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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 13:15:08 UTC
Update Date2021-09-26 23:07:53 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0254104
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameLinopirdine
DescriptionLinopirdine, also known as dup-996, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an indole, which is a bicyclic ring system made up of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. The acid chloride then cyclizes into the ring on heating to afford (3). Alkylation with α-chloropicoline proceeds with hydroxide as the base to afford Linopirdine (6). The 3 position is now activated by the adjacent benzene ring on one side and the carbonyl group on the other. Linopirdine is a putative cognition-enhancing drug with a novel mechanism of action. Linopirdine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). The synthesis starts with a standard scheme for preparing indoxyls. In a murine model linopirdine is able to nearly completely reverse the senescence-related decline in cortical c-FOS, an effect which is blocked by atropine and MK-801, suggesting Linopirdine can compensate for the age related decline in acetylcholine release. Linopirdine blocks the KCNQ2\3 heteromer M current with an IC50 of 2.4 micromolar disinhibiting acetylcholine release, and increasing hippocampal CA3-schaffer collateral mediated glutamate release onto CA1 pyramidal neurons. Reaction of that product with 4-picoline under phase-transfer conditions catalyzed by a quaternary salt affords the carbinol (4) from addition of the transient anion on the methyl group of the picoline to the more electrophilic carbonyl group. The alcohol is then dehydrated by means of acetic anhydride and the resulting olefin hydrogenated to afford the indolone (5). Linopirdine also blocks homomeric KCNQ1 and KCNQ4 voltage gated potassium channels which contribute to vascular tone with substantially less selectivity than KCNQ2/3. Thus, acylation of diphenylamine with oxalyl chloride leads to the amide. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Linopirdine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Linopirdine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
3,3-Dipyridylmethyl-1-phenyl-2-indolinoneMeSH
DuP-996MeSH
3,3-Bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-phenylindolin-2-oneMeSH
DuP 996MeSH
LinopirdineMeSH
Chemical FormulaC26H21N3O
Average Molecular Weight391.474
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight391.168462308
IUPAC Name1-phenyl-3,3-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one
Traditional Namelinopirdine
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
O=C1N(C2=CC=CC=C2C1(CC1=CC=NC=C1)CC1=CC=NC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C26H21N3O/c30-25-26(18-20-10-14-27-15-11-20,19-21-12-16-28-17-13-21)23-8-4-5-9-24(23)29(25)22-6-2-1-3-7-22/h1-17H,18-19H2
InChI KeyYEJCDKJIEMIWRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an indole, which is a bicyclic ring system made up of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassIndoles and derivatives
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentIndoles and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Indole or derivatives
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Pyridine
  • Benzenoid
  • Tertiary carboxylic acid amide
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Lactam
  • Carboxamide group
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP3.49ALOGPS
logP4.41ChemAxon
logS-5.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.35ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area46.09 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity116.63 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability41.76 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+185.21930932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-182.86130932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-216.64930932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+191.79530932474
AllCCS[M+H]+196.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+193.932859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+199.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+199.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-197.632859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-196.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-196.232859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
LinopirdineO=C1N(C2=CC=CC=C2C1(CC1=CC=NC=C1)CC1=CC=NC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C14926.4Standard polar33892256
LinopirdineO=C1N(C2=CC=CC=C2C1(CC1=CC=NC=C1)CC1=CC=NC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C13506.9Standard non polar33892256
LinopirdineO=C1N(C2=CC=CC=C2C1(CC1=CC=NC=C1)CC1=CC=NC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C13332.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Linopirdine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-022c-8489000000-c910a42b0f7bb9c071d32021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Linopirdine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-4790000000-dc2de63175e77d9642cc2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0uk9-2394000000-3aacc997a328a33b28ab2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0029000000-42da3f807bfa9d739d262017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0fka-2394000000-3d83fcab8a361968eb7c2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine , positive-QTOFsplash10-00di-4790000000-dc2de63175e77d9642cc2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0uk9-2394000000-3aacc997a328a33b28ab2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 35V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0fdo-3069000000-bc552e4235fec96a65552021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0009000000-396f1d01b611951d8c0d2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0119000000-64e15f3125366788d2232016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-016v-9612000000-9e078b5c51f4a92855622016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0009000000-211dd6c8fdad962e0d782016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0009000000-b3af5078331824fcee312016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03xv-4359000000-fee8625f4efde1ed56022016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-0009000000-45fd988f0c3558f4066e2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-1009000000-5738c56427327218a4fc2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0005-2679000000-849863d8ffae09282fab2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0009000000-1bcf9bb1d24a060f28e52021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-1009000000-e99ae6d6fb6967de84332021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linopirdine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00ko-3809000000-a9c2c1ed1c9480f5fba22021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB13806
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDC13780
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkLinopirdine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound3932
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in potassium channel activity
Specific function:
Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native M-current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons as well as the responsiveness to synaptic inputs. KCNQ2/KCNQ3 current is blocked by linopirdine and XE991, and activated by the anticonvulsant retigabine. Muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M strongly suppress KCNQ2/KCNQ3 current in cells in which cloned KCNQ2/KCNQ3 channels were coexpressed with M1 muscarinic receptors
Gene Name:
KCNQ2
Uniprot ID:
O43526
Molecular weight:
95846.6
General function:
Involved in ion channel activity
Specific function:
Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel which contributes to M-type current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium conductance which plays a critical role in determining the subthreshold electrical excitability of neurons. May contribute, with other potassium channels, to the molecular diversity of an heterogeneous population of M-channels, varying in kinetic and pharmacological properties, which underlie this physiologically important current. Insensitive to tetraethylammonium, but inhibited by barium, linopirdine and XE991. Activated by niflumic acid and the anticonvulsant retigabine. Muscarine suppresses KCNQ5 current in Xenopus oocytes in which cloned KCNQ5 channels were coexpressed with M(1) muscarinic receptors
Gene Name:
KCNQ5
Uniprot ID:
Q9NR82
Molecular weight:
102178.0