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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for Acetylcholine (HMDB00895)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-11-16 15:48:42
Update Date 2009-07-31 17:02:22
Accession Number HMDB00895
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name Acetylcholine
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. Its physiological and pharmacological effects, metabolism, release, and receptors have been well documented in several species. ACh has been considered an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the carotid body (CB). Various nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors are present in both afferent nerve endings and glomus cells. Therefore, ACh can depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane depending on the available receptor type in the vicinity. Binding of ACh to its receptor can create a wide variety of cellular responses including opening cation channels (nicotinic ACh receptor activation), releasing Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites (via muscarinic ACh receptors), and modulating activities of K+ and Ca2+ channels. Interactions between ACh and other neurotransmitters (dopamine, adenosine, nitric oxide) have been known, and they may induce complicated responses. Cholinergic biology in the CB differs among species and even within the same species due to different genetic composition. Development and environment influence cholinergic biology. Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions. Acetylcholine has been shown to increase the strength of afferent input relative to feedback, to contribute to theta rhythm oscillations, activate intrinsic mechanisms for persistent spiking, and increase the modification of synapses. These effects might enhance different types of encoding in different cortical structures. In particular, the effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories. The role of ACh in attention has been repeatedly demonstrated in several tasks. Acetylcholine is linked to response accuracy in voluntary and reflexive attention and also to response speed in reflexive attention. It is well known that those with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders tend to be inaccurate and slow to respond. (PMID: 17284361, 17011181, 15556286)
Synonyms
  1. ACh
  2. Acetyl choline ion
  3. Acetylcholine cation
  4. Acetylcholinium: acetyl-Choline
  5. Choline acetate
  6. Choline acetate (ester)
  7. O-acetylcholine
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-acetyloxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium
Chemical Formula C7H16NO2
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Quaternary Amines
Sub Class
  • Short chain acyl carnitines
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • cation
  • quaternary ammonium salt
  • carboxylic acid ester
Biofunction
  • Component of Glycerophospholipid metabolism
Application
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 146.207
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 146.118103
Isomeric SMILES CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C
Canonical SMILES CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C
KEGG Compound ID C01996 Link Image
BioCyc ID ACETYLCHOLINE Link Image
BiGG ID 38868 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Acetylcholine Link Image
NuGOwiki Link HMDB00895 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB00895 Link Image
METLIN ID 57 Link Image
PubChem Compound 187 Link Image
PubChem Substance 148633 Link Image
ChEBI ID 15355 Link Image
CAS Registry Number 51-84-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C7H16NO2/c1-7(9)10-6-5-8(2,3)4/h5-6H2,1-4H3/q+1
Synthesis Reference Szutowicz, Andrzej. Acetylcholine synthesis in synaptosomes. Postepy Biochemii (1979), 25(1), 59-84.
Melting Point (Experimental) 148 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1000.0 mg/mL [MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)]; 0.136 mg/mL [Predicted by ALOGPS] Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 1
