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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusPredicted
Creation Date2021-08-30 17:22:08 UTC
Update Date2022-11-15 17:47:01 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0242384
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCholylglutamic acid
DescriptionCholylglutamic acid belongs to a class of molecules known as bile acid-amino acid conjugates. These are bile acid conjugates that consist of a primary bile acid such as cholic acid, doxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, conjugated to an amino acid. Cholylglutamic acid consists of the bile acid cholic acid conjugated to the amino acid Glutamic acid conjugated at the C24 acyl site.Bile acids play an important role in regulating various physiological systems, such as fat digestion, cholesterol metabolism, vitamin absorption, liver function, and enterohepatic circulation through their combined signaling, detergent, and antimicrobial mechanisms (PMID: 34127070 ). Bile acids also act as detergents in the gut and support the absorption of fats through the intestinal membrane. These same properties allow for the disruption of bacterial membranes, thereby allowing them to serve a bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic function. In humans (and other mammals) bile acids are normally conjugated with the amino acids glycine and taurine by the liver. This conjugation catalyzed by two liver enzymes, bile acid CoA ligase (BAL) and bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAT). Glycine and taurine bound BAs are also referred to as bile salts due to their decreased pKa and complete ionization resulting in these compounds being present as anions in vivo. Unlike glycine and taurine-conjugated bile acids, these recently discovered bile acids, such as Cholylglutamic acid, are produced by the gut microbiota, making them secondary bile acids (PMID: 32103176 ) or microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) (PMID: 34127070 ). Evidence suggests that these bile acid-amino acid conjugates are produced by microbes belonging to Clostridia species (PMID: 32103176 ). These unusual bile acid-amino acid conjugates are found in higher frequency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and in infants (PMID: 32103176 ). Cholylglutamic acid appears to act as an agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and it can also lead to reduced expression of bile acid synthesis genes (PMID: 32103176 ). It currently appears that microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) or amino acid-bile acid conjugates are only conjugated to cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (PMID: 34127070 ). It has been estimated that if microbial conjugation of bile acids is very promiscuous and occurs for all potential oxidized, epimerized, and dehydroxylated states of each hydroxyl group present on cholic acid (C3, C7, C12) in addition to ring orientation, the total number of potential human bile acid conjugates could be over 2800 (PMID: 34127070 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
CholylglutamateGenerator
Chemical FormulaC29H47NO8
Average Molecular Weight537.694
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight537.330167477
IUPAC Name2-(4-{5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl}pentanamido)pentanedioic acid
Traditional Name2-(4-{5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl}pentanamido)pentanedioic acid
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CC(CCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C1CCC2C3C(O)CC4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CC(O)C12C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C29H47NO8/c1-15(4-8-24(34)30-21(27(37)38)7-9-25(35)36)18-5-6-19-26-20(14-23(33)29(18,19)3)28(2)11-10-17(31)12-16(28)13-22(26)32/h15-23,26,31-33H,4-14H2,1-3H3,(H,30,34)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)
InChI KeyCBUKBSJQVLLDJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
ClassificationNot classified
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
DispositionNot Available
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP1.42ALOGPS
logP1.59ChemAxon
logS-4.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.47ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.12ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count8ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area164.39 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count9ChemAxon
Refractivity138.88 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability59.65 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M-2H]-249.55230932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+224.97730932474

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Cholylglutamic acidCC(CCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C1CCC2C3C(O)CC4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CC(O)C12C3719.3Standard polar33892256
Cholylglutamic acidCC(CCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C1CCC2C3C(O)CC4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CC(O)C12C2946.2Standard non polar33892256
Cholylglutamic acidCC(CCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C1CCC2C3C(O)CC4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CC(O)C12C4640.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0079-0102090000-cd91253ee7831b36638f2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-2619140000-a47f82a2e72b72ced2cc2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0f79-7922000000-ad8f6d3b72a9f5fa79662021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kr-0000090000-0f3d4b556bb9207cc9452021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kr-1000590000-e6208d3b6067f86cbda02021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Cholylglutamic acid 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0kmi-2601920000-678d2fb7a380f3500cb22021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Intestine
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound85155408
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Guzior DV, Quinn RA: Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids. Microbiome. 2021 Jun 14;9(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01101-1. [PubMed:34127070 ]
  2. Quinn RA, Melnik AV, Vrbanac A, Fu T, Patras KA, Christy MP, Bodai Z, Belda-Ferre P, Tripathi A, Chung LK, Downes M, Welch RD, Quinn M, Humphrey G, Panitchpakdi M, Weldon KC, Aksenov A, da Silva R, Avila-Pacheco J, Clish C, Bae S, Mallick H, Franzosa EA, Lloyd-Price J, Bussell R, Thron T, Nelson AT, Wang M, Leszczynski E, Vargas F, Gauglitz JM, Meehan MJ, Gentry E, Arthur TD, Komor AC, Poulsen O, Boland BS, Chang JT, Sandborn WJ, Lim M, Garg N, Lumeng JC, Xavier RJ, Kazmierczak BI, Jain R, Egan M, Rhee KE, Ferguson D, Raffatellu M, Vlamakis H, Haddad GG, Siegel D, Huttenhower C, Mazmanian SK, Evans RM, Nizet V, Knight R, Dorrestein PC: Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7797):123-129. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2047-9. Epub 2020 Feb 26. [PubMed:32103176 ]