1. (Des-Gly)-Glutathione
2. 3GC
3. 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
4. H-Glu(Cys-OH)-OH
5. H-gamma-Glu-Cys-OH
6. L-g-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
7. L-gamma-Glutamylcysteine
8. N-(1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethyl)-L-Glutamine
9. N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-Cysteine
10. g-Glutamylcysteine
11. g-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
12. gamma-Glu-cys
13. gamma-Glutamylcysteine
14. gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
15. xN-L-g-glutamyl-Glutamine
16. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
17. xN-L-gamma-glutamyl-Glutamine
18. 5-L-glutamylcysteine

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• Cytoplasm (Predicted from LogP)

• Blood
• Urine

1. Atamna H, Ginsburg H: The malaria parasite supplies glutathione to its host cell--investigation of glutathione transport and metabolism in human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Dec 15;250(3):670-9. [PubMed ]
2. Efferth T, Volm M: Glutathione-related enzymes contribute to resistance of tumor cells and low toxicity in normal organs to artesunate. In Vivo. 2005 Jan-Feb;19(1):225-32. [PubMed ]
3. Lochman P, Adam T, Friedecky D, Hlidkova E, Skopkova Z: High-throughput capillary electrophoretic method for determination of total aminothiols in plasma and urine. Electrophoresis. 2003 Apr;24(7-8):1200-7. [PubMed ]
4. Martensson J: Method for determination of free and total glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine concentrations in human leukocytes and plasma. J Chromatogr. 1987 Sep 4;420(1):152-7. [PubMed ]
5. Andersson A, Isaksson A, Hultberg B: Homocysteine export from erythrocytes and its implication for plasma sampling. Clin Chem. 1992 Jul;38(7):1311-5. [PubMed ]
6. Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Kinnula VL: Distribution of antioxidant enzymes in developing human lung, respiratory distress syndrome, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004 Sep;52(9):1231-40. [PubMed ]
7. Iida M, Yasuhara T, Mochizuki H, Takakura H, Yanagisawa T, Kubo H: Two Japanese brothers with hereditary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(1):49-55. [PubMed ]
8. Andersson A, Isaksson A, Brattstrom L, Hultberg B: Homocysteine and other thiols determined in plasma by HPLC and thiol-specific postcolumn derivatization. Clin Chem. 1993 Aug;39(8):1590-7. [PubMed ]
9. Diaz-Hernandez JI, Almeida A, Delgado-Esteban M, Fernandez E, Bolanos JP: Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are essential for the survival of primary neurons. J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 25;280(47):38992-9001. Epub 2005 Sep 23. [PubMed ]
10. Levonen AL, Lapatto R, Saksela M, Raivio KO: Expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase during development. Pediatr Res. 2000 Feb;47(2):266-70. [PubMed ]
11. Martensson J, Kagedal B, Larsson A: Sulphur amino-acid degradation in subjects with hereditary glutathione synthetase deficiency (5-oxoprolinuria). Eur J Clin Invest. 1985 Dec;15(6):371-4. [PubMed ]
12. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Posadino AM, Pasciu V, Perino MG, Tadolini B, Deiana L, Carru C: Highly sensitive simultaneous detection of cultured cellular thiols by laser induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 2005 Mar;26(6):1063-70. [PubMed ]
13. Njalsson R, Ristoff E, Carlsson K, Winkler A, Larsson A, Norgren S: Genotype, enzyme activity, glutathione level, and clinical phenotype in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency. Hum Genet. 2005 Apr;116(5):384-9. Epub 2005 Feb 17. [PubMed ]
14. Lou MF, Dickerson JE Jr, Tung WH, Wolfe JK, Chylack LT Jr: Correlation of nuclear color and opalescence with protein S-thiolation in human lenses. Exp Eye Res. 1999 May;68(5):547-52. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
2. Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase precursor
3. Glutathione synthetase
4. Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase

1. Gamma- glutamylcysteine synthetase
2. Gamma-ECS
3. GCS heavy chain

MGLLSQGSPLSWEETKRHADHVRRHGILQFLHIYHAVKDRHKDVLKWGDEVEYMLVSFDH
ENKKVRLVLSGEKVLETLQEKGERTNPNHPTLWRPEYGSYMIEGTPGQPYGGTMSEFNTV
EANMRKRRKEATSILEENQALCTITSFPRLGCPGFTLPEVKPNPVEGGASKSLFFPDEAI
NKHPRFSTLTRNIRHRRGEKVVINVPIFKDKNTPSPFIETFTEDDEASRASKPDHIYMDA
MGFGMGNCCLQVTFQACSISEARYLYDQLATICPIVMALSAASPFYRGYVSDIDCRWGVI
SASVDDRTREERGLEPLKNNNYRISKSRYDSIDSYLSKCGEKYNDIDLTIDKEIYEQLLQ
EGIDHLLAQHVAHLFIRDPLTLFEEKIHLDDANESDHFENIQSTNWQTMRFKPPPPNSDI
GWRVEFRPMEVQLTDFENSAYVVFVVLLTRVILSYKLDFLIPLSKVDENMKVAQKRDAVL
QGMFYFRKDICKGGNAVVDGCGKAQNSTELAAEEYTLMSIDTIINGKEGVFPGLIPILNS
YLENMEVDVDTRCSILNYLKLIKKRASGELMTVARWMREFIANHPDYKQDSVITDEMNYS
LILKCNQIANELCECPELLGSAFRKVKYSGSKTDSSN

• Glutamate Metabolism (map00251 )
• Glutathione Metabolism (map00480 )

• ATP + L-glutamate + L-cysteine = ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

• GCS (PF03074 )

• None

• None

ATGGGGCTGCTGTCCCAGGGCTCGCCGCTGAGCTGGGAGGAAACCAAGCGCCATGCCGAC
CACGTGCGGCGGCACGGGATCCTCCAGTTCCTGCACATCTACCACGCCGTCAAGGACCGG
CACAAGGACGTTCTCAAGTGGGGCGATGAGGTGGAATACATGTTGGTATCTTTTGATCAT
GAAAATAAAAAAGTCCGGTTGGTCCTGTCTGGGGAGAAAGTTCTTGAAACTCTGCAAGAG
AAGGGGGAAAGGACAAACCCAAACCATCCTACCCTTTGGAGACCAGAGTATGGGAGTTAC
ATGATTGAAGGGACACCAGGACAGCCCTACGGAGGAACAATGTCCGAGTTCAATACAGTT
GAGGCCAACATGCGAAAACGCCGGAAGGAGGCTACTTCTATATTAGAAGAAAATCAGGCT
CTTTGCACAATAACTTCATTTCCCAGATTAGGCTGTCCTGGGTTCACACTGCCCGAGGTC
AAACCCAACCCAGTGGAAGGAGGAGCTTCCAAGTCCCTCTTCTTTCCAGATGAAGCAATA
AACAAGCACCCTCGCTTCAGTACCTTAACAAGAAATATCCGACATAGGAGAGGAGAAAAG
GTTGTCATCAATGTACCAATATTTAAGGACAAGAATACACCATCTCCATTTATAGAAACA
TTTACTGAGGATGATGAAGCTTCAAGGGCTTCTAAGCCGGATCATATTTACATGGATGCC
ATGGGATTTGGAATGGGCAATTGCTGTCTCCAGGTGACATTCCAAGCCTGCAGTATATCT
GAGGCCAGATACCTTTATGATCAGTTGGCTACTATCTGTCCAATTGTTATGGCTTTGAGT
GCTGCATCTCCCTTTTACCGAGGCTATGTGTCAGACATTGATTGTCGCTGGGGAGTGATT
TCTGCATCTGTAGATGATAGAACTCGGGAGGAGCGAGGACTGGAGCCATTGAAGAACAAT
AACTATAGGATCAGTAAATCCCGATATGACTCAATAGACAGCTATTTATCTAAGTGTGGT
GAGAAATATAATGACATCGACTTGACGATAGATAAAGAGATCTACGAACAGCTGTTGCAG
GAAGGCATTGATCATCTCCTGGCCCAGCATGTTGCTCATCTCTTTATTAGAGACCCACTG
ACACTGTTTGAAGAGAAAATACACCTGGATGATGCTAATGAGTCTGACCATTTTGAGAAT
ATTCAGTCCACAAATTGGCAGACAATGAGATTTAAGCCCCCTCCTCCAAACTCAGACATT
GGATGGAGAGTAGAATTTCGACCCATGGAGGTGCAATTAACAGACTTTGAGAACTCTGCC
TATGTGGTGTTTGTGGTACTGCTCACCAGAGTGATCCTTTCCTACAAATTGGATTTTCTC
ATTCCACTGTCAAAGGTTGATGAGAACATGAAGGTAGCACAGAAAAGAGATGCTGTCTTG
CAGGGAATGTTTTATTTCAGGAAAGATATTTGCAAAGGTGGCAATGCAGTGGTGGATGGT
TGTGGCAAGGCCCAGAACAGCACGGAGCTCGCTGCAGAGGAGTACACCCTCATGAGCATA
GACACCATCATCAATGGGAAGGAAGGTGTGTTTCCTGGACTGATCCCAATTCTGAACTCT
TACCTTGAAAACATGGAAGTGGATGTGGACACCAGATGTAGTATTCTGAACTACCTAAAG
CTAATTAAGAAGAGAGCATCTGGAGAACTAATGACAGTTGCCAGATGGATGAGGGAGTTT
ATCGCAAACCATCCTGACTACAAGCAAGACAGTGTCATAACTGATGAAATGAATTATAGC
CTTATTTTGAAGTGTAACCAAATTGCAAATGAATTATGTGAATGCCCAGAGTTACTTGGA
TCAGCATTTAGGAAAGTAAAATATAGTGGAAGTAAAACTGACTCATCCAACTAG

