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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for L-Valine (HMDB00883)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-07-05 15:42:04
Accession Number HMDB00883
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name L-Valine
Description Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. "BCAA" denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt; aromatic amino acids (AAA)-tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, as well as methionine-are increased in these conditions. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. All the BCAA probably compete with AAA for absorption into the brain. Supplemental BCAA with vitamin B6 and zinc help normalize the BCAA:AAA ratio. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)
Synonyms
  1. (2S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoate
  2. (2S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
  3. (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoate
  4. (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
  5. (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyrate
  6. (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric acid
  7. (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-Butanoate
  8. (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-Butanoic acid
  9. (S)-Valine
  10. (S)-a-Amino-b-methylbutyrate
  11. (S)-a-Amino-b-methylbutyric acid
  12. 2-Amino-3-methylbutanoate
  13. 2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
  14. 2-Amino-3-methylbutyrate
  15. 2-Amino-3-methylbutyric acid
  16. L-(+)-a-Aminoisovalerate
  17. L-(+)-a-Aminoisovaleric acid
  18. L-a-Amino-b-methylbutyrate
  19. L-a-Amino-b-methylbutyric acid
  20. L-valine
  21. valine
  22. (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-methylbutyrate
  23. (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-methylbutyric acid
  24. L-(+)-alpha-Aminoisovalerate
  25. L-(+)-alpha-Aminoisovaleric acid
  26. L-alpha-Amino-beta-methylbutyrate
  27. L-alpha-Amino-beta-methylbutyric acid
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butanoic acid
Chemical Formula C5H11NO2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • carboxylic acid
  • alpha-aminoacid
Biofunction
  • Essential amino acids
  • Component of Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
  • Component of Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
Application
—
Source
  • Exogenous
Average Molecular Weight 117.146
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 117.078979
Isomeric SMILES CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C00183 Link Image
BioCyc ID VAL Link Image
BiGG ID 34167 Link Image
Wikipedia Link valine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00883 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00883 Link Image
METLIN ID 5842 Link Image
PubChem Compound 1182 Link Image
PubChem Substance 3280 Link Image
ChEBI ID 16414 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 72-18-4
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C5H11NO2/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
Synthesis Reference Kinoshita, Shukuo; Udaka, Shigezo. L-Valine production by fermentation. (1962), 2 pp.
Melting Point (Experimental) 295-300 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 58.5 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 214.00002 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.26 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.29 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -2.2 [Predicted by PubChem via XLOGP] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 1T4S Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)
  • Extracellular
  • mitochondria
Biofluid Location
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Epidermis —
Fibroblasts —
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 233.0 (190.0-276.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 130.0 +/- 50.0 uM
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 232.0 +/- 28.0 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 252.0 +/- 37.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 209.0 +/- 31.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 92. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Blood
Value 138.00 (86.00-190.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 15.0 +/- 2.8 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid CSF
Value 20.0 (10.0-30.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 23.8 +/- 4.5 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 23.9 +/- 6.9 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 14.5 +/- 5.0 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 19 +/- 13 uM
Age N/A
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Wishart DS, Lewis MJ, Morrissey JA, Flegel MD, Jeroncic K, Xiong Y, Cheng D, Eisner R, Gautam B, Tzur D, Sawhney S, Bamforth F, Greiner R, Li L: The human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Aug 15;871(2):164-173. Epub 2008 May 8. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Saliva
Value >10 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 12.30 +/- 7.69 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 3.355(1.118-5.592) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Doctor's Data
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.8 (0.3-1.35) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 1.67 +/- 0.80 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 3.0 +/- 1.0 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 2.3 +/- 1.2 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Female
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by Cornelius Lentner.
  • West Cadwell, N.J. : Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp.
  • Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Biofluid Urine
