Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-05-30 20:55:51 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0001414 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0060243
- HMDB01414
- HMDB60243
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Putrescine |
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Description | Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh, but also contribute to the odor of such processes as bad breath and bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821 ). It is also found in semen. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. Putrescine apparently has specific role in skin physiology and neuroprotection. (PMID:15009201 , 16364196 ). Pharmacological interventions have demonstrated convincingly that a steady supply of polyamines is a prerequisite for cell proliferation to occur. Genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism in transgenic rodents has shown that polyamines play a role in spermatogenesis, skin physiology, promotion of tumorigenesis and organ hypertrophy as well as neuronal protection. Transgenic activation of polyamine catabolism not only profoundly disturbs polyamine homeostasis in most tissues, but also creates a complex phenotype affecting skin, female fertility, fat depots, pancreatic integrity and regenerative growth. Transgenic expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme has suggested that this unique protein may act as a general tumor suppressor. Homozygous deficiency of the key biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines, ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is not compatible with murine embryogenesis. Putrescine can be found in Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Cronobacter and Enterobacter (PMID:27872963 ) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12099). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C4H12N2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h1-6H2 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1,4-Butanediamine | ChEBI | 1,4-Butylenediamine | ChEBI | 1,4-DIAMINOBUTANE | ChEBI | 1,4-Tetramethylenediamine | ChEBI | Butane-1,4-diamine | ChEBI | Butylenediamine | ChEBI | H2N(CH2)4nh2 | ChEBI | Putrescin | ChEBI | Putrescina | ChEBI | Putreszin | ChEBI | Tetramethylendiamin | ChEBI | Tetramethylenediamine | ChEBI | 1,4-Butanediammonium | HMDB | Tetramethyldiamine | HMDB | 1,4 Diaminobutane | HMDB | 1,4 Butanediamine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C4H12N2 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 88.1515 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 88.100048394 |
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IUPAC Name | butane-1,4-diamine |
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Traditional Name | putrescine |
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CAS Registry Number | 110-60-1 |
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SMILES | NCCCCN |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H12N2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h1-6H2 |
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InChI Key | KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monoalkylamines. These are organic compounds containing an primary aliphatic amine group. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic nitrogen compounds |
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Class | Organonitrogen compounds |
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Sub Class | Amines |
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Direct Parent | Monoalkylamines |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Organopnictogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 27.5 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | -0.70 | SANGSTER (1994) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Putrescine,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1129.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1151.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1791.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C | 1279.6 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C | 1385.4 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C | 1413.4 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C | 1358.1 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C | 1392.7 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TMS,isomer #2 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C | 1748.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1507.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1587.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1441.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1756.3 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1766.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C | 1460.5 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1338.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1363.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN | 1887.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1759.0 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1735.1 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1657.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1758.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1773.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,2TBDMS,isomer #2 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1808.7 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2171.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2115.6 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,3TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)NCCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1805.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2539.9 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 2467.0 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Putrescine,4TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N(CCCCN([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C | 1918.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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Spectra |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS) | splash10-00di-1910000000-5694141cafbe39951441 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1900000000-eeb4354250406805ebe6 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS) | splash10-00di-8910000000-af71049ab8358b0042ff | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-00di-8900000000-0ba23327cabd9b2815f5 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-00di-2900000000-234e1b62f4e830226779 | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (4 TMS) | splash10-00di-1900000000-e29f1004e27fcb9cfe7b | 2014-06-16 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-9000000000-224d3a5d3fbe7e1c6bd4 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-9000000000-5759f91b24f2e27cc466 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine CI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-9000000000-226a78b715ff64ec7067 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1910000000-5694141cafbe39951441 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1900000000-eeb4354250406805ebe6 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-8910000000-af71049ab8358b0042ff | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-8900000000-0ba23327cabd9b2815f5 