1. Gipp JJ, Chang C, Mulcahy RT: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 May 29;185(1):29-35. [PubMed ]
2. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed ]
3. Mulcahy RT, Gipp JJ: Identification of a putative antioxidant response element in the 5'-flanking region of the human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Apr 6;209(1):227-33. [PubMed ]
4. Beutler E, Gelbart T, Kondo T, Matsunaga AT: The molecular basis of a case of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency. Blood. 1999 Oct 15;94(8):2890-4. [PubMed ]
5. Ristoff E, Augustson C, Geissler J, de Rijk T, Carlsson K, Luo JL, Andersson K, Weening RS, van Zwieten R, Larsson A, Roos D: A missense mutation in the heavy subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene causes hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2000 Apr 1;95(7):2193-6. [PubMed ]

1. QC
2. Glutaminyl-tRNA cyclotransferase
3. Glutaminyl cyclase

MAGGRHRRVVGTLHLLLLVAALPWASRGVSPSASAWPEEKNYHQPAILNSSALRQIAEGT
SISEMWQNDLQPLLIERYPGSPGSYAARQHIMQRIQRLQADWVLEIDTFLSQTPYGYRSF
SNIISTLNPTAKRHLVLACHYDSKYFSHWNNRVFVGATDSAVPCAMMLELARALDKKLLS
LKTVSDSKPDLSLQLIFFDGEEAFLHWSPQDSLYGSRHLAAKMASTPHPPGARGTSQLHG
MDLLVLLDLIGAPNPTFPNFFPNSARWFERLQAIEHELHELGLLKDHSLEGRYFQNYSYG
GVIQDDHIPFLRRGVPVLHLIPSPFPEVWHTMDDNEENLDESTIDNLNKILQVFVLEYLH
L

• L-glutaminyl-peptide = 5-oxoprolyl-peptide + NH3

• Peptidase_M28 (PF04389 )

• 1-28

ATGGCAGGCGGAAGACACCGGCGCGTCGTGGGCACCCTCCACCTGCTGCTGCTGGTGGCC
GCCCTGCCCTGGGCATCCAGGGGGGTCAGTCCGAGTGCCTCAGCCTGGCCAGAGGAGAAG
AATTACCACCAGCCAGCCATTTTGAATTCATCGGCTCTTCGGCAAATTGCAGAAGGCACC
AGTATCTCTGAAATGTGGCAAAATGACTTACAGCCATTGCTGATAGAGCGATACCCGGGA
TCCCCTGGAAGCTATGCTGCTCGTCAGCACATCATGCAGCGAATTCAGAGGCTTCAGGCT
GACTGGGTCTTGGAAATAGACACCTTCTTGAGTCAGACACCCTATGGGTACCGGTCTTTC
TCAAATATCATCAGCACCCTCAATCCCACTGCTAAACGACATTTGGTCCTCGCCTGCCAC
TATGACTCCAAGTATTTTTCCCACTGGAACAACAGAGTGTTTGTAGGAGCCACTGATTCA
GCCGTGCCATGTGCAATGATGTTGGAACTTGCTCGTGCCTTAGACAAGAAACTCCTTTCC
TTAAAGACTGTTTCAGACTCCAAGCCAGATTTGTCACTCCAGCTGATCTTCTTTGATGGT
GAAGAGGCTTTTCTTCACTGGTCTCCTCAAGATTCTCTCTATGGGTCTCGACACTTAGCT
GCAAAGATGGCATCGACCCCGCACCCACCTGGAGCGAGAGGCACCAGCCAACTGCATGGC
ATGGATTTATTGGTCTTATTGGATTTGATTGGAGCTCCAAACCCAACGTTTCCCAATTTT
TTTCCAAACTCAGCCAGGTGGTTCGAAAGACTTCAAGCAATTGAACATGAACTTCATGAA
TTGGGTTTGCTCAAGGATCACTCTTTGGAGGGGCGGTATTTCCAGAATTACAGTTATGGA
GGTGTGATTCAGGATGACCATATTCCATTTTTAAGAAGAGGTGTTCCAGTTCTGCATCTG
ATACCGTCTCCTTTCCCTGAAGTCTGGCACACCATGGATGACAATGAAGAAAATTTGGAT
GAATCAACCATTGACAATCTAAACAAAATCCTACAAGTCTTTGTGTTGGAATATCTTCAT
TTGTAA