Value 4.93 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Guo K, Li L: Differential (12)C-/(13)C-Isotope Dansylation Labeling and Fast Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Absolute and Relative Quantification of the Metabolome. Anal Chem. 2009 Mar 23. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 41 +/- 1 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Male
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009
Biofluid Urine
Value 15.8 (7.4-24.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid Blood
Value 81.0 +/- 122.0 uM
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Condition Phenylketonuria
Comments Not Available
References
  • Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 193.0 (184.0-201.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Epilepsy
Comments Acute seizures
References
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 202.0 (194.0-209.0) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Epilepsy
Comments Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)
References
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 356.0 +/- 541.0 uM
Age Newborn:0-30 days old
Sex Both
Condition Maple syrup urine disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 58.26 +/- 14.74 uM
Age Elderly:>65 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Alzheimer's disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Blood
Value 1000.00 (500.00-1500.00) uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid CSF
Value 21.8 +/- 7.2 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) with Central Nervous System (CNS) disease
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 17.9 +/- 6.7 uM
Age Children:1-13 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Leukemia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 4.13 +/- 1.22 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Alzheimer's disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 32.4 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Paraquat poisoning
Comments Not Available
References
  • Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 3 (0-14) umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Lung Cancer
Comments Not Available
References
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.73 +/- 0.12 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Condition Alzheimer's disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 118.4 umol/mmol creatinine
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Comments Not Available
References
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Alzheimer's disease
  • Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed Link Image]
Epilepsy
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
Leukemia
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
Lung Cancer —
Maple syrup urine disease
  • Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [PubMed Link Image]
Paraquat poisoning
  • Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [PubMed Link Image]
Phenylketonuria
  • Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Propanoate Metabolism SMP00016 Link Image map00640 Link Image
Transcription/Translation SMP00019 Link Image
Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation SMP00032 Link Image map00280 Link Image
General References
  1. Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Stickel F, Osterreicher CH, Datz C, Ferenci P, Wolfel M, Norgauer W, Kraus MR, Wrba F, Hellerbrand C, Schuppan D: Prediction of progression to cirrhosis by a glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism in subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Sep 12;165(16):1835-40. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wudy SA, Hartmann M, Solleder C, Homoki J: Determination of 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone in human plasma by routine isotope dilution mass spectrometry using benchtop gas chromatography-mass selective detection. Steroids. 2001 Oct;66(10):759-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Szpetnar M, Pasternak K, Boguszewska A: Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) in heart diseases (ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction). Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 2004;59(2):91-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Hongpaisan J: Inhibition of proliferation of contaminating fibroblasts by D-valine in cultures of smooth muscle cells from human myometrium. Cell Biol Int. 2000;24(1):1-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Deligezer U, Akisik EE, Dalay N: Homozygosity at the C677T of the MTHFR gene is associated with increased breast cancer risk in the Turkish population. In Vivo. 2005 Sep-Oct;19(5):889-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. McInturff JE, Wang SJ, Machleidt T, Lin TR, Oren A, Hertz CJ, Krutzik SR, Hart S, Zeh K, Anderson DH, Gallo RL, Modlin RL, Kim J: Granulysin-derived peptides demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects against Propionibacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Aug;125(2):256-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  15. Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  16. Jensen PK, Jacobsen NO: Studies of D-amino acid oxidase activity in human epidermis and cultured human epidermal cells. Arch Dermatol Res. 1984;276(1):57-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  17. Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  18. Kurpad AV, Regan MM, Raj TD, Gnanou JV, Rao VN, Young VR: The daily valine requirement of healthy adult Indians determined by the 24-h indicator amino acid balance approach. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):373-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  19. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial precursor