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-2900000000-234e1b62f4e830226779 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1900000000-e29f1004e27fcb9cfe7b | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-8900000000-0ba23327cabd9b2815f5 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-2900000000-234e1b62f4e830226779 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1900000000-e29f1004e27fcb9cfe7b | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1900000000-6861f65288867dab7690 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Experimental GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-2900000000-7923303f8f970b8d2dd6 | 2017-09-12 | HMDB team, MONA, MassBank | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-4d1729dd236ab6f44cd9 | 2016-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Putrescine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-001i-9000000000-2b410aa72c9bb951a79d | 2014-09-20 | Not Available | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00di-9000000000-f718a117761c1c7ea80d | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00di-9000000000-47752c8c65e2d83e78fb | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-00du-9000000000-3603b20551e892ad6c5e | 2012-07-24 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6L) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-9000000000-224d3a5d3fbe7e1c6bd4 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-001i-9000000000-5759f91b24f2e27cc466 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine CI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-226a78b715ff64ec7067 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00dr-9000000000-0b342438cba3ac71bccb | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-8add450cd915232f7353 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-7a496471bdf7e391fdc8 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-84da87b521647b4f42ab | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-001l-9000000000-3ca1e2cd5a7e125ac52e | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-830221d5ea74a91c32e1 | 2012-08-31 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-00dr-9000000000-0b342438cba3ac71bccb | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-8add450cd915232f7353 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-7a496471bdf7e391fdc8 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9000000000-84da87b521647b4f42ab | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOF | splash10-001l-9000000000-3ca1e2cd5a7e125ac52e | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine LC-ESI-QTOF , positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-830221d5ea74a91c32e1 | 2017-09-14 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00dl-9000000000-81dccfb50af8f3631f9b | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0079-9000000000-896934367d7bc245c8b3 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-05g0-9000000000-96d51f0aa46b0ab332d0 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0a4l-9000000000-de02b50a4b8a279875e4 | 2015-05-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-73c448854a91ad5a9644 | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-9000000000-c600a93b8d737a254884 | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Putrescine 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-059f-9000000000-ce7ae61a17ef7cb9b2c2 | 2015-05-27 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-04 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2021-10-10 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2012-12-05 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Saliva
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Epidermis
- Erythrocyte
- Fibroblasts
- Liver
- Neuron
- Placenta
- Platelet
- Prostate
- Skeletal Muscle
- Testis
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.060-0.420 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.214 +/- 0.08 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.05 +/- 0.03 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.240 +/- 0.0898 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12(0.07-0.17) uM | Children (1-13 uears old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.23 +/- 0.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 40 +/- 70 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected and Quantified | 10 +/- 10 nmol/g wet feces | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 374.6 +/- 215.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 12.7 +/- 13.0 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 20.6 +/- 14.7 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 34.93 +/- 24.67 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 136.76 +/- 111.97 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.35 (0.08-1.06) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.1439 +/- 0.1181 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.098 +/- 0.009 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Not Available | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.032 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 8.12 +/- 2.918 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.03-3.42 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.16(0.05-1.14) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.12(0.03-3.68) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.29 (0.17-0.46) umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.20 (0.04-0.40) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.076 +/- 0.011 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.8 +/- 0.46 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | - Geigy Scientific ...
- West Cadwell, N.J...
- Basel, Switzerlan...
| details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 +/- 0.09 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | uremia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.13(0.07-0.19) uM | Children (1-13 uears old) | Both | Environmental enteric dysfunction | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.880 +/- 0.310 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Uremia | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Cryptosporidium infection | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Irritable bowel syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Crohn disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Irritable bowel syndrome | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal Cancer | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 40.66 +/- 9.77 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Oral cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Breast cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Pancreatic cancer | | details | Saliva | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Periodontal diseases | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 27.12 +/- 15.48 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Frontotemporal lobe dementia | | details | Saliva | Detected and Quantified | 31.46 +/- 11.05 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Lewy body disease | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.4275 +/- 1.5682 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.1778 +/- 0.1833 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Leukemia | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.350 +/- 0.097 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Leukemia | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.78 +/- 2.972 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal cancer | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.46 +/- 0.067 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Pancreatic cancer | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Uremia |
