locations | |
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| Tissue Locations | |
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| Pathways | |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.061 (0.006-0.127) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.07 ± 0.04 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.15 ± 0.1 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.14 ± 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 ± 0.02 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 ± 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 ± 0.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 ± 0.02 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 ± 0.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.09 ± 0.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.17-0.50 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.17-0.50 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.121 +/- 0.009 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.23 +/- 0.08 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.18 +/- 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | <0.22 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.21(0.06) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 1.1 +/- 0.52 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 0.74 +/- 0.32 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 0-4871.343 nmol/g wet feces | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.02-0.31 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.05(0.02-0.37) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.04(0.02-0.09) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.05 (0.04-0.09) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.05 (0.03-0.09) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 60.81 +/- 2.32 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.025 (0.014-0.034) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (vLCAD) | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.160 +/- 0.069 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.140 +/- 0.033 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Obesity | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.59 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Glutaric aciduria II | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.37 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Glutaric aciduria II | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.26(0.08) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.1304 (0.0496) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0943 (0.04369) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect | | details | | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.086 +/- 0.006 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Celiac disease | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Unclassified IBD | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Ulcerative colitis | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Crohns disease | | details | | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 0-11899.994 nmol/g wet feces | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Treated celiac disease | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative Colitis | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Campylobacter jejuni infection | | details | | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 14.246-418.887 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency | | details | | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 69.63 +/- 2.32 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Both | Obese | | details |
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| Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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| Disease References | | Celiac disease |
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- Bene J, Komlosi K, Gasztonyi B, Juhasz M, Tulassay Z, Melegh B: Plasma carnitine ester profile in adult celiac disease patients maintained on long-term gluten free diet. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov 14;11(42):6671-5. [PubMed:16425363 ]
- Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P, Gagliardi F, Laghi L, Crecchio C, Guerzoni ME, Gobbetti M, Francavilla R: Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011 Oct 4;11:219. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-219. [PubMed:21970810 ]
| | Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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- Costa CG, Struys EA, Bootsma A, ten Brink HJ, Dorland L, Tavares de Almeida I, Duran M, Jakobs C: Quantitative analysis of plasma acylcarnitines using gas chromatography chemical ionization mass fragmentography. J Lipid Res. 1997 Jan;38(1):173-82. [PubMed:9034211 ]
| | Pregnancy |
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- Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
| | Glutaric aciduria II |
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- Prasad M, Hussain S: Glutaric aciduria type II presenting as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis in a teenager. J Child Neurol. 2015 Jan;30(1):96-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073813516676. Epub 2014 Jan 21. [PubMed:24453145 ]
| | Ulcerative colitis |
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- Garner CE, Smith S, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Spencer R, Probert CS, Ratcliffe NM: Volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. FASEB J. 2007 Jun;21(8):1675-88. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed:17314143 ]
- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| | Crohn's disease |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| | Colorectal cancer |
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- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
| | Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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- Duran M, De Klerk JB, Wadman SK, Bruinvis L, Ketting D: The differential diagnosis of dicarboxylic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1984;7 Suppl 1:48-51. [PubMed:6434845 ]
| | Obesity |
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- Cho K, Moon JS, Kang JH, Jang HB, Lee HJ, Park SI, Yu KS, Cho JY: Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals urinary biomarkers for discriminating obese from normal-weight adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2017 Apr;12(2):93-101. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12114. Epub 2016 Feb 22. [PubMed:26910390 ]
- Simone Wahl, Christina Holzapfel, Zhonghao Yu, Michaela Breier, Ivan Kondofersky, Christiane Fuchs, Paula Singmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Harald Grallert, Thomas Illig, Rui Wang-Sattler, Thomas Reinehr (2013). Metabolomics reveals determinants of weight loss during lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolomics.
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| Associated OMIM IDs | - 212750 (Celiac disease)
- 201475 (Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
- 231680 (Glutaric aciduria II)
- 266600 (Crohn's disease)
- 114500 (Colorectal cancer)
- 201450 (Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
- 601665 (Obesity)
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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| FooDB ID | FDB022246 |
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| KNApSAcK ID | Not Available |
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| Chemspider ID | 10128115 |
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| KEGG Compound ID | C02838 |
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| BioCyc ID | L-OCTANOYLCARNITINE |
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| BiGG ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| METLIN ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound | 11953814 |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ChEBI ID | 18102 |
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| Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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| VMH ID | C8CRN |
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| MarkerDB ID | MDB00000253 |
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| Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Duhr, Edward F.; Mauro, J. Matthew; Clennan, Edward L.; Barden, Roland E. The synthesis and biological activity of thiolcarnitine and its thiolesters. Lipids (1983), 18(5), 382-6. |
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| Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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| General References | - Chace DH, DiPerna JC, Adam BW, Hannon WH: Errors caused by the use of D,L-octanoylcarnitine for blood-spot calibrators. Clin Chem. 2001 Apr;47(4):758-60. [PubMed:11274033 ]
- Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
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