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity -2.91 [Predicted by ALOGPS]; -3.45 [MEYLAN,WM & HOWARD,PH (1995)] Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 2ACE Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Varian)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Download Spectrum
Download FID (Bruker)
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum
Low Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Medium Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
High Energy
Download File
Show Experimental Conditions Link Image
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
BMRB Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • nucleus
Biofluid Location
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Urine
Tissue Location
Tissue References
Adipose Tissue
Adrenal Medulla
Bladder
Brain
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Lung
Muscle
Myelin
Nerve Cells
Neuron
Pancreas
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Skin
Spleen
Testes
Concentrations (Normal)
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.034 +/- 0.009 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Patient information Normal
Comments Not Available
References
  • Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid Urine
Value 0.078 +/- 0.074 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex Both
Patient information Adults
Comments Not Available
References
  • Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 165-177. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp., Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Concentrations (Abnormal)
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.01 +/- 0.005 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Alzheimer's disease
Comments Not Available
References
  • Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Biofluid CSF
Value 0.016 +/- 0.007 uM
Age Adult:>18 yrs old
Sex N/A
Condition Multi-infarct dementia
Comments Not Available
References
  • Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Associated Disorders
Condition References
Alzheimer's disease
  • Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Multi-infarct dementia
  • Jia JP, Jia JM, Zhou WD, Xu M, Chu CB, Yan X, Sun YX: Differential acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004 Aug;117(8):1161-4. [PubMed Link Image]
OMIM ID
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Phospholipid Biosynthesis SMP00025 Link Image map00564 Link Image
General References
  1. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Hall LL, Zia S, Arredondo J, Chernyavsky AI, Kist DA, Zelickson BD, Lawry MA, Grando SA: Programmed cell death of keratinocytes culminates in apoptotic secretion of a humectant upon secretagogue action of acetylcholine. J Cell Sci. 2001 Mar;114(Pt 6):1189-204. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Chia S, Megson IL, Ludlam CA, Fox KA, Newby DE: Preserved endothelial vasomotion and fibrinolytic function in patients with acute stent thrombosis or in-stent restenosis. Thromb Res. 2003;111(6):343-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Grando SA, Kist DA, Qi M, Dahl MV: Human keratinocytes synthesize, secrete, and degrade acetylcholine. J Invest Dermatol. 1993 Jul;101(1):32-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Beilin B, Bessler H, Papismedov L, Weinstock M, Shavit Y: Continuous physostigmine combined with morphine-based patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Jan;49(1):78-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Tao J, Jin YF, Yang Z, Wang LC, Gao XR, Lui L, Ma H: Reduced arterial elasticity is associated with endothelial dysfunction in persons of advancing age: comparative study of noninvasive pulse wave analysis and laser Doppler blood flow measurement. Am J Hypertens. 2004 Aug;17(8):654-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Jiang JL, Jiang DJ, Tang YH, Li NS, Deng HW, Li YJ: Effect of simvastatin on endothelium-dependent vaso-relaxation and endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004 Jul;25(7):893-901. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Haug KH, Bogen IL, Osmundsen H, Walaas I, Fonnum F: Effects on cholinergic markers in rat brain and blood after short and prolonged administration of donepezil. Neurochem Res. 2005 Dec;30(12):1511-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Katoh H, Shimada T, Inoue S, Takahashi N, Shimizu H, Ohta Y, Nakamura K, Murakami Y, Ishibashi Y, Matsumori A: Reduced high serum hepatocyte growth factor levels after successful cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Mar;31(3):145-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Main C, Blennerhassett P, Collins SM: Human recombinant interleukin 1 beta suppresses acetylcholine release from rat myenteric plexus. Gastroenterology. 1993 Jun;104(6):1648-54. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Ikarashi Y, Harigaya Y, Tomidokoro Y, Kanai M, Ikeda M, Matsubara E, Kawarabayashi T, Kuribara H, Younkin SG, Maruyama Y, Shoji M: Decreased level of brain acetylcholine and memory disturbance in APPsw mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Apr;25(4):483-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. Katz SD, Krum H: Acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the forearm circulation of patients with heart failure: indirect evidence for the role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Am J Cardiol. 2001 May 1;87(9):1089-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  12. Hanna ST, Cao K, Wang R: Interaction of acetylcholine with Kir6.1 channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 May 16;515(1-3):34-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  13. Greig NH, Utsuki T, Ingram DK, Wang Y, Pepeu G, Scali C, Yu QS, Mamczarz J, Holloway HW, Giordano T, Chen D, Furukawa K, Sambamurti K, Brossi A, Lahiri DK: Selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibition elevates brain acetylcholine, augments learning and lowers Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide in rodent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 22;102(47):17213-8. Epub 2005 Nov 7. [PubMed Link Image]
  14. Wikipedia Link Image
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholinesterase precursor
  3. Cholinesterase precursor
  4. Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5254
Enzyme 1 Name Choline O-acetyltransferase
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. CHOACTase
  2. Choline acetylase
  3. ChAT
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CHAT
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Choline O-acetyltransferase
MGLRTAKKRGLGGGGKWKREEGGGTRGRREVRPACFLQSGGRGDPGDVGGPAGNPGCSPH
PRAATRPPPLPAHTPAHTPEWCGAASAEAAEPRRAGPHLCIPAPGLTKTPILEKVPRKMA
AKTPSSEESGLPKLPVPPLQQTLATYLQCMRHLVSEEQFRKSQAIVQQFGAPGGLGETLQ
QKLLERQEKTANWVSEYWLNDMYLNNRLALPVNSSPAVIFARQHFPGTDDQLRFAASLIS
GVLSYKALLDSHSIPTDCAKGQLSGQPLCMKQYYGLFSSYRLPGHTQDTLVAQNSSIMPE
PEHVIVACCNQFFVLDVVINFRRLSEGDLFTQLRKIVKMASNEDERLPPIGLLTSDGRSE
WAEARTVLVKDSTNRDSLDMIERCICLVCLDAPGGVELSDTHRALQLLHGGGYSKNGANR
WYDKSLQFVVGRDGTCGVVCEHSPFDGIVLVQCTEHLLKHMTQSSRKLIRADSVSELPAP
RRLRWKCSPEIQGHLASSAEKLQRIVKNLDFIVYKFDNYGKTFIKKQKCSPDAFIQVALQ
LAFYRLHRRLVPTYESASIRRFQEGRVDNIRSATPEALAFVRAVTDHKAAVPASEKLLLL
KDAIRAQTAYTVMAITGMAIDNHLLALRELARAMCKELPEMFMDETYLMSNRFVLSTSQV
PTTTEMFCCYGPVVPNGYGACYNPQPETILFCISSFHSCKETSSSKFAKAVEESLIDMRD
LCSLLPPTESKPLATKEKATRPSQGHQP
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 748
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 82569
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 8.69
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • acyltransferase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • transferase activity
  • transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
  • transferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups
Process
Component
Enzyme 1 General Function Not Available
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • acetyl-CoA + choline = CoA + O-acetylcholine
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 301096 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P28329 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CLAT_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >2247 bp