  2. Catechol O-methyltransferase
  3. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
  4. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
  5. Valyl-tRNA synthetase
  6. Valyl-tRNA synthetase like
  7. cDNA, FLJ95372, highly similar to Homo sapiens branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial(BCAT2), mRNA (Branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial)
  8. Valyl-tRNA synthetase (Valyl-tRNA synthetase, isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5490
Enzyme 1 Name Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. PCCase subunit beta
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase subunit beta
Enzyme 1 Gene Name PCCB
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial precursor 
MAAALRVAAVGARLSVLASGLRAAVRSLCSQATSVNERIENKRRTALLGGGQRRIDAQHK
RGKLTARERISLLLDPGSFVESDMFVEHRCADFGMAADKNKFPGDSVVTGRGRINGRLVY
VFSQDFTVFGGSLSGAHAQKICKIMDQAITVGAPVIGLNDSGGARIQEGVESLAGYADIF
LRNVTASGVIPQISLIMGPCAGGAVYSPALTDFTFMVKDTSYLFITGPDVVKSVTNEDVT
QEELGGAKTHTTMSGVAHRAFENDVDALCNLRDFFNYLPLSSQDPAPVRECHDPSDRLVP
ELDTIVPLESTKAYNMVDIIHSVVDEREFFEIMPNYAKNIIVGFARMNGRTVGIVGNQPK
VASGCLDINSSVKGARFVRFCDAFNIPLITFVDVPGFLPGTAQEYGGIIRHGAKLLYAFA
EATVPKVTVITRKAYGGAYDVMSSKHLCGDTNYAWPTAEIAVMGAKGAVEIIFKGHENVE
AAQAEYIEKFANPFPAAVRGFVDDIIQPSSTRARICCDLDVLASKKVQRPWRKHANIPL
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 539
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 58216
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 7.69
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • ligase activity
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 1 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Specific Function ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO(3)(-) = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • 1-23
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 312812 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P05166 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PCCB_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1620 bp 
ATGGCGGCGGCATTACGGGTGGCGGCGGTCGGGGCAAGGCTCAGCGTTCTGGCGAGCGGT
CTCCGCGCCGCGGTCCGCAGCCTTTGCAGCCAGGCCACCTCTGTTAACGAACGCATCGAA
AACAAGCGCCGGACCGCGCTGCTGGGAGGGGGCCAACGCCGTATTGACGCGCAGCACAAG
CGAGGAAAGCTAACAGCCAGGGAGAGGATCAGTCTCTTGCTGGACCCTGGCAGCTTTGTT
GAGAGCGACATGTTTGTGGAACACAGATGTGCAGATTTTGGAATGGCTGCTGACAAGAAT
AAGTTTCCTGGAGACAGCGTGGTCACTGGACGAGGCCGAATCAATGGAAGATTGGTTTAT
GTCTTCAGTCAGGATTTTACAGTTTTTGGAGGCAGTCTGTCAGGAGCACATGCCCAAAAG
ATCTGCAAAATCATGGACCAGGCCATAACGGTGGGGGCTCCAGTGATTGGGCTGAATGAC
TCTGGGGGAGCACGGATCCAAGAAGGAGTGGAGTCTTTGGCTGGCTATGCAGACATCTTT
CTGAGGAATGTTACGGCATCCGGAGTCATCCCTCAGATTTCTCTGATCATGGGCCCATGT
GCTGGTGGGGCCGTCTACTCCCCAGCCCTAACAGACTTCACGTTCATGGTAAAGGACACC
TCCTACCTGTTCATCACTGGCCCTGATGTTGTGAAGTCTGTCACCAATGAGGATGTTACC
CAGGAGGAGCTCGGTGGTGCCAAGACCCACACCACCATGTCAGGTGTGGCCCACAGAGCT
TTTGAAAATGATGTTGATGCCTTGTGTAATCTCCGGGATTTCTTCAACTACCTGCCCCTG
AGCAGTCAGGACCCGGCTTCCGTCCGTGAGTGCCACGATCCCAGTGACCGTCTGGTTCCT
GAGCTTGACACAATTGTCCCTTTGGAATCAACCAAAGCCTACAACATGGTGGACATCATA
CACTCTGTTGTTGATGAGCGTGAATTTTTTGAGATCATGCCCAATTATGCCAAGAACATC
ATTGTTGGTTTTGCAAGAATGAATGGGAGGACTGTTGGAATTGTTGGCAACCAACCTAAG
GTGGCCTCAGGATGCTTGGATATTAATTCATCTGTGAAAGGGGCTCGTTTTGTCAGATTC
TGTGATGCATTCAATATTCCACTCATCACTTTTGTTGATGTCCCTGGCTTTCTACCTGGC
ACAGCACAGGAATACGGGGGCATCATCCGGCATGGTGCCAAGCTTCTCTACGCATTTGCT
GAGGCAACTGTACCCAAAGTCACAGTCATCACCAGGAAGGCCTATGGAGGTGCCTATGAT
GTCATGAGCTCTAAGCACCTTTGTGGTGATACCAACTATGCCTGGCCCACCGCAGAGATT
GCAGTCATGGGAGCAAAGGGCGCTGTGGAGATCATCTTCAAAGGGCATGAGAATGTGGAA
GCTGCTCAGGCAGAGTACATCGAGAAGTTTGCCAACCCTTTCCCTGCAGCAGTGCGAGGG
TTTGTGGATGACATCATCCAACCTTCTTCCACACGTGCCCGAATCTGCTGTGACCTGGAT
GTCTTGGCCAGCAAGAAGGTACAACGTCCTTGGAGAAAACATGCAAATATTCCATTGTAA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID X73424 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID PCCB Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID PCCB Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:8654 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 3
Enzyme 1 Locus 3q21-q22
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Lamhonwah AM, Leclerc D, Loyer M, Clarizio R, Gravel RA: Correction of the metabolic defect in propionic acidemia fibroblasts by microinjection of a full-length cDNA or RNA transcript encoding the propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta subunit. Genomics. 1994 Feb;19(3):500-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ohura T, Ogasawara M, Ikeda H, Narisawa K, Tada K: The molecular defect in propionic acidemia: exon skipping caused by an 8-bp deletion from an intron in the PCCB allele. Hum Genet. 1993 Oct;92(4):397-402. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Rodriguez-Pombo P, Hoenicka J, Muro S, Perez B, Perez-Cerda C, Richard E, Desviat LR, Ugarte M: Human propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta subunit gene: exon-intron definition and mutation spectrum in Spanish and Latin American propionic acidemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Aug;63(2):360-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Lamhonwah AM, Barankiewicz TJ, Willard HF, Mahuran DJ, Quan F, Gravel RA: Isolation of cDNA clones coding for the alpha and beta chains of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase: chromosomal assignments and DNA polymorphisms associated with PCCA and PCCB genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(13):4864-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Tahara T, Kraus JP, Rosenberg LE: An unusual insertion/deletion in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of propionyl-CoA carboxylase is a frequent mutation in Caucasian propionic acidemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1372-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Tahara T, Kraus JP, Ohura T, Rosenberg LE, Fenton WA: Three independent mutations in the same exon of the PCCB gene: differences between Caucasian and Japanese propionic acidaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(2):353-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Muro S, Rodriguez-Pombo P, Perez B, Perez-Cerda C, Desviat LR, Sperl W, Skladal D, Sass JO, Ugarte M: Identification of novel mutations in the PCCB gene in European propionic acidemia patients. Mutation in brief no. 253. