Hmdb loader
Show more...Show more...Show more...
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 13:16:28 UTC
Update Date2021-10-01 22:32:15 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0254121
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameLipoteichoic acid
DescriptionLipoteichoic acid, also known as lipoteichoate or LTA-2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosyldiacylglycerols. These are diacylglycerols that carry a saccharide moiety linked to the glycerol. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Lipoteichoic acid. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Lipoteichoic acid is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Lipoteichoic acid is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
LipoteichoateGenerator
N-[5-Amino-2-({2-[3-(heptanoyloxy)-2-(pentadec-7-enoyloxy)propoxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl}oxy)-4-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl]ethanimidateHMDB
LTA-2HMDB
Teichoic acid IHMDB
LTA-1HMDB
Chemical FormulaC39H70N2O13
Average Molecular Weight774.99
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight774.487790322
IUPAC Name1-({4-[(5-amino-3-acetamido-4-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl}oxy)-3-(heptanoyloxy)propan-2-yl pentadec-7-enoate
Traditional Name1-({4-[(5-amino-3-acetamido-4-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl}oxy)-3-(heptanoyloxy)propan-2-yl pentadec-7-enoate
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCC(=O)OC(COC1OC(CO)C(O)C(OC2OC(C)C(N)C(O)C2NC(C)=O)C1O)COC(=O)CCCCCC
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C39H70N2O13/c1-5-7-9-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-20-22-31(45)52-28(24-49-30(44)21-19-10-8-6-2)25-50-39-36(48)37(34(46)29(23-42)53-39)54-38-33(41-27(4)43)35(47)32(40)26(3)51-38/h14-15,26,28-29,32-39,42,46-48H,5-13,16-25,40H2,1-4H3,(H,41,43)
InChI KeyPANDRCFROUDETH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosyldiacylglycerols. These are diacylglycerols that carry a saccharide moiety linked to the glycerol.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassGlycerolipids
Sub ClassGlycosylglycerols
Direct ParentGlycosyldiacylglycerols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Glycosyldiacylglycerol
  • Aminoglycoside core
  • Fatty acyl glycoside of mono- or disaccharide
  • Fatty acyl glycoside
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Glycosyl compound
  • Amino saccharide
  • Fatty acid ester
  • Fatty acyl
  • Oxane
  • Monosaccharide
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Acetamide
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Carboxamide group
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Acetal
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkLipoteichoic acid
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound155886516
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 26 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid. Is a key enzyme involved in the production of lipoteichoic acid by reintroducing DAG formed from the breakdown of membrane phospholipids into the phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic pathway.
Gene Name:
DAGK
Uniprot ID:
Q4L7L1
Molecular weight:
36802.675
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Processive glucosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of both the bilayer- and non-bilayer-forming membrane glucolipids. Is able to successively transfer two glucosyl residues to diacylglycerol (DAG), thereby catalyzing the formation of beta-monoglucosyl-DAG (3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol) and beta-diglucosyl-DAG (3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-(1->6)-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol). Beta-diglucosyl-DAG is the predominant glycolipid found in Bacillales and is also used as a membrane anchor for lipoteichoic acid (LTA).
Gene Name:
UGTP
Uniprot ID:
Q4L524
Molecular weight:
44917.55
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide. Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth. May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins (By similarity).Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA. Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (PubMed:22941653). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities. Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA. May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1. Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity).In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation. Involved in oxidative stress-mediated autophagy. Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury. In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy. Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity).In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release)involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (By similarity). Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (PubMed:16966386). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (By similarity). Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways (PubMed:17417641). Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2. In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes. Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE. Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (By similarity). Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells (PubMed:17417641). Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (PubMed:20014975). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells. In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells. In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression. Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells. Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106. During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HMGB1
Uniprot ID:
P10103
Molecular weight:
24907.61
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Cell adhesion molecule that mediates cell-cell contacts and regulates T-cell responses via its interaction with ALCAM/CD166 (PubMed:15048703, PubMed:15294938, PubMed:16352806, PubMed:16914752, PubMed:24945728, PubMed:24584089). Contributes to signaling cascades triggered by activation of the TCR/CD3 complex (PubMed:24584089). Functions as costimulatory molecule; promotes T-cell activation and proliferation (PubMed:15294938, PubMed:16352806, PubMed:16914752). Contributes to the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse (PubMed:15294938, PubMed:16352806). Functions as calcium-dependent pattern receptor that binds and aggregates both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Binds both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria (PubMed:17601777). LPS binding leads to the activation of signaling cascades and down-stream MAP kinases (PubMed:17601777). Mediates activation of the inflammatory response and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS (PubMed:17601777).