ATGGGGCTGAGGACAGCGAAGAAGAGGGGGCTTGGGGGAGGGGGGAAATGGAAGAGAGAG
GAGGGAGGAGGTACAAGAGGAAGGAGAGAAGTGCGGCCAGCTTGCTTTCTCCAGTCGGGT
GGCCGCGGGGACCCGGGCGACGTCGGAGGCCCTGCCGGGAACCCAGGCTGCAGCCCCCAC
CCCCGCGCTGCGACACGCCCCCCACCCCTTCCGGCTCACACCCCCGCCCACACTCCTGAG
TGGTGCGGTGCAGCGTCGGCCGAGGCAGCAGAGCCGAGGAGAGCAGGTCCACACCTCTGC
ATCCCTGCACCAGGACTCACCAAGACGCCCATCCTGGAAAAGGTCCCCCGTAAGATGGCA
GCAAAAACTCCCAGCAGTGAGGAGTCTGGGCTGCCCAAACTGCCCGTGCCCCCGCTGCAG
CAGACCCTGGCCACGTACCTGCAGTGCATGCGACACTTGGTGTCTGAGGAGCAGTTCAGG
AAGAGCCAGGCCATTGTGCAGCAGTTTGGGGCCCCTGGTGGCCTCGGCGAGACCCTGCAG
CAGAAACTCCTGGAGCGGCAGGAGAAGACAGCCAACTGGGTGTCTGAGTACTGGCTGAAT
GACATGTATCTCAACAACCGCCTGGCCCTGCCTGTCAACTCCAGCCCTGCCGTGATCTTT
GCTCGGCAGCACTTCCCTGGCACCGATGACCAGCTGAGGTTTGCAGCCAGCCTCATCTCT
GGTGTACTCAGCTACAAGGCCCTGCTGGACAGCCACTCCATTCCCACTGACTGTGCCAAA
CCGGAGCTGTCAGGGCAGCCCCTTTGCATGAAGCAATACTATGGGCTCTTCTCCTCCTAC
CGGCTCCCCGGCCATACCCAGGACACGCTGGTGGCTCAGAACAGCAGCATCATGCCGGAG
CCTGAGCACGTCATCGTAGCCTGCTGCAATCAGTTCTTTGTCTTGGATGTTGTCATTAAT
TTCCGCCGTCTCAGTGAGGGGGATCTGTTCACTCAGTTGAGAAAGATAGTCAAAATGGCT
TCCAACGAGGACGAGCGTTTGCCTCCAATTGGCCTGCTGACGTCTGACGGGAGGAGCGAG
TGGGCCGAGGCCAGGACGGTCCTCGTGAAAGACTCCACCAACCGGGACTCGCTGGACATG
ATTGAGCGCTGCATCTGCCTTGTATGCCTGGACGGCCCAGGAGGCGTGGAGCTCAGCGAC
ACCCACAGGGCACTCCAGCTCCTTCACGGCGGAGGCTACAGCAAGAACGGGGCCAATCGC
TGGTACGACAAGTCCCTGCAGTTTGTGGTGGGCCGAGACGCGACCTGCGGTGTGGTGTGC
GAACACTCCCCATTCGATGGCATCGTCCTGGTGCAGTGCACTGAGCATCTGCTCAAGCAC
ATGACGCAGAGCAGCAGGAAGCTGATCCGAGCAGACTCCGTCAGCGAGCTCCCCGCCCCC
CGGAGGCTGCGGTGGAAATGCTCCCCGGAAATTCAAGGCCACTTAGCCTCCTCGGCAGAA
AAACTTCAACGAATAGTAAAGAACCTTGACTTCATTGTCTATAAGTTTGACAACTATGGG
AAAACATTCATTAAGAAGCAGAAATGCAGCCCTGATGCCTTCATCCAGGTGGCCCTCCAG
CTGGCCTTCTACAGGCTCCACCGAAGACTGGTGCCCACCTACGAGAGCGCGTCCATCCGC
CGATTCCAGGAGGGACGCGTGGACAACATCAGATCGGCCACTCCAGAGGCACTGGCTTTT
GTGAGAGCCGTGACTGACCACAAGGCTGCTGTGCCAGCTTCTGAGAAGCTTCTGCTCCTG
AAGGATGCCATCCGTGCCCAGACTGCATACACAGTCATGGCCATAACAGGGATGGCCATT
GACAACCACCTGCTGGCACTGCGGGAGCTGGCCCGGGCCATGTGCAAGGAGCTGCCCGAG
ATGTTCATGGATGAAACCTACCTGATGAGCAACCGGTTTGTCCTCTCCACTAGCCAGGTG
CCCACAACCACGGAGATGTTCTGCTGCTATGGTCCTGTGGTCCCAAATGGGTATGGTGCC
TGCTACAACCCCCAGCCAGAGACCATCCTTTTCTGCATCTCTAGCTTTCACAGCTGCAAA
GAGACTTCTTCTAGCAAGTTTGCAAAAGCTGTGGAAGAAAGCCTCATTGACATGAGAGAC
CTCTGCAGTCTGCTGCCGCCTACTGAGAGCAAGCCATTGGCAACAAAGGAAAAAGCCACG
AGGCCCAGCCAGGGACACCAACCTTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID S56138 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID CHAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID CHAT Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:1912 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Oda Y, Nakanishi I, Deguchi T: A complementary DNA for human choline acetyltransferase induces two forms of enzyme with different molecular weights in cultured cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Dec;16(3-4):287-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Ohno K, Tsujino A, Brengman JM, Harper CM, Bajzer Z, Udd B, Beyring R, Robb S, Kirkham FJ, Engel AG: Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):2017-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lorenzi MV, Trinidad AC, Zhang R, Strauss WL: Two mRNAs are transcribed from the human gene for choline acetyltransferase. DNA Cell Biol. 1992 Oct;11(8):593-603. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Toussaint JL, Geoffroy V, Schmitt M, Werner A, Garnier JM, Simoni P, Kempf J: Human choline acetyltransferase (CHAT): partial gene sequence and potential control regions. Genomics. 1992 Feb;12(2):412-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Cervini R, Rocchi M, DiDonato S, Finocchiaro G: Isolation and sub-chromosomal localization of a DNA fragment of the human choline acetyltransferase gene. Neurosci Lett. 1991 Nov 11;132(2):191-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 5772
Enzyme 2 Name Acetylcholinesterase precursor
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. AChE
Enzyme 2 Gene Name ACHE
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Acetylcholinesterase precursor
MRPPQCLLHTPSLASPLLLLLLWLLGGGVGAEGREDAELLVTVRGGRLRGIRLKTPGGPV
SAFLGIPFAEPPMGPRRFLPPEPKQPWSGVVDATTFQSVCYQYVDTLYPGFEGTEMWNPN