1. Song I, Chuang CZ, Bateman RC Jr: Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of human pituitary glutaminyl cyclase. J Mol Endocrinol. 1994 Aug;13(1):77-86. [PubMed ]

1. Glutathione synthase
2. GSH synthetase
3. GSH-S

MATNWGSLLQDKQQLEELARQAVDRALAEGVLLRTSQEPTSSEVVSYAPFTLFPSLVPSA
LLEQAYAVQMDFNLLVDAVSQNAAFLEQTLSSTIKQDDFTARLFDIHKQVLKEGIAQTVF
LGLNRSDYMFQRSADGSPALKQIEINTISASFGGLASRTPAVHRHVLSVLSKTKEAGKIL
SNNPSKGLALGIAKAWELYGSPNALVLLIAQEKERNIFDQRAIENELLARNIHVIRRTFE
DISEKGSLDQDRRLFVDGQEIAVVYFRDGYMPRQYSLQNWEARLLLERSHAAKCPDIATQ
LAGTKKVQQELSRPGMLEMLLPGQPEAVARLRATFAGLYSLDVGEEGDQAIAEALAAPSR
FVLKPQREGGGNNLYGEEMVQALKQLKDSEERASYILMEKIEPEPFENCLLRPGSPARVV
QCISELGIFGVYVRQEKTLVMNKHVGHLLRTKAIEHADGGVAAGVAVLDNPYPV

• Glutamate Metabolism (map00251 )
• Glutathione Metabolism (map00480 )

• ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine = ADP + phosphate + glutathione

• GSH_synth_ATP (PF03917 )
• GSH_synthase (PF03199 )

