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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-05-22 14:17:31 UTC
Update Date2020-11-09 23:16:22 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001999
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01999
Metabolite Identification
Common NameEicosapentaenoic acid
DescriptionEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC20H30O2
Average Molecular Weight302.451
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight302.224580204
IUPAC Name(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid
Traditional Nameeicosapentaenoic acid
CAS Registry Number10417-94-4
SMILES
CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C20H30O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20(21)22/h3-4,6-7,9-10,12-13,15-16H,2,5,8,11,14,17-19H2,1H3,(H,21,22)/b4-3-,7-6-,10-9-,13-12-,16-15-
InChI KeyJAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassFatty acids and conjugates
Direct ParentLong-chain fatty acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Long-chain fatty acid
  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Straight chain fatty acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-MetCCS_train_neg178.53530932474
[M-H]-Not Available178.535http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000259
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Feces
  • Sweat
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Epidermis
  • Erythrocyte
  • Fibroblasts
  • Kidney
  • Leukocyte
  • Liver
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Hypertension
  1. Wang S, Ma A, Song S, Quan Q, Zhao X, Zheng X: Fasting serum free fatty acid composition, waist/hip ratio and insulin activity in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):623-32. doi: 10.1291/hypres.31.623. [PubMed:18633173 ]
Essential hypertension
  1. Wang S, Ma A, Song S, Quan Q, Zhao X, Zheng X: Fasting serum free fatty acid composition, waist/hip ratio and insulin activity in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):623-32. doi: 10.1291/hypres.31.623. [PubMed:18633173 ]
Major depressive disorder
  1. Sublette ME, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Cooper TB, Fekri S, Vanegas N, Galfalvy HC, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ: Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with and without major depressive disorder. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Jan;111(1):117-123.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.007. [PubMed:21185973 ]
Isovaleric acidemia
  1. Dercksen M, Kulik W, Mienie LJ, Reinecke CJ, Wanders RJ, Duran M: Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in treated isovaleric acidemia patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Oct;70(10):1123-1126. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.100. Epub 2016 Jun 22. [PubMed:27329611 ]
Colorectal cancer
  1. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  2. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  3. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00159
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB030126
KNApSAcK IDC00001215
Chemspider ID393682
KEGG Compound IDC06428
BioCyc IDEICOSAPENTAENOATE
BiGG ID2218016
Wikipedia LinkEicosapentaenoic acid
METLIN ID6423
PubChem Compound446284
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID28364
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDTMNDNC
MarkerDB IDMDB00000363
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceSandri, Jacqueline; Viala, Jacques. Syntheses of all-(Z)-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and all-(Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic Acid from (Z)-1,1,6,6-tetraisopropoxy-3-hexene. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1995), 60(20), 6627-30.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 16 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in thiolester hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs.
Gene Name:
BAAT
Uniprot ID:
Q14032
Molecular weight:
46298.865
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates.
Gene Name:
ACSL4
Uniprot ID:
O60488
Molecular weight:
74435.495
References
  1. Heimli H, Hollung K, Drevon CA: Eicosapentaenoic acid-induced apoptosis depends on acyl CoA-synthetase. Lipids. 2003 Mar;38(3):263-8. [PubMed:12784866 ]
  2. Covault J, Pettinati H, Moak D, Mueller T, Kranzler HR: Association of a long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 gene polymorphism with depression and with enhanced niacin-induced dermal erythema. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004 May 15;127B(1):42-7. [PubMed:15108178 ]
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) activates long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. ACSL3 mediates hepatic lipogenesis (By similarity). Preferentially uses myristate, laurate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates (By similarity). Has mainly an anabolic role in energy metabolism. Required for the incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid located on the surface of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins).
Gene Name:
ACSL3
Uniprot ID:
O95573
Molecular weight:
80419.415
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
Gene Name:
PTGS2
Uniprot ID:
P35354
Molecular weight:
68995.625
References
  1. Lee JY, Plakidas A, Lee WH, Heikkinen A, Chanmugam P, Bray G, Hwang DH: Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 2003 Mar;44(3):479-86. Epub 2002 Dec 1. [PubMed:12562875 ]
  2. Ait-Said F, Elalamy I, Werts C, Gomard MT, Jacquemin C, Couetil JP, Hatmi M: Inhibition by eicosapentaenoic acid of IL-1beta-induced PGHS-2 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells: involvement of lipoxygenase-derived metabolites and p38 MAPK pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Feb 20;1631(1):77-84. [PubMed:12573452 ]
  3. Machida T, Hiramatsu M, Hamaue N, Minami M, Hirafuji M: Docosahexaenoic acid enhances cyclooxygenase-2 induction by facilitating p44/42, but not p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Sep;99(1):113-6. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed:16141635 ]
  4. Das UN: Can COX-2 inhibitor-induced increase in cardiovascular disease risk be modified by essential fatty acids? J Assoc Physicians India. 2005 Jul;53:623-7. [PubMed:16190133 ]
  5. Chene G, Dubourdeau M, Balard P, Escoubet-Lozach L, Orfila C, Berry A, Bernad J, Aries MF, Charveron M, Pipy B: n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the expression of COX-2 via PPARgamma activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 May;1771(5):576-89. Epub 2007 Mar 16. [PubMed:17459764 ]
  6. Vecchio AJ, Simmons DM, Malkowski MG: Structural basis of fatty acid substrate binding to cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 16;285(29):22152-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.119867. Epub 2010 May 12. [PubMed:20463020 ]
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells.