RELSEDCLYLNVWTPYPRPTSPTPVLVWIYGGGFYSGASSLDVYDGRFLVQAERTVLVSM
NYRVGAFGFLALPGSREAPGNVGLLDQRLALQWVQENVAAFGGDPTSVTLFGESAGAASV
GMHLLSPPSRGLFHRAVLQSGAPNGPWATVGMGEARRRATQLAHLVGCPPGGTGGNDTEL
VACLRTRPAQVLVNHEWHVLPQESVFRFSFVPVVDGDFLSDTPEALINAGDFHGLQVLVG
VVKDEGSYFLVYGAPGFSKDNESLISRAEFLAGVRVGVPQVSDLAAEAVVLHYTDWLHPE
DPARLREALSDVVGDHNVVCPVAQLAGRLAAQGARVYAYVFEHRASTLSWPLWMGVPHGY
EIEFIFGIPLDPSRNYTAEEKIFAQRLMRYWANFARTGDPNEPRDPKAPQWPPYTAGAQQ
YVSLDLRPLEVRRGLRAQACAFWNRFLPKLLSATDTLDEAERQWKAEFHRWSSYMVHWKN
QFDHYSKQDRCSDL
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 614
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 67797
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.24
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • cholinesterase activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Process
Component
Enzyme 2 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Rapidly hydrolyzes choline released into the synapse
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • 1-31
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 177975 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P22303 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ACES_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID 1F8U Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB File Show
Enzyme 2 3D Structure
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1845 bp
ATGAGGCCCCCGCAGTGTCTGCTGCACACGCCTTCCCTGGCTTCCCCACTCCTTCTCCTC
CTCCTCTGGCTCCTGGGTGGAGGAGTGGGGGCTGAGGGCCGGGAGGATGCAGAGCTGCTG
GTGACGGTGCGTGGGGGCCGGCTGCGGGGCATTCGCCTGAAGACCCCCGGGGGCCCTGTC
TCTGCTTTCCTGGGCATCCCCTTTGCGGAGCCACCCATGGGACCCCGTCGCTTTCTGCCA
CCGGAGCCCAAGCAGCCTTGGTCAGGGGTGGTAGACGCTACAACCTTCCAGAGTGTCTGC
TACCAATATGTGGACACCCTATACCCAGGTTTTGAGGGCACCGAGATGTGGAACCCCAAC
CGTGAGCTGAGCGAGGACTGCCTGTACCTCAACGTGTGGACACCATACCCCCGGCCTACA
TCCCCCACCCCTGTCCTCGTCTGGATCTATGGGGGTGGCTTCTACAGTGGGGCCTCCTCC
TTGGACGTGTACGATGGCCGCTTCTTGGTACAGGCCGAGAGGACTGTGCTGGTGTCCATG
AACTACCGGGTGGGAGCCTTTGGCTTCCTGGCCCTGCCGGGGAGCCGAGAGGCCCCGGGC
AATGTGGGTCTCCTGGATCAGAGGCTGGCCCTGCAGTGGGTGCAGGAGAACGTGGCAGCC
TTCGGGGGTGACCCGACATCAGTGACGCTGTTTGGGGAGAGCGCGGGAGCCGCCTCGGTG
GGCATGCACCTGCTGTCCCCGCCCAGCCGGGGCCTGTTCCACAGGGCCGTGCTGCAGAGC
GGTGCCCCCAATGGACCCTGGGCCACGGTGGGCATGGGAGAGGCCCGTCGCAGGGCCACG
CAGCTGGCCCACCTTGTGGGCTGTCCTCCAGGCGGCACTGGTGGGAATGACACAGAGCTG
GTAGCCTGCCTTCGGACACGACCAGCGCAGGTCCTGGTGAACCACGAATGGCACGTGCTG
CCTCAAGAAAGCGTCTTCCGGTTCTCCTTCGTGCCTGTGGTAGATGGAGACTTCCTCAGT
GACACCCCAGAGGCCCTCATCAACGCGGGAGACTTCCACGGCCTGCAGGTGCTGGTGGGT
GTGGTGAAGGATGAGGGCTCGTATTTTCTGGTTTACGGGGCCCCAGGCTTCAGCAAAGAC
AACGAGTCTCTCATCAGCCGGGCCGAGTTCCTGGCCGGGGTGCGGGTCGGGGTTCCCCAG
GTAAGTGACCTGGCAGCCGAGGCTGTGGTCCTGCATTACACAGACTGGCTGCATCCCGAG
GACCCGGCACGCCTGAGGGAGGCCCTGAGCGATGTGGTGGGCGACCACAATGTCGTGTGC
CCCGTGGCCCAGCTGGCTGGGCGACTGGCTGCCCAGGGTGCCCGGGTCTACGCCTACGTC
TTTGAACACCGTGCTTCCACGCTCTCCTGGCCCCTGTGGATGGGGGTGCCCCACGGCTAC
GAGATCGAGTTCATCTTTGGGATCCCCCTGGACCCCTCTCGAAACTACACGGCAGAGGAG
AAAATCTTCGCCCAGCGACTGATGCGATACTGGGCCAACTTTGCCCGCACAGGGGATCCC
AATGAGCCCCGAGACCCCAAGGCCCCACAATGGCCCCCGTACACGGCGGGGGCTCAGCAG
TACGTTAGTCTGGACCTGCGGCCGCTGGAGGTGCGGCGGGGGCTGCGCGCCCAGGCCTGC
GCCTTCTGGAACCGCTTCCTCCCCAAATTGCTCAGCGCCACCGACACGCTCGACGAGGCG
GAGCGCCAGTGGAAGGCCGAGTTCCACCGCTGGAGCTCCTACATGGTGCACTGGAAGAAC
CAGTTCGACCACTACAGCAAGCAGGATCGCTGCTCAGACCTGTGA
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID M55040 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID ACHE Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID ACHE Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:108 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 7
Enzyme 2 Locus 7q22