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(1):89-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Ugarte M, Perez-Cerda C, Rodriguez-Pombo P, Desviat LR, Perez B, Richard E, Muro S, Campeau E, Ohura T, Gravel RA: Overview of mutations in the PCCA and PCCB genes causing propionic acidemia. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(4):275-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Perez B, Desviat LR, Rodriguez-Pombo P, Clavero S, Navarrete R, Perez-Cerda C, Ugarte M: Propionic acidemia: identification of twenty-four novel mutations in Europe and North America. Mol Genet Metab. 2003 Jan;78(1):59-67. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5504
Enzyme 2 Name Catechol O-methyltransferase
Enzyme 2 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Name COMT
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Catechol O-methyltransferase 
MPEAPPLLLAAVLLGLVLLVVLLLLLRHWGWGLCLIGWNEFILQPIHNLLMGDTKEQRIL
NHVLQHAEPGNAQSVLEAIDTYCEQKEWAMNVGDKKGKIVDAVIQEHQPSVLLELGAYCG
YSAVRMARLLSPGARLITIEINPDCAAITQRMVDFAGVKDKVTLVVGASQDIIPQLKKKY
DVDTLDMVFLDHWKDRYLPDTLLLEECGLLRKGTVLLADNVICPGAPDFLAHVRGSSCFE
CTHYQSFLEYREVVDGLEKAIYKGPGSEAGP
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 271
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 30037
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 5.15
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • O-methyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • methyltransferase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups
Process
—
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones. Also shortens the biological half-lives of certain neuroactive drugs, like L-DOPA, alpha-methyl DOPA and isoproterenol
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • 1-32
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 180920 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P21964 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name COMT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >816 bp 
ATGCCGGAGGCCCCGCCTCTGCTGTTGGCAGCTGTGTTGCTGGGCCTGGTGCTGCTGGTG
GTGCTGCTGCTGCTTCTGAGGCACTGGGGCTGGGGCCTGTGCCTTATCGGCTGGAACGAG
TTCATCCTGCAGCCCATCCACAACCTGCTCATGGGTGACACCAAGGAGCAGCGCATCCTG
AACCACGTGCTGCAGCATGCGGAGCCCGGGAACGCACAGAGCGTGCTGGAGGCCATTGAC
ACCTACTGCGAGCAGAAGGAGTGGGCCATGAACGTGGGCGACAAGAAAGGCAAGATCGTG
GACGCCGTGATTCAGGAGCACCAGCCCTCCGTGCTGCTGGAGCTGGGGGCCTACTGTGGC
TACTCAGCTGTGCGCATGGCCCGCCTGCTGTCACCAGGGGCGAGGCTCATCACCATCGAG
ATCAACCCCGACTGTGCCGCCATCACCCAGCGGATGGTGGATTTCGCTGGCGTGAAGGAC
AAGGTCACCCTTGTGGTTGGAGCGTCCCAGGACATCATCCCCCAGCTGAAGAAGAAGTAT
GATGTGGACACACTGGACATGGTCTTCCTCGACCACTGGAAGGACCGGTACCTGCCGGAC
ACGCTTCTCTTGGAGGAATGTGGCCTGCTGCGGAAGGGGACAGTGCTACTGGCTGACAAC
GTGATCTGCCCAGGTGCGCCAGACTTCCTAGCACACGTGCGCGGGAGCAGCTGCTTTGAG
TGCACACACTACCAATCGTTCCTGGAATACAGGGAGGTGGTGGACGGCCTGGAGAAGGCC
ATCTACAAGGGCCCAGGCAGCGAAGCAGGGCCCTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID M65212 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID COMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID COMT Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:2228 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 22
Enzyme 2 Locus 22q11.21-q11.23|22q11.21
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Lundstrom K, Salminen M, Jalanko A, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Cloning and characterization of human placental catechol-O-methyltransferase cDNA. DNA Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;10(3):181-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bertocci B, Miggiano V, Da Prada M, Dembic Z, Lahm HW, Malherbe P: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase: cloning and expression of the membrane-associated form. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1416-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Lundstrom K, Kiviluoto T, Savolainen R, Ulmanen I: Genomic organization of the human catechol O-methyltransferase gene and its expression from two distinct promoters. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;223(3):1049-59. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Tilgmann C, Kalkkinen N: Purification and partial sequence analysis of the soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase from human placenta: comparison to the rat liver enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jan 31;174(2):995-1002. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ulmanen I, Lundstrom K: Cell-free synthesis of rat and human catechol O-methyltransferase. Insertion of the membrane-bound form into microsomal membranes in vitro. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Dec 18;202(3):1013-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics. 1996 Jun;6(3):243-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 5536
Enzyme 3 Name Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. BCAT(c
  2. ECA39 protein
Enzyme 3 Gene Name BCAT1
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic 
MKDCSNGCSAECTGEGGSKEVVGTFKAKDLIVTPATILKEKPDPNNLVFGTVFTDHMLTV
EWSSEFGWEKPHIKPLQNLSLHPGSSALHYAVELFEGLKAFRGVDNKIRLFQPNLNMDRM
YRSAVRATLPVFDKEELLECIQQLVKLDQEWVPYSTSASLYIRPTFIGTEPSLGVKKPTK
ALLFVLLSPVGPYFSSGTFNPVSLWANPKYVRAWKGGTGDCKMGGNYGSSLFAQCEAVDN
GCQQVLWLYGEDHQITEVGTMNLFLYWINEDGEEELATPPLDGIILPGVTRRCILDLAHQ
WGEFKVSERYLTMDDLSTALEGNRVREMFGSGTACVVCPVSDILYKGETIHIPTMENGPK
LASRILSKLTDIQYGREESDWTIVLS
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 386
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 42953
