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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2021-09-11 13:41:06 UTC
Update Date2021-09-26 23:08:22 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0254404
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameMedifoxamine
DescriptionMedifoxamine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring. Medifoxamine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). It was withdrawn from the market in 1999 (Morocco) and 2000 (France) following incidences of hepatotoxicity. Effectiveness and tolerability Unlike many tricyclic antidepressants, medifoxamine lacks anticholinergic and alpha blocker properties (very low affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and 10-fold lower affinity for the α1-adrenergic receptor relative to 5-HT2 binding sites), and is also apparently inactive as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (although the same source stating this also states that it is inactive as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which was subsequently found not to be the case). Medifoxamine, previously sold under the brand names Clédial and Gerdaxyl, is an atypical antidepressant with additional anxiolytic properties acting via dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms which was formerly marketed in France and Spain, as well as Morocco. Double-blind controlled clinical studies have found it to have similar effectiveness to imipramine, clomipramine, and maprotiline in the treatment of depression. Medifoxamine has been found to act preferentially as a relatively weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, but also as an even weaker serotonin reuptake inhibitor (IC50 1,500 nM) and as a weak antagonist of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (IC50 950 and 980, respectively; notably greater affinity relative to amitriptyline and imipramine). It is known to produce two active metabolites during first-pass metabolism in the liver, CRE-10086 (N-methyl-2,2-diphenoxyethylamine) and CRE-10357 (N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenoxy-2-phenoxyethylamine). The IC50 values of CRE-10086 for serotonin transporter, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C binding are 450 nM, 330 nM, and 700 nM, respectively, while those of CRE-10357 are 660 nM, 1,600 nM, and 6,300 M. Medifoxamine and its metabolites lack affinity for other serotonin receptors including 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT3 (>10,000 nM). Studies in mice revealed that the drug does not possess any sedative or locomotor stimulant effects. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Medifoxamine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Medifoxamine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
Medifoxamine fumarateMeSH
Chemical FormulaC16H19NO2
Average Molecular Weight257.333
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight257.141578856
IUPAC Name(2,2-diphenoxyethyl)dimethylamine
Traditional Namemedifoxamine
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CN(C)CC(OC1=CC=CC=C1)OC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C16H19NO2/c1-17(2)13-16(18-14-9-5-3-6-10-14)19-15-11-7-4-8-12-15/h3-12,16H,13H2,1-2H3
InChI KeyQNMGHBMGNRQPNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenol ethers
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentPhenol ethers
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Phenol ether
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Acetal
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP3.05ALOGPS
logP3.8ChemAxon
logS-2.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.18ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area21.7 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count6ChemAxon
Refractivity75.83 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability28.21 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+158.20630932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-155.84830932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-188.73430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+164.330932474
AllCCS[M+H]+160.032859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+156.232859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+163.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+164.632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-165.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-164.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-164.732859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
MedifoxamineCN(C)CC(OC1=CC=CC=C1)OC1=CC=CC=C12555.8Standard polar33892256
MedifoxamineCN(C)CC(OC1=CC=CC=C1)OC1=CC=CC=C11929.3Standard non polar33892256
MedifoxamineCN(C)CC(OC1=CC=CC=C1)OC1=CC=CC=C11816.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-2cff45972d505cf1d0742017-08-28Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-1090000000-2b6d2983f83b79f3892a2017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9120000000-11c385664b0ce2fba3342017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0fdk-9100000000-9c389879aa6a074f3c892017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-3090000000-9baabb46637e76ff7df82017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-052f-9060000000-9158a6841cd6749ab7382017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9100000000-9c90cd24d0fd19038e052017-07-26Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-a2d06cd81bcf7aaafc392021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0300-6900000000-910b50c4cda6b1bb046b2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-05dj-9100000000-2d1989e6123260342e012021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-7190000000-f88d8e46cf394071fe8e2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-bc1c51385c4ba2ad6f4c2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Medifoxamine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-08485aaf085c13d5129a2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB13219
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkMedifoxamine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound36109
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]