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Soreq H, Ben-Aziz R, Prody CA, Seidman S, Gnatt A, Neville L, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Lev-Lehman E, Ginzberg D, Lipidot-Lifson Y, et al.: Molecular cloning and construction of the coding region for human acetylcholinesterase reveals a G + C-rich attenuating structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9688-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Wilson MD, Riemer C, Martindale DW, Schnupf P, Boright AP, Cheung TL, Hardy DM, Schwartz S, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Miller W, Koop BF: Comparative analysis of the gene-dense ACHE/TFR2 region on human chromosome 7q22 with the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 5. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Mar 15;29(6):1352-65. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Karpel R, Ben Aziz-Aloya R, Sternfeld M, Ehrlich G, Ginzberg D, Tarroni P, Clementi F, Zakut H, Soreq H: Expression of three alternative acetylcholinesterase messenger RNAs in human tumor cell lines of different tissue origins. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Feb;210(2):268-77. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Chhajlani V, Derr D, Earles B, Schmell E, August T: Purification and partial amino acid sequence analysis of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. FEBS Lett. 1989 Apr 24;247(2):279-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Velan B, Grosfeld H, Kronman C, Leitner M, Gozes Y, Lazar A, Flashner Y, Marcus D, Cohen S, Shafferman A: The effect of elimination of intersubunit disulfide bonds on the activity, assembly, and secretion of recombinant human acetylcholinesterase. Expression of acetylcholinesterase Cys-580----Ala mutant. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 15;266(35):23977-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Shafferman A, Kronman C, Flashner Y, Leitner M, Grosfeld H, Ordentlich A, Gozes Y, Cohen S, Ariel N, Barak D, et al.: Mutagenesis of human acetylcholinesterase. Identification of residues involved in catalytic activity and in polypeptide folding. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 5;267(25):17640-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Felder CE, Botti SA, Lifson S, Silman I, Sussman JL: External and internal electrostatic potentials of cholinesterase models. J Mol Graph Model. 1997 Oct;15(5):318-27, 335-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Kryger G, Harel M, Giles K, Toker L, Velan B, Lazar A, Kronman C, Barak D, Ariel N, Shafferman A, Silman I, Sussman JL: Structures of recombinant native and E202Q mutant human acetylcholinesterase complexed with the snake-venom toxin fasciculin-II. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 Nov;56(Pt 11):1385-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Bartels CF, Zelinski T, Lockridge O: Mutation at codon 322 in the human acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) gene accounts for YT blood group polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 May;52(5):928-36. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 5774
Enzyme 3 Name Cholinesterase precursor
Enzyme 3 Synonyms
  1. Acylcholine acylhydrolase
  2. Choline esterase II
  3. Butyrylcholine esterase
  4. Pseudocholinesterase
Enzyme 3 Gene Name BCHE
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Cholinesterase precursor
MHSKVTIICIRFLFWFLLLCMLIGKSHTEDDIIIATKNGKVRGMNLTVFGGTVTAFLGIP
YAQPPLGRLRFKKPQSLTKWSDIWNATKYANSCCQNIDQSFPGFHGSEMWNPNTDLSEDC
LYLNVWIPAPKPKNATVLIWIYGGGFQTGTSSLHVYDGKFLARVERVIVVSMNYRVGALG
FLALPGNPEAPGNMGLFDQQLALQWVQKNIAAFGGNPKSVTLFGESAGAASVSLHLLSPG
SHSLFTRAILQSGSFNAPWAVTSLYEARNRTLNLAKLTGCSRENETEIIKCLRNKDPQEI
LLNEAFVVPYGTPLSVNFGPTVDGDFLTDMPDILLELGQFKKTQILVGVNKDEGTAFLVY
GAPGFSKDNNSIITRKEFQEGLKIFFPGVSEFGKESILFHYTDWVDDQRPENYREALGDV
VGDYNFICPALEFTKKFSEWGNNAFFYYFEHRSSKLPWPEWMGVMHGYEIEFVFGLPLER
RDNYTKAEEILSRSIVKRWANFAKYGNPNETQNNSTSWPVFKSTEQKYLTLNTESTRIMT
KLRAQQCRFWTSFFPKVLEMTGNIDEAEWEWKAGFHRWNNYMMDWKNQFNDYTSKKESCV
GL
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 602
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 68419
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 7.47
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • cholinesterase activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Process
Component
Enzyme 3 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function An acylcholine + H(2)O = choline + a carboxylate
Enzyme 3 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 3 Reactions
  • An acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylate
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • 1-28
