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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 01:56:39 UTC
Update Date2021-10-01 19:35:00 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0248529
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameApramycin
DescriptionApramycin, also known as casitone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminocyclitol glycosides. These are organic compounds containing an amicocyclitol moiety glycosidically linked to a carbohydrate moiety. There are two major classes of aminoglycosides containing a 2-streptamine core. They are called 4,5- and 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Apramycin. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Apramycin is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Apramycin is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
Casein hydrolysateMeSH
CasitoneMeSH
Chemical FormulaC21H41N5O11
Average Molecular Weight539.583
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight539.28025716
IUPAC Name5-amino-2-({7-amino-6-[(4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl)oxy]-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)-octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl}oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
Traditional Nameapramycin
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CNC1C(O)C2OC(OC3C(N)CC(N)C(O)C3O)C(N)CC2OC1OC1OC(CO)C(N)C(O)C1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H41N5O11/c1-26-11-14(30)18-8(33-20(11)37-21-16(32)13(29)10(25)9(4-27)34-21)3-7(24)19(36-18)35-17-6(23)2-5(22)12(28)15(17)31/h5-21,26-32H,2-4,22-25H2,1H3
InChI KeyXZNUGFQTQHRASN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminocyclitol glycosides. These are organic compounds containing an amicocyclitol moiety glycosidically linked to a carbohydrate moiety. There are two major classes of aminoglycosides containing a 2-streptamine core. They are called 4,5- and 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentAminocyclitol glycosides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Amino cyclitol glycoside
  • Hexose monosaccharide
  • Aminocyclitol or derivatives
  • Cyclohexylamine
  • Cyclohexanol
  • Oxane
  • Cyclitol or derivatives
  • Monosaccharide
  • 1,3-aminoalcohol
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Secondary amine
  • Acetal
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Primary amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID388613
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkApramycin
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound439519
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Effector that is released into the host cell and affects host immune responses; it negatively modulates inflammation, macrophage autophagy, and cell death through redox-dependent signaling (PubMed:17259625, PubMed:21187903). Acts as an acetyltransferase. Acetylates 'Lys-55' of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 16 (DUSP16)/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-7 (MKP-7), a JNK-specific phosphatase; this leads to the inhibition of JNK-dependent autophagy, phagosome maturation, and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation for enhanced intracellular survival of M.tuberculosis (PubMed:22547814). Inhibits Con A-mediated T-cell proliferation in vitro (PubMed:17449476). Treatment of T-cells with Eis inhibits ERK1/2, JAK pathway, and subsequent production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-4 (IL-4); on the contrary, there is increased production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), which indicates that immunity in response to Eis treatment is skewed away from a protective T(H)1 response and Eis disturbs the cross regulation of T-cells (PubMed:17449476). When expressed in M.smegmatis, enhances intracellular survival of the bacteria in host macrophages during infection (PubMed:10629183).Can also acetylate multiple amine groups of many aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics, leading to their inactivation, and thus contributes to drug resistance (PubMed:19906990, PubMed:21628583, PubMed:24106131). Is also able to acetylate and deactivate the cyclic peptide antibiotic capreomycin, but not the other anti-tuberculous drugs isoniazid and pyrazinamide (PubMed:23233486). Acetylates kanamycin (KAN) more efficiently than amikacin (AMK), even though Eis seems to bind AMK with higher affinity (PubMed:19906990). Does not acetylate and inactivate streptomycin, apramycin and spectinomycin (PubMed:19906990, PubMed:21628583).
Gene Name:
EIS
Uniprot ID:
P9WFK7
Molecular weight:
43803.365
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Specifically methylates the N(1) position of adenine 1408 in 16S rRNA. Confers resistance to various aminoglycosides, including kanamycin, neomycin and apramycin.
Gene Name:
KAMB
Uniprot ID:
P25920
Molecular weight:
23663.79
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Specifically methylates the N(1) position of adenine 1408 in 16S rRNA. Confers resistance to various aminoglycosides, including kanamycin, neomycin, apramycin, ribostamycin and gentamicin. Methylates only fully assembled 30S subunits.
Gene Name:
NPMA
Uniprot ID:
A8C927
Molecular weight:
24886.29