Gene Name:
PTGS1
Uniprot ID:
P23219
Molecular weight:
68685.82
References
  1. Malkowski MG, Thuresson ED, Lakkides KM, Rieke CJ, Micielli R, Smith WL, Garavito RM: Structure of eicosapentaenoic and linoleic acids in the cyclooxygenase site of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 5;276(40):37547-55. Epub 2001 Jul 27. [PubMed:11477109 ]
  2. Machida T, Hiramatsu M, Hamaue N, Minami M, Hirafuji M: Docosahexaenoic acid enhances cyclooxygenase-2 induction by facilitating p44/42, but not p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Sep;99(1):113-6. Epub 2005 Sep 1. [PubMed:16141635 ]
  3. Das UN: COX-2 inhibitors and metabolism of essential fatty acids. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Jul;11(7):RA233-7. Epub 2005 Jun 29. [PubMed:15990700 ]
  4. Das UN: Can COX-2 inhibitor-induced increase in cardiovascular disease risk be modified by essential fatty acids? J Assoc Physicians India. 2005 Jul;53:623-7. [PubMed:16190133 ]
  5. Yang P, Chan D, Felix E, Cartwright C, Menter DG, Madden T, Klein RD, Fischer SM, Newman RA: Formation and antiproliferative effect of prostaglandin E(3) from eicosapentaenoic acid in human lung cancer cells. J Lipid Res. 2004 Jun;45(6):1030-9. Epub 2004 Mar 1. [PubMed:14993240 ]
  6. Vecchio AJ, Simmons DM, Malkowski MG: Structural basis of fatty acid substrate binding to cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 16;285(29):22152-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.119867. Epub 2010 May 12. [PubMed:20463020 ]
  7. Lee JY, Plakidas A, Lee WH, Heikkinen A, Chanmugam P, Bray G, Hwang DH: Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 2003 Mar;44(3):479-86. Epub 2002 Dec 1. [PubMed:12562875 ]
General function:
Lipid transport and metabolism
Specific function:
Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. May play an important physiological function in brain. May play a regulatory role by modulating the cellular levels of fatty acyl-CoA ligands for certain transcription factors as well as the substrates for fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, contributing to lipid homeostasis. Has broad specificity, active towards fatty acyl-CoAs with chain-lengths of C8-C18. Has a maximal activity toward palmitoyl-CoA.
Gene Name:
ACOT7
Uniprot ID:
O00154
Molecular weight:
40454.945
Reactions
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-Icosapentaenoyl-CoA + Water → Coenzyme A + Eicosapentaenoic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in thiolester hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. Displays high levels of activity on medium- and long chain acyl CoAs.
Gene Name:
ACOT2
Uniprot ID:
P49753
Molecular weight:
53218.02
Reactions
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-Icosapentaenoyl-CoA + Water → Coenzyme A + Eicosapentaenoic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in thiolester hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH (By similarity). Succinyl-CoA thioesterase that also hydrolyzes long chain saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acyl-CoAs.
Gene Name:
ACOT4
Uniprot ID:
Q8N9L9
Molecular weight:
46326.09
Reactions
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-Icosapentaenoyl-CoA + Water → Coenzyme A + Eicosapentaenoic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in acyl-CoA thioesterase activity
Specific function:
Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. May mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4. Major thioesterase in peroxisomes. Competes with BAAT (Bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase) for bile acid-CoA substrate (such as chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA). Shows a preference for medium-length fatty acyl-CoAs (By similarity). May be involved in the metabolic regulation of peroxisome proliferation.
Gene Name:
ACOT8
Uniprot ID:
O14734
Molecular weight:
35914.02
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Receptor for medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Binding of the ligand increase intracellular calcium concentration and amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G- proteins that activate phospholipase C. Seems to act through a G(q) and G(i)-mediated pathway
Gene Name:
FFAR1
Uniprot ID:
O14842
Molecular weight:
31456.6
References
  1. Itoh Y, Hinuma S: GPR40, a free fatty acid receptor on pancreatic beta cells, regulates insulin secretion. Hepatol Res. 2005 Oct;33(2):171-3. Epub 2005 Oct 6. [PubMed:16214394 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 16 proteins in total.