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 45-67
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein 1311630 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P06276 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CHLE_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID 1P0Q Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB File Show
Enzyme 3 3D Structure
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence >1809 bp
ATGCATAGCAAAGTCACAATCATATGCATCAGATTTCTCTTTTGGTTTCTTTTGCTCTGC
ATGCTTATTGGGAAGTCACATACTGAAGATGACATCATAATTGCAACAAAGAATGGAAAA
GTCAGAGGGATGAACTTGACAGTTTTTGGTGGCACGGTAACAGCCTTTCTTGGAATTCCC
TATGCACAGCCACCTCTTGGTAGACTTCGATTCAAAAAGCCACAGTCTCTGACCAAGTGG
TCTGATATTTGGAATGCCACAAAATATGCAAATTCTTGCTGTCAGAACATAGATCAAAGT
TTTCCAGGCTTCCATGGATCAGAGATGTGGAACCCAAACACTGACCTCAGTGAAGACTGT
TTATATCTAAATGTATGGATTCCAGCACCTAAACCAAAAAATGCCACTGTATTGATATGG
ATTTATGGTGGTGGTTTTCAAACTGGAACATCATCTTTACATGTTTATGATGGCAAGTTT
CTGGCTCGGGTTGAAAGAGTTATTGTAGTGTCAATGAACTATAGGGTGGGTGCCCTAGGA
TTCTTAGCTTTGCCAGGAAATCCTGAGGCTCCAGGGAACATGGGTTTATTTGATCAACAG
TTGGCTCTTCAGTGGGTTCAAAAAAATATAGCAGCCTTTGGTGGAAATCCTAAAAGTGTA
ACTCTCTTTGGAGAAAGTGCAGGAGCAGCTTCAGTTAGCCTGCATTTGCTTTCTCCTGGA
AGCCATTCATTGTTCACCAGAGCCATTCTGCAAAGTGGATCCTTTAATGCTCCTTGGGCG
GTAACATCTCTTTATGAAGCTAGGAACAGAACGTTGAACTTAGCTAAATTGACTGGTTGC
TCTAGAGAGAATGAGACTGAAATAATCAAGTGTCTTAGAAATAAAGATCCCCAAGAAATT
CTTCTGAATGAAGCATTTGTTGTCCCCTATGGGACTCCTTTGTCAGTAAACTTTGGTCCG
ACCGTGGATGGTGATTTTCTCACTGACATGCCAGACATATTACTTGAACTTGGACAATTT
AAAAAAACCCAGATTTTGGTGGGTGTTAATAAAGATGAAGGGACAGCTTTTTTAGTCTAT
GGTGCTCCTGGCTTCAGCAAAGATAACAATAGTATCATAACTAGAAAAGAATTTCAGGAA
GGTTTAAAAATATTTTTTCCAGGAGTGAGTGAGTTTGGAAAGGAATCCATCCTTTTTCAT
TACACAGACTGGGTAGATGATCAGAGACCTGAAAACTACCGTGAGGCCTTGGGTGATGTT
GTTGGGGATTATAATTTCATATGCCCTGCCTTGGAGTTCACCAAGAAGTTCTCAGAATGG
GGAAATAATGCCTTTTTCTACTATTTTGAACACCGATCCTCCAAACTTCCGTGGCCAGAA
TGGATGGGAGTGATGCATGGCTATGAAATTGAATTTGTCTTTGGTTTACCTCTGGAAAGA
AGAGATAATTACACAAAAGCCGAGGAAATTTTGAGTAGATCCATAGTGAAACGTTGGGCA
AATTTTGCAAAATATGGGAATCCAAATGAGACTCAGAACAATAGCACAAGCTGGCCTGTC
TTCAAAAGCACTGAACAAAAATATCTAACCTTGAATACAGAGTCAACAAGAATAATGACG
AAACTACGTGCTCAACAATGTCGATTCTGGACATCATTTTTTCCAAAAGTCTTGGAAATG
ACAGGAAATATTGATGAAGCAGAATGGGAGTGGAAAGCAGGATTCCATCGCTGGAACAAT
TACATGATGGACTGGAAAAATCAATTTAACGATTACACTAGCAAGAAAGAAAGTTGTGTG
GGTCTCTAA
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID M32391 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID BCHE Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID BCHE Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:983 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location 3
Enzyme 3 Locus 3q26.1-q26.2
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Arpagaus M, Kott M, Vatsis KP, Bartels CF, La Du BN, Lockridge O: Structure of the gene for human butyrylcholinesterase. Evidence for a single copy. Biochemistry. 1990 Jan 9;29(1):124-31. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Prody CA, Zevin-Sonkin D, Gnatt A, Goldberg O, Soreq H: Isolation and characterization of full-length cDNA clones coding for cholinesterase from fetal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3555-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. McTiernan C, Adkins S, Chatonnet A, Vaughan TA, Bartels CF, Kott M, Rosenberry TL, La Du BN, Lockridge O: Brain cDNA clone for human cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6682-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Lockridge O, Bartels CF, Vaughan TA, Wong CK, Norton SE, Johnson LL: Complete amino acid sequence of human serum cholinesterase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 15;262(2):549-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Lockridge O, Adkins S, La Du BN: Location of disulfide bonds within the sequence of human serum cholinesterase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 25;262(27):12945-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lockridge O: Structure of human serum cholinesterase. Bioessays. 1988 Oct;9(4):125-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. McGuire MC, Nogueira CP, Bartels CF, Lightstone H, Hajra A, Van der Spek AF, Lockridge O, La Du BN: Identification of the structural mutation responsible for the dibucaine-resistant (atypical) variant form of human serum cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Feb;86(3):953-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Iida S, Kinoshita M, Fujii H, Moriyama Y, Nakamura Y, Yura N, Moriwaki K: Mutations of human butyrylcholinesterase gene in a family with hypocholinesterasemia. Hum Mutat. 1995;6(4):349-51. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 4 [top]
