Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2021-09-14 14:59:12 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0001423 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0062184
- HMDB01423
- HMDB62184
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Coenzyme A |
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Description | Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4'-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4'-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA'. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia ). |
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Structure | CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS InChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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3'-Phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine | ChEBI | [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate | ChEBI | CoA | ChEBI | CoA-SH | ChEBI | CoASH | ChEBI | Coenzym a | ChEBI | HSCoA | ChEBI | Koenzym a | ChEBI | [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphoric acid | Generator | [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulphanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate | Generator | [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulphanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphoric acid | Generator | a, Coenzyme | HMDB | 18-CoA-18-oxo-Dinor-LTB4 | HMDB | Acetoacetyl coenzyme A sodium salt | HMDB | CoA Hydrate | HMDB | coenzyme A Hydrate | HMDB | coenzyme A-SH | HMDB | coenzyme ASH | HMDB | Depot-zeel | HMDB | Propionyl CoA | HMDB | Propionyl coenzyme A | HMDB | S-Propanoate | HMDB | S-Propanoate CoA | HMDB | S-Propanoate coenzyme A | HMDB | S-Propanoic acid | HMDB | S-Propionate CoA | HMDB | S-Propionate coenzyme A | HMDB | Zeel | HMDB | Coenzyme A | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C21H36N7O16P3S |
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Average Molecular Weight | 767.534 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 767.115208365 |
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IUPAC Name | {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-({[hydroxy({hydroxy[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-sulfanylethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propoxy]phosphoryl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid |
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Traditional Name | coenzyme A |
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CAS Registry Number | 85-61-0 |
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SMILES | CC(C)(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C21H36N7O16P3S/c1-21(2,16(31)19(32)24-4-3-12(29)23-5-6-48)8-41-47(38,39)44-46(36,37)40-7-11-15(43-45(33,34)35)14(30)20(42-11)28-10-27-13-17(22)25-9-26-18(13)28/h9-11,14-16,20,30-31,48H,3-8H2,1-2H3,(H,23,29)(H,24,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,25,26)(H2,33,34,35)/t11-,14-,15-,16+,20-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as coenzyme a and derivatives. These are derivative of vitamin B5 containing a 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety attached to a diphospho-adenosine. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues |
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Class | Purine nucleotides |
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Sub Class | Purine ribonucleotides |
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Direct Parent | Coenzyme A and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Coenzyme a or derivatives
- Purine ribonucleoside diphosphate
- Pentose phosphate
- Pentose-5-phosphate
- Ribonucleoside 3'-phosphate
- Glycosyl compound
- N-glycosyl compound
- Organic pyrophosphate
- Pentose monosaccharide
- Monosaccharide phosphate
- 6-aminopurine
- Purine
- Imidazopyrimidine
- Aminopyrimidine
- Monoalkyl phosphate
- Organic phosphoric acid derivative
- N-substituted imidazole
- Phosphoric acid ester
- Monosaccharide
- Alkyl phosphate
- Pyrimidine
- Imidolactam
- Imidazole
- Azole
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Secondary alcohol
- Oxacycle
- Alkylthiol
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Primary amine
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Organosulfur compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Not Available | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Experimental Collision Cross Sections |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0002-9423572000-e15b71f4fd7a2baa5a35 | 2017-11-06 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_6) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_7) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_8) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TMS_1_9) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_4) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_5) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_6) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_7) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_8) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A GC-MS (TBDMS_1_9) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-18 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-014i-0000000900-7edeffc9e7f47049c6af | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-03di-0090200000-1bf2c11b25a8c3f528a7 | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-03di-0490000000-b4270769e635660752dd | 2018-05-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a6r-2212902000-90ae348579cc51120a9e | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-056r-2001913000-b50d7e024246e80562d9 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03dr-2970000000-d446bfcc9dc430d6289c | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03dr-2970000000-b09a59c82e4780263c01 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03dr-2980000000-0f9145a37f1fe6c25789 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 35V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03dr-2980000000-c04f72a5a1e904c02c8c | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-002r-3231905000-7feca024619c398caf0d | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0ar9-1113901000-3774706f7a17e67cc2f1 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0570-1011905000-6c36de994b497dccd8ba | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-056r-6432945000-c7d34ae368afb7dbd191 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a6r-0101911000-5229e294fd6d738ddaa1 | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-05xr-2232900000-328eaaff239ce5710aae | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-052f-9437224000-1fef511bd1614c4cc9cf | 2021-09-20 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-002s-5900000100-c920e6430f49f066a644 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-002r-6910000000-4dcac54e50dd5309af5c | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-002r-8900000000-c9fc1dcc0fa2fecbf2f0 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-001i-6910232700-7e01b474d15249f13f3e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-001i-2900200000-23c6af6438be416c3b4e | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-057i-6900100000-a9a1d2f2162117f6ad81 | 2017-07-26 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014i-0300000900-b51e1ead5363c1a242a1 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01p9-2940000200-3787799719117e40b9fb | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Coenzyme A 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-03di-1190000000-77d7b4bac6b436184da2 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
NMR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | 2021-09-16 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Experimental 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | 2018-05-25 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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General References | - Wendel U, Zass R, Leupold D: Contribution of odd-numbered fatty acid oxidation to propionate production in neonates with methylmalonic and propionic acidaemias. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Dec;152(12):1021-3. [PubMed:8131803 ]
- Bergstrom T, Greter J, Levin AH, Steen G, Tryding N, Wass U: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency: case report, effect of low-protein diet and identification of 3-oxo-2-methylvaleric acid 3-hydroxy-2-methylvaleric acid, and maleic acid in urine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1981 Apr;41(2):117-26. [PubMed:7313494 ]
- Roe CR, Sweetman L, Roe DS, David F, Brunengraber H: Treatment of cardiomyopathy and rhabdomyolysis in long-chain fat oxidation disorders using an anaplerotic odd-chain triglyceride. J Clin Invest. 2002 Jul;110(2):259-69. [PubMed:12122118 ]
- Yano S, Li L, Le TP, Moseley K, Guedalia A, Lee J, Gonzalez I, Boles RG: Infantile mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome associated with methylmalonic aciduria and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiencies in two unrelated patients: a new phenotype of mtDNA depletion syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(5):481-8. [PubMed:14518828 ]
- Kretschmer RE, Bachmann C: Methylcitric acid determination in amniotic fluid by electron-impact mass fragmentography. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1988 May;26(5):345-8. [PubMed:3404093 ]
- Osmundsen H, Bremer J, Pedersen JI: Metabolic aspects of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Sep 11;1085(2):141-58. [PubMed:1892883 ]
- Reihner E, Angelin B, Rudling M, Ewerth S, Bjorkhem I, Einarsson K: Regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in humans: stimulatory effects of cholestyramine on HMG-CoA reductase activity and low density lipoprotein receptor expression in gallstone patients. J Lipid Res. 1990 Dec;31(12):2219-26. [PubMed:2090716 ]
- Salen G, Batta AK, Tint GS, Shefer S: Comparative effects of lovastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid on plasma cholestanol levels and abnormal bile acid metabolism in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Metabolism. 1994 Aug;43(8):1018-22. [PubMed:8052141 ]
- Lehnert W, Junker A: [2-Methyl-3-oxovaleric acid: a characteristic metabolite in propionic acidemia]. Clin Chim Acta. 1980 May 21;104(1):47-51. [PubMed:7389125 ]
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