• None

• None

ATGGCCACCAACTGGGGGAGCCTCTTGCAGGATAAACAGCAGCTAGAGGAGCTGGCACGG
CAGGCCGTGGACCGGGCCCTGGCTGAGGGAGTATTGCTGAGGACCTCACAGGAGCCCACT
TCCTCGGAGGTGGTGAGCTATGCCCCATTCACGCTCTTCCCCTCACTGGTCCCCAGTGCC
CTGCTGGAGCAAGCCTATGCTGTGCAGATGGACTTCAACCTGCTAGTGGATGCTGTCAGC
CAGAACGCTGCCTTCCTGGAGCAAACTCTTTCCAGCACCATCAAACAGGATGACTTTACC
GCTCGTCTCTTTGACATCCACAAGCAAGTCCTAAAAGAGGGCATTGCCCAGACTGTGTTC
CTGGGCCTGAATCGCTCAGACTACATGTTCCAGCGCAGCGCAGATGGCTCCCCAGCCCTG
AAACAGATCGAAATCAACACCATCTCTGCCAGCTTTGGGGGCCTGGCCTCCCGGACCCCA
GCTGTGCACCGACATGTTCTCAGTGTCCTGAGTAAGACCAAAGAAGCTGGCAAGATCCTC
TCTAATAATCCCAGCAAGGGACTGGCCCTGGGAATTGCCAAAGCCTGGGAGCTCTACGGC
TCACCCAATGCTCTGGTGCTACTGATTGCTCAAGAGAAGGAAAGAAACATATTTGACCAG
CGTGCCATAGAGAATGAGCTACTGGCCAGGAACATCCATGTGATCCGACGAACATTTGAA
GATATCTCTGAAAAGGGGTCTCTGGACCAAGACCGAAGGCTGTTTGTGGATGGCCAGGAA
ATTGCTGTGGTTTACTTCCGGGATGGCTACATGCCTCGTCAGTACAGTCTACAGAATTGG
GAAGCACGTCTACTGCTGGAGAGGTCACATGCTGCCAAGTGCCCAGACATTGCCACCCAG
CTGGCTGGGACTAAGAAGGTGCAGCAGGAGCTAAGCAGGCCGGGCATGCTGGAGATGTTG
CTCCCTGGCCAGCCTGAGGCTGTGGCCCGCCTCCGCGCCACCTTTGCTGGCCTCTACTCA
CTGGATGTGGGTGAAGAAGGGGACCAGGCCATCGCCGAGGCCCTTGCTGCCCCTAGCCGG
TTTGTGCTAAAGCCCCAGAGAGAGGGTGGAGGTAACAACCTATATGGGGAGGAAATGGTA
CAGGCCCTGAAACAGCTGAAGGACAGTGAGGAGAGGGCCTCCTACATCCTCATGGAGAAG
ATCGAACCTGAGCCTTTTGAGAATTGCCTGCTACGGCCTGGCAGCCCTGCCCGAGTGGTC
CAGTGCATTTCAGAGCTGGGCATCTTTGGGGTCTATGTCAGGCAGGAAAAGACACTCGTG
ATGAACAAGCACGTGGGGCATCTACTTCGAACCAAAGCCATCGAGCATGCAGATGGTGGT
GTGGCAGCGGGAGTGGCAGTCCTGGACAACCCATACCCTGTGTGA

1. Gali RR, Board PG: Sequencing and expression of a cDNA for human glutathione synthetase. Biochem J. 1995 Aug 15;310 ( Pt 1):353-8. [PubMed ]
2. Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):865-71. [PubMed ]
3. Shi ZZ, Habib GM, Rhead WJ, Gahl WA, He X, Sazer S, Lieberman MW: Mutations in the glutathione synthetase gene cause 5-oxoprolinuria. Nat Genet. 1996 Nov;14(3):361-5. [PubMed ]
4. Dahl N, Pigg M, Ristoff E, Gali R, Carlsson B, Mannervik B, Larsson A, Board P: Missense mutations in the human glutathione synthetase gene result in severe metabolic acidosis, 5-oxoprolinuria, hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunction. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Jul;6(7):1147-52. [PubMed ]

1. Cytochrome c-releasing factor 21

MANSGCKDVTGPDEESFLYFAYGSNLLTERIHLRNPSAAFFCVARLQDFKLDFGNSQGKT
SQTWHGGIATIFQSPGDEVWGVVWKMNKSNLNSLDEQEGVKSGMYVVIEVKVATQEGKEI
TCRSYLMTNYESAPPSPQYKKIICMGAKENGLPLEYQEKLKAIEPNDYTGKVSEEIEDII
KKGETQTL

• None

• None

ATGGCCAACTCGGGCTGCAAGGACGTCACGGGTCCAGATGAGGAGAGTTTTCTGTACTTT
GCCTACGGCAGCAACCTGCTGACAGAGAGGATCCACCTCCGAAACCCCTCGGCGGCGTTC
TTCTGTGTGGCCCGCCTGCAGGATTTTAAGCTTGACTTTGGCAATTCCCAAGGCAAAACA
AGTCAAACTTGGCATGGAGGGATAGCCACCATTTTTCAGAGTCCTGGCGATGAAGTGTGG
GGAGTAGTATGGAAAATGAACAAAAGCAATTTAAATTCTCTGGATGAGCAAGAAGGGGTT
AAAAGTGGAATGTATGTTGTAATAGAAGTTAAAGTTGCAACTCAAGAAGGAAAAGAAATA
ACCTGTCGAAGTTATCTGATGACAAATTACGAAAGTGCTCCCCCATCCCCACAGTATAAA
AAGATTATTTGCATGGGTGCAAAAGAAAATGGTTTGCCGCTGGAGTATCAAGAGAAGTTA
AAAGCAATAGAACCAAATGACTATACAGGAAAGGTCTCAGAAGAAATTGAAGACATCATC
AAAAAGGGGGAAACACAAACTCTTTAG