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 4.95
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transaminase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Enzyme 3 Pathways
  • Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis (map00770 Link Image)
  • Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 Link Image)
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 1036780 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P54687 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BCAT1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1155 bp 
ATGGATTGCAGTAACGGATCGGCAGAGTGTACCGGAGAAGGAGGATCAAAAGAGGTGGTG
GGGACTTTTAAGGCTAAAGACCTAATAGTCACACCAGCTACCATTTTAAAGGAAAAACCA
GACCCCAATAATCTGGTTTTTGGAACTGTGTTCACGGATCATATGCTGACGGTGGAGTGG
TCCTCAGAGTTTGGATGGGAGAAACCTCATATCAAGCCTCTTCAGAACCTGTCATTGCAC
CCTGGCTCATCAGCTTTGCACTATGCAGTGGAATTATTTGAAGGATTGAAGGCATTTCGA
GGAGTAGATAATAAAATTCGACTGTTTCAGCCAAACCTCAACATGGATAGAATGTATCGC
TCTGCTGTGAGGGCAACTCTGCCGGTATTTGACAAAGAAGAGCTCTTAGAGTGTATTCAA
CAGCTTGTGAAATTGGATCAAGAATGGGTCCCATATTCAACATCTGCTAGTCTGTATATT
CGTCCTGCATTCATTGGAACTGAGCCTTCTCTTGGAGTCAAGAAGCCTACCAAAGCCCTG
CTCTTTGTACTCTTGAGCCCAGTGGGACCTTATTTTTCAAGTGGAACCTTTAATCCAGTG
TCCCTGTGGGCCAATCCCAAGTATGTAAGAGCCTGGAAAGGTGGAACTGGGGACTGCAAG
ATGGGAGGGAATTACGGCTCATCTCTTTTTGCCCAATGTGAAGACGTAGATAATGGGTGT
CAGCAGGTCCTGTGGCTCTATGGCAGAGACCATCAGATCACTGAAGTGGGAACTATGAAT
CTTTTTCTTTACTGGATAAATGAAGATGGAGAAGAAGAACTGGCAACTCCTCCACTAGAT
GGCATCATTCTTCCAGGAGTGACAAGGCGGTGCATTCTGGACCTGGCACATCAGTGGGGT
GAATTTAAGGTGTCAGAGAGATACCTCACCATGGATGACTTGACAACAGCCCTGGAGGGG
AACAGAGTGAGAGAGATGTTTAGCTCTGGTACAGCCTGTGTTGTTTGCCCAGTTTCTGAT
ATACTGTACAAAGGCGAGACAATACACATTCCAACTATGGAGAATGGTCCTAAGCTGGCA
AGCCGCATCTTGAGCAAATTAACTGATATCCAGTATGGAAGAGAAGAGAGCGACTGGACA
ATTGTGCTATCCTGA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID U21551 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID BCAT1 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID BCAT1 Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:976 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 12
Enzyme 3 Locus 12pter-q12
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Schuldiner O, Eden A, Ben-Yosef T, Yanuka O, Simchen G, Benvenisty N: ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 9;93(14):7143-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 5763
Enzyme 4 Name Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. BCAT(m
  2. Placental protein 18
  3. PP18
Enzyme 4 Gene Name BCAT2
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor 
MAAAALGQIWARKLLSVPWLLCGPRRYASSSFKAADLQLEMTQKPHKKPGPGEPLVFGKT
FTDHMLMVEWNDKGWGQPRIQPFQNLTLHPASSSLHYSLQLFEGMKAFKGKDQQVRLFRP
WLNMDRMLRSAMRLCLPSFDKLELLECIRRLIEVDKDWVPDAAGTSLYVRPVLIGNEPSL
GVSQPTRALLFVILCPVGAYFPGGSVTPVSLLADPAFIRAWVGGVGNYKLGGNYGPTVLV
QQEALKRGCEQVLWLYGPDHQLTEVGTMNIFVYWTHEDGVLELVTPPLNGVILPGVVRQS
LLDMAQTWGEFRVVERTITMKQLLRALEEGRVREVFGSGTACQVCPVHRILYKDRNLHIP
TMENGPELILRFQKELKEIQYGIRAHEWMFPV
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 392
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 44288
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 8.82
Enzyme 4 GO Classification
Function
  • branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transaminase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 4 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 4 Specific Function Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids
Enzyme 4 Pathways
  • Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis (map00770 Link Image)
  • Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation (map00280 Link Image)
Enzyme 4 Reactions
  • L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • 1-29
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 2342862 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID O15382 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name BCAT2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID 1KTA Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB File Show
Enzyme 4 3D Structure
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence >1179 bp 
ATGGCCGCAGCCGCTCTGGGGCAGATCTGGGCACGAAAGCTTCTCTCTGTCCCTTGGCTT
CTGTGTGGTCCCAGAAGATATGCCTCCTCCAGTTTCAAGGCTGCAGACCTGCAGCTGGAA
ATGACACAGAAGCCTCATAAGAAGCCTGGCCCCGGCGAGCCCCTGGTGTTTGGGAAGACA
TTTACCGACCACATGCTGATGGTGGAATGGAATGACAAGGGCTGGGGCCAGCCCCGAATC
CAGCCCTTCCAGAACCTCACGCTGCACCCAGCCTCCTCCAGCCTCCACTACTCCCTGCAG
CTGTTTGAGGGCATGAAGGCGTTCAAAGGCAAAGACCAGCAGGTGCGCCTCTTCCGCCCC
TGGCTCAACATGGACCGGATGCTGCGCTCAGCCATGCGCCTGTGCCTGCCGAGTTTCGAC
AAGCTGGAGTTGCTGGAGTGCATCCGCCGGCTCATCGAAGTGGACAAGGACTGGGTCCCC
GATGCCGCCGGCACCAGCCTCTATGTGCGGCCTGTGCTCATTGGGAACGAGCCCTCGCTG
GGTGTCAGCCAGCCCAGGCGCGCGCTCCTGTTCGTCATTCTCTGCCCAGTGGGTGCCTAC
TTCCCTGGAGGCTCCGTGACCCCGGTCTCCCTCCTGGCCGACCCAGCCTTCATCCGGGCC
TGGGTGGGCGGGGTCGGCAACTACAAGTTAGGTGGGAATTATGGGCCCACCGTGTTAGTG
CAACAGGAGGCACTCAAGCGGGGCTGTGAACAGGTCCTCTGGCTGTATGGGCCCGACCAC
CAGCTCACCGAGGTGGGAACCATGAACATCTTTGTCTACTGGACCCACGAAGATGGGGTG
CTGGAGCTGGTGACGCCCCCGCTGAATGGTGTTATCCTGCCTGGAGTGGTCAGACAGAGT
CTACTGGACATGGCTCAGACCTGGGGTGAGTTCCGGGTGGTGGAGCGCACGATCACCATG
AAGCAGTTGCTGCGGGCCTTGGAGGAGGGCCGCGTGCGGGAAGTCTTTGGCTCGGGCACC
GCTTGCCAGGTCTGCCCAGTGCACCGAATCCTGTACAAAGACAGGAACCTCCATATTCCC
ACCATGGAAAATGGGCCTGAGCTGATCCTCCGCTTCCAGAAGGAGCTGAAGGAGATCCAG
TACGGAATCAGAGCCCACGAGTGGATGTTCCCGGTGTGA
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID U68418 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID BCAT2 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID BCAT2 Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:977 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location 19
Enzyme 4 Locus 19q13
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References