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- Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
- Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W: Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x. [PubMed:12675874 ]
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
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- Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, Lee SY, Lee CH: Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;60(Pt 6):817-27. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0. Epub 2011 Feb 17. [PubMed:21330412 ]
- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A: Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res. 2011 Sep 2;10(9):4208-18. doi: 10.1021/pr2003598. Epub 2011 Aug 8. [PubMed:21761941 ]
- Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642 ]
| Perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment |
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- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
| Periodontal disease |
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- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
| Alzheimer's disease |
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- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Frontotemporal dementia |
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- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Lewy body disease |
---|
- Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
| Pancreatic cancer |
---|
- Loser C, Folsch UR, Paprotny C, Creutzfeldt W: Polyamine concentrations in pancreatic tissue, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 1990 Mar;5(2):119-27. [PubMed:2315288 ]
- Sugimoto M, Wong DT, Hirayama A, Soga T, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics. 2010 Mar;6(1):78-95. Epub 2009 Sep 10. [PubMed:20300169 ]
| Leukemia |
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- Lee SH, Suh JW, Chung BC, Kim SO: Polyamine profiles in the urine of patients with leukemia. Cancer Lett. 1998 Jan 9;122(1-2):1-8. [PubMed:9464484 ]
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
| Colorectal cancer |
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- Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28. [PubMed:22148915 ]
- Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
- Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB01917 |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB001494 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00001428 |
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Chemspider ID | 13837702 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C00134 |
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BioCyc ID | PUTRESCINE |
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BiGG ID | 33980 |
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Wikipedia Link | Putrescine |
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METLIN ID | 3226 |
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PubChem Compound | 1045 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 17148 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | PTRC |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00013436 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Dudley, H. W.; Thorpe, W. V. Synthesis of N-methylputrescine and of putrescine. Biochemical Journal (1925), 19 845-9. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Not Available |
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General References | - Gimelli G, Giglio S, Zuffardi O, Alhonen L, Suppola S, Cusano R, Lo Nigro C, Gatti R, Ravazzolo R, Seri M: Gene dosage of the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase ( SSAT) gene with putrescine accumulation in a patient with a Xp21.1p22.12 duplication and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD). Hum Genet. 2002 Sep;111(3):235-41. Epub 2002 Aug 1. [PubMed:12215835 ]
- Janne J, Alhonen L, Pietila M, Keinanen TA: Genetic approaches to the cellular functions of polyamines in mammals. Eur J Biochem. 2004 Mar;271(5):877-94. [PubMed:15009201 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Venza M, Visalli M, Cicciu D, Teti D: Determination of polyamines in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 Jun 5;757(1):111-7. [PubMed:11419735 ]
- El Baze P, Milano G, Verrando P, Renee N, Ortonne JP: Polyamine levels in normal human skin. A comparative study of pure epidermis, pure dermis, and suction blister fluid. Arch Dermatol Res. 1983;275(4):218-21. [PubMed:6625645 ]
- Reeben M, Arbatova J, Palgi J, Miettinen R, Halmekyto M, Alhonen L, Janne J, Riekkinen P Sr, Saarma M: Induced expression of neurotrophins in transgenic mice overexpressing ornithine decarboxylase and overproducing putrescine. J Neurosci Res. 1996 Sep 1;45(5):542-8. [PubMed:8875319 ]
- Takagi K, Tatsumi Y, Kitaichi K, Iwase M, Shibata E, Nakao M, Matsumoto T, Takagi K, Hasegawa T: A sensitive colorimetric assay for polyamines in erythrocytes using oat seedling polyamine oxidase. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Feb;340(1-2):219-27. [PubMed:14734216 ]
- Harik SI, Sutton CH: Putrescine as a biochemical marker of malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res. 1979 Dec;39(12):5010-5. [PubMed:227593 ]
- Halmekyto M, Alhonen L, Alakuijala L, Janne J: Transgenic mice over-producing putrescine in their tissues do not convert the diamine into higher polyamines. Biochem J. 1993 Apr 15;291 ( Pt 2):505-8. [PubMed:8484731 ]
- Goldman SS, Volkow ND, Brodie J, Flamm ES: Putrescine metabolism in human brain tumors. J Neurooncol. 1986;4(1):23-9. [PubMed:3746382 ]
- Yamazaki H, Tsukahara T, Uki J, Matsuzaki S: Elevated levels of free putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine in cyst fluids of malignant brain tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986 Feb;49(2):209-10. [PubMed:3950641 ]
- Thiele I, Swainston N, Fleming RM, Hoppe A, Sahoo S, Aurich MK, Haraldsdottir H, Mo ML, Rolfsson O, Stobbe MD, Thorleifsson SG, Agren R, Bolling C, Bordel S, Chavali AK, Dobson P, Dunn WB, Endler L, Hala D, Hucka M, Hull D, Jameson D, Jamshidi N, Jonsson JJ, Juty N, Keating S, Nookaew I, Le Novere N, Malys N, Mazein A, Papin JA, Price ND, Selkov E Sr, Sigurdsson MI, Simeonidis E, Sonnenschein N, Smallbone K, Sorokin A, van Beek JH, Weichart D, Goryanin I, Nielsen J, Westerhoff HV, Kell DB, Mendes P, Palsson BO: A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 May;31(5):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2488. Epub 2013 Mar 3. [PubMed:23455439 ]
- Janne J, Alhonen L, Keinanen TA, Pietila M, Uimari A, Pirinen E, Hyvonen MT, Jarvinen A: Animal disease models generated by genetic engineering of polyamine metabolism. J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Oct-Dec;9(4):865-82. [PubMed:16364196 ]
- Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
- Wendisch VF: Microbial Production of Amino Acid-Related Compounds. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2017;159:255-269. doi: 10.1007/10_2016_34. [PubMed:27872963 ]
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