Gene Name:
CD6
Uniprot ID:
P30203
Molecular weight:
71800.185
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Cell adhesion molecule that mediates cell-cell contacts and regulates T-cell responses via its interaction with ALCAM/CD166. Contributes to signaling cascades triggered by activation of the TCR/CD3 complex (PubMed:24584089). Functions as costimulatory molecule; promotes T-cell activation and proliferation. Contributes to the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse. Functions as calcium-dependent pattern receptor that binds and aggregates both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Binds both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria. LPS binding leads to the activation of signaling cascades and down-stream MAP kinases. Mediates activation of the inflammatory response and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS.
Gene Name:
CD6
Uniprot ID:
Q61003
Molecular weight:
72254.82
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (Ref.71). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101).Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:20123072). May have an enhancing role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (By similarity). However, effects in NER using in vitro systems have been reported conflictingly (PubMed:19446504, PubMed:19360789). May be involved in mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways (PubMed:15014079, PubMed:16143102, PubMed:17803946). May be involved in double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (By similarity). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA (By similarity). Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (By similarity). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities (By similarity). Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA (PubMed:23063560). Proposed to be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1; however, this function has been questioned (By similarity). Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity).In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation (PubMed:20819940). Involved in oxidative stress-mediated autophagy (PubMed:21395369). Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury (By similarity). In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy (By similarity). Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity).In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22370717). Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (PubMed:24971542). Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:12765338, PubMed:18354232, PubMed:19264983, PubMed:20547845, PubMed:24474694). Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12 (PubMed:15607795). TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 (PubMed:20547845). In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (PubMed:18354232, PubMed:21660935, PubMed:25660311). Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (By similarity). Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (PubMed:18250463). Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity). In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (PubMed:15944249, PubMed:22473704). In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity). Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (By similarity). Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production (PubMed:19064698). Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (PubMed:18631454). During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity).(Microbial infection) Critical for entry of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63. Regulates the expression of the pro-viral genes ACE2 and CTSL through chromatin modulation.
Gene Name:
HMGB1
Uniprot ID:
P09429
Molecular weight:
24893.58
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (PubMed:11154118). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (PubMed:1885601, PubMed:2461949, PubMed:7592757, PubMed:12183440). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins.Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA (PubMed:2922595, PubMed:11513603). Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:12486007). May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (PubMed:10866811). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA (PubMed:24551219). Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (By similarity). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities (By similarity). Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA (By similarity). May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1 (By similarity). Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity).In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation (By similarity). Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury (By similarity). In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy (By similarity). Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity).In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22869893). Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (By similarity). Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:10952726, PubMed:20547845, PubMed:22869893). Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 (By similarity). In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (PubMed:23508573). Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (PubMed:10830965). Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (By similarity). Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells (By similarity). Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity). In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (By similarity). In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity). Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (PubMed:18277947). Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (By similarity). During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HMGB1
Uniprot ID:
P63159
Molecular weight:
24893.58
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Catalyzes the interconversion between glucose-6-phosphate and alpha-glucose-1-phosphate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of diglucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc2-DAG), i.e. a glycolipid found in the membrane, which is also used as a membrane anchor for lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PGCA
Uniprot ID:
Q4L9R5
Molecular weight:
62001.415
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Carrier protein involved in the D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA). The loading of thioester-linked D-alanine onto DltC is catalyzed by D-alanine--D-alanyl carrier protein ligase DltA. The DltC-carried D-alanyl group is further transferred to cell membrane phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by forming an ester bond, probably catalyzed by DltD. D-alanylation of LTA plays an important role in modulating the properties of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria, influencing the net charge of the cell wall.
Gene Name:
DLTC
Uniprot ID:
C0MDC9
Molecular weight:
9008.07
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Has antibacterial activity (Probable). Upon stimulation with lipoteichoic acid, promotes cytokines and chemokines production and secretion (PubMed:26649771).
Gene Name:
DEFB131A
Uniprot ID:
P59861
Molecular weight:
8198.535

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 26 proteins in total.