  1. Bledsoe RK, Dawson PA, Hutson SM: Cloning of the rat and human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferases (BCATm). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Apr 25;1339(1):9-13. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Than NG, Sumegi B, Than GN, Bellyei S, Bohn H: Molecular cloning and characterization of placental tissue protein 18 (PP18a)/human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm) and its novel alternatively spliced PP18b variant. Placenta. 2001 Feb-Mar;22(2-3):235-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Eden A, Simchen G, Benvenisty N: Two yeast homologs of ECA39, a target for c-Myc regulation, code for cytosolic and mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20242-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yennawar N, Dunbar J, Conway M, Hutson S, Farber G: The structure of human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Apr;57(Pt 4):506-15. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Yennawar NH, Conway ME, Yennawar HP, Farber GK, Hutson SM: Crystal structures of human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase reaction intermediates: ketimine and pyridoxamine phosphate forms. Biochemistry. 2002 Oct 1;41(39):11592-601. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 5 [top]
Enzyme 5 ID 5923
Enzyme 5 Name Valyl-tRNA synthetase
Enzyme 5 Synonyms
  1. Valine--tRNA ligase
  2. ValRS
  3. Protein G7a
Enzyme 5 Gene Name VARS
Enzyme 5 Protein Sequence >Valyl-tRNA synthetase 
MSTLYVSPHPDAFPSLRALIAARYGEAGEGPGWGGAHPRICLQPPPTSRTPFPPPRLPAL
EQGPGGLWVWGATAVAQLLWPAGLGGPGGSRAAVLVQQWVSYADTELIPAACGATLPALG
LRSSAQDPQAVLGALGRALSPLEEWLRLHTYLAGEAPTLADLAAVTALLLPFRYVLDPPA
RRIWNNVTRWFVTCVRQPEFRAVLGEVVLYSGARPLSHQPGPEAPALPKTAAQLKKEAKK
REKLEKFQQKQKIQQQQPPPGEKKPKPEKREKRDPGVITYDLPTPPGEKKDVSGPMPDSY
SPRYVEAAWYPWWEQQGFFKPEYGRPNVSAANPRGVFMMCIPPPNVTGSLHLGHALTNAI
QDSLTRWHRMRGETTLWNPGCDHAGIATQVVVEKKLWREQGLSRHQLGREAFLQEVWKWK
EEKGDRIYHQLKKLGSSLDWDRACFTMDPKLSAAVTEAFVRLHEEGIIYRSTRLVNWSCT
LNSAISDIEVDKKELTGRTLLSVPGYKEKVEFGVLVSFAYKVQGSDSDEEVVVATTRIET
MLGDVAVAVHPKDTRYQHLKGKNVIHPFLSRSLPIVFDEFVDMDFGTGAVKITPAHDQND
YEVGQRHGLEAISIMDSRGALINVPPPFLGLPRFEARKAVLVALKERGLFRGIEDNPMVV
PLCNRSKDVVEPLLRPQWYVRCGEMAQAASAAVTRGDLRILPEAHQRTWHAWMDNIREWC
ISRQLWWGHRIPAYFVTVSDPAVPPGEDPDGRYWVSGRNEAEAREKAAKEFGVSPDKISL
QQDEDVLDTWFSSGLFPLSILGWPNQSEDLSVFYPGTLLETGHDILFFWVARMVMLGLKL
TGRLPFREVYLHAIVRDAHGRKMSKSLGNVIDPLDVIYGISLQGLHNQLLNSNLDPSEVE
KAKEGQKADFPAGIPECGTDALRFGLCAYMSQGRDINLDVNRILGYRHFCNKLWNATKFA
LRGLGKGFVPSPTSQPGGHESLVDRWIRSRLTEAVRLSNQGFQAYDFPAVTTAQYSFWLY
ELCDVYLECLKPVLNGVDQVAAECARQTLYTCLDVGLRLLSPFMPFVTEELFQRLPRRMP
QAPPSLCVTPYPEPSECSWKDPEAEAALELALSITRAVRSLRADYNLTRIRPDCFLEVAD
EATGALASAVSGYVQALASAGVVAVLALGAPAPQGCAVALASDRCSIHLQLQGLVDPARE
LGKLQAKRVEAQRQAQRLRERRAASGYPVKVPLEVQEADEAKLQQTEAELRKVDEAIALF
QKML
Enzyme 5 Number of Residues 1264
Enzyme 5 Molecular Weight 140477
Enzyme 5 Theoretical pI 7.63
Enzyme 5 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • RNA ligase activity
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • ligase activity
  • ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • tRNA ligase activity
  • valine-tRNA ligase activity
Process
  • RNA metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
  • tRNA aminoacylation
  • tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
  • tRNA metabolism
  • valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
Component
—
Enzyme 5 General Function Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis
Enzyme 5 Specific Function ATP + L-valine + tRNA(Val) = AMP + diphosphate + L-valyl-tRNA(Val)
Enzyme 5 Pathways
Enzyme 5 Reactions
  • ATP + L-valine + tRNA(Val) = AMP + diphosphate + L-valyl-tRNA(Val)
Enzyme 5 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 5 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 5 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 5 GenBank ID Protein 31545 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P26640 Link Image
Enzyme 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SYV_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 5 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 5 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 5 Gene Sequence >3798 bp 
ATGTCCACCCTCTACGTCTCCCCTCACCCAGATGCCTTCCCCAGCCTCCGAGCCCTCATA
GCCGCTCGCTATGGGGAGGCTGGGGAGGGTCCCGGATGGGGAGGAGCCCACCCCCGCATC
TGTCTCCAGCCACCCCCGACTAGCAGGACTAGCTTTCCCCCACCCCGCCTGCCGGCCCTG
GAGCAGGGGCCCGGTGGGCTCTGGGTGTGGGGGGCCACGGCTGTGGCCCAGCTGCTGTGG
CCAGCAGGCCTGGGGGGCCCAGGGGGCAGCCGGGCGGCTGTCCTTGTCCAACAGTGGGTC
AGTTACGCCGACACGGAGTTAATACCAGCTGCCTGTGGAGCAACGCTGCCGGCCCTGGGA
CTCCGAAGCTCGGCCCAGGACCCCCAGGCTGTGCTGGGGGCCCTGGGCAGGGCCCTGAGC
CCCTTGGAGGAGTGGCTTCGGCTGCACACCTACTTGGCCGGGGAGGCCCCCACTCTGGCT
GACCTGGCGGCTGTCACAGCCTTGCTGCTGCCTTTCCGATACGTCCTAGACCCACCTGCC
CGCCGGATCTGGAATAATGTGACTCGCTGGTTTGTCACGTGTGTCCGACAGCCAGAATTC
CGAGCCGTGCTAGGAGAAGTGGTTCTATACTCAGGAGCCAGGCCTCTCTCTCATCAGCCA
GGCCCCGAGGCTCCTGCCCTCCCAAAGACAGCTGCTCAGCTCAAGAAAGAGGCAAAGAAA
CGGGAGAAGCTAGAGAAATTCCAACAGAAGCAGAAGATCCAACAGCAGCAGCCACCTCCA
GGGGAGAAGAAACCAAAACCAGAGAAGAGGGAGAAACGGGATCCTGGGGTCATTACCTAT
GACCTCCCAACCCCACCCGGGGAAAAGAAAGATGTCAGTGGCCCCATGCCCGACTCCTAC
AGCCCTCGGTATGTGGAGGCTGCCTGGTACCCTTGGTGGGAGCAGCAGGGCTTCTTCAAG
CCAGAGTATGGGCGTCCTAATGTGTCAGCAGCAAATCCCCGAGGTGTCTTCATGATGTGC
ATCCCACCCCCCAATGTGACAGGCTCCCTGCACCTGGGCCATGCACTCACCAACGCCATC
CAGGACTCCCTGACTCGATGGCACCGCATGCGTGGGGAGACCACCCTGTGGAACCCTGGC
TGTGACCATGCAGGTATTGCCACCCAGGTGGTGGTGGAGAAGAAGCTATGGCGTGAGCAG
GGACTGAGCCGGCACCAGCTGGGCCGCGAGGCCTTTCTACAGGAAGTCTGGAAGTGGAAG
GAGGAGAAAGGTGACCGGATTTACCACCAGTTGAAGAAGCTTGGCAGCTCCTTGGACTGG
GATCGAGCCTGTTTCACCATGGACCCTAAACTCTCAGCAGCTGTGACAGAGGCCTTTGTC
CGGCTTCACGAGGAAGGCATCATCTATCGCAGTACCCGCCTTGTTAACTGGTCCTGCACC
CTCAACTCCGCCATCTCTGACATTGAGGTGGATAAGAAGGAGCTGACAGGTCGCACCCTG
CTCTCCGTGCCTGGCTACAAGGAGAAGGTGGAGTTCGGGGTCCTCGTGTCCTTTGCCTAT
AAGGTCCAAGGCTCAGATAGCGACGAGGAGGTGGTGGTGGCAACAACTCGGATCGAGACA
ATGCTGGGAGATGTGGCTGTAGCTGTGCACCCCAAAGATACCAGATACCAGCACCTGAAG
GGGAAGAACGTGATCCACCCATTCCTGTCTCGGAGCCTTCCCATTGTCTTCGATGAATTT
GTGGACATGGACTTTGGCACAGGTGCTGGGAAGATCACCCCCGCACATGACCAAAATGAC