Enzyme 4 ID 13052
Enzyme 4 Name Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme 4 Synonyms
  1. YT blood group
  2. Acetylcholinesterase
  3. Yt blood group, isoform CRA_b
  4. cDNA FLJ77135, highly similar to Homo sapiens acetylcholinesterase
  5. YT blood group
  6. ACHE, transcript variant E4- E6, mRNA
Enzyme 4 Gene Name ACHE
Enzyme 4 Protein Sequence >Acetylcholinesterase
MRPPQCLLHTPSLASPLLLLLLWLLGGGVGAEGREDAELLVTVRGGRLRGIRLKTPGGPV
SAFLGIPFAEPPMGPRRFLPPEPKQPWSGVVDATTFQSVCYQYVDTLYPGFEGTEMWNPN
RELSEDCLYLNVWTPYPRPTSPTPVLVWIYGGGFYSGASSLDVYDGRFLVQAERTVLVSM
NYRVGAFGFLALPGSREAPGNVGLLDQRLALQWVQENVAAFGGDPTSVTLFGESAGAASV
GMHLLSPPSRGLFHRAVLQSGAPNGPWATVGMGEARRRATQLAHLVGCPPGGTGGNDTEL
VACLRTRPAQVLVNHEWHVLPQESVFRFSFVPVVDGDFLSDTPEALINAGDFHGLQVLVG
VVKDEGSYFLVYGAPGFSKDNESLISRAEFLAGVRVGVPQVSDLAAEAVVLHYTDWLHPE
DPARLREALSDVVGDHNVVCPVAQLAGRLAAQGARVYAYVFEHRASTLSWPLWMGVPHGY
EIEFIFGIPLDPSRNYTAEEKIFAQRLMRYWANFARTGDPNEPRDPKAPQWPPYTAGAQQ
YVSLDLRPLEVRRGLRAQACAFWNRFLPKLLSATDTLDEAERQWKAEFHRWSSYMVHWKN
QFDHYSKQDRCSDL
Enzyme 4 Number of Residues 614
Enzyme 4 Molecular Weight 67797
Enzyme 4 Theoretical pI 6.24
Enzyme 4 GO Classification
Function
  • carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • cholinesterase activity
  • hydrolase activity
  • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Process
Component
Enzyme 4 General Function Lipid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 4 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 4 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 4 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 4 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 4 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 4 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank ID Protein 158256078 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID A4D2E2 Link Image
Enzyme 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name A4D2E2_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB ID 1F8U Link Image
Enzyme 4 PDB File Show
Enzyme 4 3D Structure
Enzyme 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 4 GenBank Gene ID AK291321 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GeneCard ID A4D2E2 Link Image
Enzyme 4 GenAtlas ID ACHE Link Image
Enzyme 4 HGNC ID HGNC:108 Link Image
Enzyme 4 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 4 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 4 General References
  1. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, Osborne LR, Nakabayashi K, Herbrick JA, Carson AR, Parker-Katiraee L, Skaug J, Khaja R, Zhang J, Hudek AK, Li M, Haddad M, Duggan GE, Fernandez BA, Kanematsu E, Gentles S, Christopoulos CC, Choufani S, Kwasnicka D, Zheng XH, Lai Z, Nusskern D, Zhang Q, Gu Z, Lu F, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJ, Teshima I, Chitayat D, Shuman C, Weksberg R, Zackai EH, Grebe TA, Cox SR, Kirkpatrick SJ, Rahman N, Friedman JM, Heng HH, Pelicci PG, Lo-Coco F, Belloni E, Shaffer LG, Pober B, Morton CC, Gusella JF, Bruns GA, Korf BR, Quade BJ, Ligon AH, Ferguson H, Higgins AW, Leach NT, Herrick SR, Lemyre E, Farra CG, Kim HG, Summers AM, Gripp KW, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Winsor EJ, Grzeschik KH, Teebi A, Minassian BA, Kere J, Armengol L, Pujana MA, Estivill X, Wilson MD, Koop BF, Tosi S, Moore GE, Boright AP, Zlotorynski E, Kerem B, Kroisel PM, Petek E, Oscier DG, Mould SJ, Dohner H, Dohner K, Rommens JM, Vincent JB, Venter JC, Li PW, Mural RJ, Adams MD, Tsui LC: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):767-72. Epub 2003 Apr 10. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 4 Metabolite References Not Available