TATGAAGTTGGGCAGCGGCACGGGCTGGAGGCCATCAGCATCATGGACTCCCGGGGGGGC
CCTCATCAATGTGCCTCCGCCTTTCCTGGGCCTGCCCAGGTTTTGAGGCCAGGAAAGCGG
TGCCTGGTGGCGCTGAAGGAGCGGGGACTGTTCCGTGGCATTGAGGACAACCCCATGGTG
GTGCCACTTTGCAACCGGTCGAAGGACGTGGTAGAGCCTCTGCTGCGGCCGCAGTGGTAC
GTTCGCTGCGGGGAGATGGCCCAGGCTGCCAGCGCCGCTGTGACTCGGGGTGACCTCCGC
ATCCTGCCTGAGGCCCATCAGCGCACATGGCATGCCTGGATGGACAACATCCGGGAGTGG
TGCATTTCCAGGCAGCTGTGGTGGGGCCATCGCATCCCAGCCTACTTTGTCACTGTCAGT
GACCCAGCGGTGCCCCCTGGGGAGGACCCTGATGGGCGGTACTGGGTGAGTGGACGCAAT
GAGGCGGAGGCCCGGGAGAAGGCAGCCAAGGAGTTCGGAGTGTCCCCTGACAAGATCAGT
CTCCAGCAAGATGAGGATGTATTGGATACCTGGTTCTTCTCTGGCCTCTTCCCCTTATCC
ATTTTGGGCTGGCCCAACCAGTCAGAAGACCTGAGTGTGTTCTACCCCGGGACACTGCTG
GAGACCGGTCATGACATCCTCTTCTTCTGGGTGGCCCGGATGGTCATGCTGGGCCTGAAG
CTCACGGGCAGGCTGCCCTTTAGAGAGGTCTACCTCCATGCCATCGTGCGAGATGCTCAC
GGCCGGAAGATGAGCAAGTCTCTAGGCAATGTCATCGATCCCCTGGACGTCATCTATGGA
ATCTCCCTGCAGGGCCTCCACAACCAGCTGCTGAACAGCAACCTGGATCCCAGCGAGGTG
GAGAAGGCCAAAGAAGGGCAGAAAGCTGACTTCCCAGCGGGGATTCCTGAATGTGGCACC
GATGCTCTCCGGTTTGGATTATGTGCCTACATGTCCCAGGGTCGTGACATCAACCTGGAT
GTGAACCGGATACTGGGTTACCGCCACTTCTGCAACAAGCTCTGGAATGCCACCAAGTTT
GCCCTTCGTGGCCTTGGGAAGGGTTTTGTGCCCTCACCCACCTCCCAGCCCGGAGGCCAT
GAGAGCCTGGTGGACCGCTGGATCCGCAGCCGCCTGACAGAGGCTGTGAGGCTCAGCAAT
CAAGGCTTCCAGGCCTACGACTTCCCGGCCGTCACCACTGCCCAGTACAGCTTCTGGCTC
TATGAGCTCTGTGATGTCTACTTGGAGTGCCTGAAACCTGTACTGAATGGGGTGGACCAG
GTGGCAGCTGAGTGTGCCCGCCAGACCCTGTACACTTGCCTGGACGTTGGCCTGCGGCTG
CTCTCACCCTTCATGCCCTTCGTGACGGAGGAGCTGTTCCAGAGGCTGCCCCGGAGGATG
CCGCAAGCTCCCCCTAGCCTCTGTGTTACCCCCTACCCGGAGCCCTCAGAGTGCTCCTGG
AAGGACCCCGAGGCAGAAGCCGCCCTTGAGCTGGCGCTAAGCATCACGCGAGCCGTGCGC
TCCCTGCGGGCCGACTACAACCTCACCCGGATCCGGCCTGACTGTTTCCTGGAAGTGGCG
GATGAGGCCACGGGCGCCCTGGCATCGGCGGTGTCGGGCTACGTGCAGGCCCTGGCCAGC
GCAGGTGTGGTGGCTGTTCTGGCCCTGGGGGCTCCCGCCCCCCAGGGTTGCGCTGTGGCT
CTGGCTTCTGATCGCTGCTCCATCCACCTGCAGCTTCAGGGGCTGGTGGACCCTGCACGG
GAGCTGGGCAAGCTGCAAGCCAAGCGAGTTGAGGCCCAGCGGCAGGCCCAGCGTCTGCGG
GAACGCCGTGCTGCCTCGGGCTATCCTGTCAAGGTGCCGCTCGAAGTCCAGGAGGCAGAT
GAAGCCAAGCTCCAACAGACAGAAGCAGAGCTCAGGAAGGTGGATGAGGCCATCGCCCTA
TTCCAGAAGATGCTGTGA
Enzyme 5 GenBank Gene ID X59303 Link Image
Enzyme 5 GeneCard ID VARS Link Image
Enzyme 5 GenAtlas ID VARS Link Image
Enzyme 5 HGNC ID HGNC:12651 Link Image
Enzyme 5 Chromosome Location 6
Enzyme 5 Locus 6p21.3
Enzyme 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 5 General References
  1. Hsieh SL, Campbell RD: Evidence that gene G7a in the human major histocompatibility complex encodes valyl-tRNA synthetase. Biochem J. 1991 Sep 15;278 ( Pt 3):809-16. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Vilalta A, Donovan D, Wood L, Vogeli G, Yang DC: Cloning, sequencing and expression of a cDNA encoding mammalian valyl-tRNA synthetase. Gene. 1993 Jan 30;123(2):181-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 5 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 6 [top]
Enzyme 6 ID 13127
Enzyme 6 Name Valyl-tRNA synthetase like
Enzyme 6 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Name VARSL
Enzyme 6 Protein Sequence >Valyl-tRNA synthetase like 
MPHLPLASFRPPFWGLRHSRGLPRFHSVSTQSEPHGSPISRRNREAKQKRLREKQATLEA
EIAGESKSPAESIKAWRPKELVLYEIPTKPGEKKDVSGPLPPAYSPRYVEAAWYPWWVRE
GFFKPEYQARLPQATGETFSMCIPPPNVTGSLHIGHALTVAIQDALVRWHRMRGDQVLWV
PGSDHAGIATQAVVEKQLWKERGVRRHELSREAFLREVWQWKEAKGGEICEQLRALGASL
DWDRECFTMDVGSSVAVTEAFVRLYKAGLLYRNHQLVNWSCALRSAISDIEVENRPLPGH
TQLRLPGCPTPVSFGLLFSVAFPVDGEPDAEVVVGTTRPETLPGDVAVAVHPDDSRYTHL
HGRQLRHPLMGQPLPLITDYAVQPHVGTGAVKVTPAHSPADAEMGARHGLSPLNVIAEDG
TMTSLCGDWLQGLHRFVAREKIMSVLSEWGLFRGLQNHPMVLPICSRSGDVIEYLLKNQW
FVRCQEMGARAAKAVESGALELSPSFHQKNWQHWFSHIGDWCVSRQLWWGHQIPAYLVVE
DHAQGEEDCWVVGRSEAEAREVAAELTGRPGAELTLERDPDVLDTWFSSALFPFSALGWP
QETPDLARFYPLSLLETGSDLLLFWVGRMVMLGTQLTGQLPFSKVLLHPMVRDRQGRKMS
KSLGNVLDPRDIISGVEMQVLQEKLRSGNLDPAELAIVAAAQKKDFPHGIPECGTDALRF
TLCSHGVQAGDLHLSVSEVQSCRHFCNKIWNALRFILNALGEKFVPQPAEELSPSSPMDA
WILSRLALAAQECERGFLTRELSLVTHALHHFWLHNLCDVYLEAVKPVLWHSPRPLGPPQ
VLFSCADLGLRLLAPLMPFLAEELWQRLPPRPGCPPAPSISVAPYPSACSLEHWRQPELE
RRFSRVQEVVQVLRALRATYQLTKARPRVLLQSSEPGDQGLFEAFLEPLGTLGYCGAVGL
LPPGAAAPSGWAQAPLSDTAQVYMELQGLVDPQIQLPLLAARRYKLQKQLDSLTARTPSE
GEAGTQRQQKLSSLQLELSKLDKAASHLQQLMDEPPAPGSPEL
Enzyme 6 Number of Residues 1063
Enzyme 6 Molecular Weight 118463
Enzyme 6 Theoretical pI 6.96
Enzyme 6 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • RNA ligase activity
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • ligase activity
  • ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • tRNA ligase activity
  • valine-tRNA ligase activity
Process
  • RNA metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
  • tRNA aminoacylation
  • tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
  • tRNA metabolism
  • valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
Component
—
Enzyme 6 General Function Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis
Enzyme 6 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 6 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 6 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 6 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 6 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 6 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 6 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q5ST30 Link Image
Enzyme 6 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name Q5ST30_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 6 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 6 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 6 GenBank Gene ID AL662854 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GeneCard ID Q5ST30 Link Image
Enzyme 6 GenAtlas ID VARS2 Link Image
Enzyme 6 HGNC ID HGNC:21642 Link Image
Enzyme 6 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 6 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 6 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 6 General References Not Available
Enzyme 6 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 7 [top]
Enzyme 7 ID 16424
Enzyme 7 Name cDNA, FLJ95372, highly similar to Homo sapiens branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial(BCAT2), mRNA (Branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial)
Enzyme 7 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Name BCAT2
Enzyme 7 Protein Sequence >cDNA, FLJ95372, highly similar to Homo sapiens branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial(BCAT2), mRNA (Branched chain aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial) 
MAAAALGQIWARKLLSVPWLLCGPRRYASSSFKAADLQLEMTQKPHKKPGPGEPLVFGKT
FTDHMLMVEWNDKGWGQPRIQPFQNLTLHPASSSLHYSLQLFEGMKAFKGKDQQVRLFRP
WLNMDRMLRSAMRLCLPSFDKLELLECIRRLIEVDKDWVPDAAGTSLYVRPVLIGNEPSL
GVSQPTRALLFVILCPVGAYFPGGSVTPVSLLADPAFIRAWVGGVGNYKLGGNYGPTVLV
QQEALKRGCEQVLWLYGPDHQLTEVGTMNIFVYWTHEDGVLELVTPPLNGVILPGVVRQS
LLDMAQTWGEFRVVERTITMKQLLRALEEGRVREVFGSGTACQVCPVHRILYKDRNLHIP
TMENGPELILRFQKELKEIQYGIRAHEWMFPV
Enzyme 7 Number of Residues 392
Enzyme 7 Molecular Weight 44288
Enzyme 7 Theoretical pI 8.82
Enzyme 7 GO Classification
Function
  • branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transaminase activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • branched chain family amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
Component
—
Enzyme 7 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 7 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 7 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 7 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 7 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 7 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 7 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B2RB87 Link Image
Enzyme 7 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B2RB87_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB ID 1KTA Link Image
Enzyme 7 PDB File Show
Enzyme 7 3D Structure
Enzyme 7 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 7 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 7 GenBank Gene ID AK314548 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GeneCard ID B2RB87 Link Image
Enzyme 7 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 7 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 7 Chromosome Location 19
Enzyme 7 Locus 19q13
Enzyme 7 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 7 General References Not Available
Enzyme 7 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 8 [top]
Enzyme 8 ID 16442
Enzyme 8 Name Valyl-tRNA synthetase (Valyl-tRNA synthetase, isoform CRA_a)
Enzyme 8 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Name VARS
Enzyme 8 Protein Sequence >Valyl-tRNA synthetase (Valyl-tRNA synthetase, isoform CRA_a) 
MSTLYVSPHPDAFPSLRALIAARYGEAGEGPGWGGAHPRICLQPPPTSRTPFPPPRLPAL
EQGPGGLWVWGATAVAQLLWPAGLGGPGGSRAAVLVQQWVSYADTELIPAACGATLPALG
LRSSAQDPQAVLGALGRALSPLEEWLRLHTYLAGEAPTLADLAAVTALLLPFRYVLDPPA
RRIWNNVTRWFVTCVRQPEFRAVLGEVVLYSGARPLSHQPGPEAPALPKTAAQLKKEAKK
REKLEKFQQKQKIQQQQPPPGEKKPKPEKREKRDPGVITYDLPTPPGEKKDVSGPMPDSY
SPRYVEAAWYPWWEQQGFFKPEYGRPNVSAANPRGVFMMCIPPPNVTGSLHLGHALTNAI
QDSLTRWHRMRGETTLWNPGCDHAGIATQVVVEKKLWREQGLSRHQLGREAFLQEVWKWK
EEKGDRIYHQLKKLGSSLDWDRACFTMDPKLSAAVTEAFVRLHEEGIIYRSTRLVNWSCT
LNSAISDIEVDKKELTGRTLLSVPGYKEKVEFGVLVSFAYKVQGSDSDEEVVVATTRIET
MLGDVAVAVHPKDTRYQHLKGKNVIHPFLSRSLPIVFDEFVDMDFGTGAVKITPAHDQND
YEVGQRHGLEAISIMDSRGALINVPPPFLGLPRFEARKAVLVALKERGLFRGIEDNPMVV
PLCNRSKDVVEPLLRPQWYVRCGEMAQAASAAVTRGDLRILPEAHQRTWHAWMDNIREWC
ISRQLWWGHRIPAYFVTVSDPAVPPGEDPDGRYWVSGRNEAEAREKAAKEFGVSPDKISL
QQDEDVLDTWFSSGLFPLSILGWPNQSEDLSVFYPGTLLETGHDILFFWVARMVMLGLKL
TGRLPFREVYLHAIVRDAHGRKMSKSLGNVIDPLDVIYGISLQGLHNQLLNSNLDPSEVE
KAKEGQKADFPAGIPECGTDALRFGLCAYMSQGRDINLDVNRILGYRHFCNKLWNATKFA
LRGLGKGFVPSPTSQPGGHESLVDRWIRSRLTEAVRLSNQGFQAYDFPAVTTAQYSFWLY
ELCDVYLECLKPVLNGVDQVAAECARQTLYTCLDVGLRLLSPFMPFVTEELFQRLPRRMP
QAPPSLCVTPYPEPSECSWKDPEAEAALELALSITRAVRSLRADYNLTRIRPDCFLEVAD
EATGALASAVSGYVQALASAGVVAVLALGAPAPQGCAVALASDRCSIHLQLQGLVDPARE
LGKLQAKRVEAQRQAQRLRERRAASGYPVKVPLEVQEADEAKLQQTEAELRKVDEAIALF
QKML
Enzyme 8 Number of Residues 1264
Enzyme 8 Molecular Weight 140477
Enzyme 8 Theoretical pI 7.63
Enzyme 8 GO Classification
Function
  • ATP binding
  • RNA ligase activity
  • adenyl nucleotide binding
  • binding
  • catalytic activity
  • ligase activity
  • ligase activity, forming phosphoric ester bonds
  • nucleotide binding
  • purine nucleotide binding
  • tRNA ligase activity
  • valine-tRNA ligase activity
Process
  • RNA metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • metabolism
  • nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
  • physiological process
  • tRNA aminoacylation
  • tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
  • tRNA metabolism
  • valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
Component
—
Enzyme 8 General Function Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis
Enzyme 8 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 8 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 8 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 8 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 8 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 8 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 8 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID B0V1N1 Link Image
Enzyme 8 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name B0V1N1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 8 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 8 GenBank Gene ID CR925765 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GeneCard ID B0V1N1 Link Image
Enzyme 8 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 HGNC ID Not Available
Enzyme 8 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 8 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 8 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 8 General References Not Available
Enzyme 8 Metabolite References Not Available