Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Expected but not Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-05-22 15:12:12 UTC |
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Update Date | 2023-02-21 17:16:28 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0002818 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | Alloxan |
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Description | Alloxan or mesoxalylurea is an organic compound based on a pyrimidine heterocyclic skeleton. This compound has a high affinity for water and therefore exists as the monohydrate. The compound was discovered by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wohler following the discovery of urea in 1828 and is one of the oldest named organic compounds that exist. The name is derived from allantoin, a product of uric acid excreted by the fetus into the allantois and oxaluric acid derived from oxalic acid and urea, found in urine. The original recipe for Alloxan was by oxidation of uric acid by nitric acid. Alloxan is a strong oxidizing agent and it forms a hemiacetal with its reduced reaction product dialuric acid (in which a carbonyl group is reduced to a hydroxyl group) which is called alloxantin. -- Wikipedia ; Alloxane is a raw material for the production of the purple dye Murexide. Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the dye in 1776. Murexide is the product of the complex in-situ multistep reaction of alloxantin and gaseous ammonia. Murexide results from the condensation of the unisolated intermdiate uramil with alloxan, liberated during the course of the reaction. Scheele sourced uric acid from human calculi (such as kidney stones) and called the compound lithic acid. William Prout investigated the compound in 1818 and he used boa constrictor excrement with up to 90% ammonium acid urate. Liebig and Wohler in the nineteenth century coined the name murexide for the dye after the Trunculus Murex which is the source of the Tyrian purple of antiquity. Primo Levi in his world famous novel The Periodic Table in chapter Nitrogen considers pythons as a source for alloxane on behalf of a lipstick producer but he is turned down by the director of the Turin zoo because the zoo already has lucrative contracts with cosmetics companies (his attempts with chicken dung end in misery). -- Wikipedia . |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C4H2N2O4/c7-1-2(8)5-4(10)6-3(1)9/h(H2,5,6,8,9,10) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone | ChEBI | 2,4,5,6-Pyrimidinetetrone | ChEBI | 2,4,5,6-Tetraoxohexahydropyrimidine | ChEBI | 5,6-Dioxouracil | ChEBI | 5-Oxobarbituric acid | ChEBI | Alloxane | ChEBI | Mesoxalylcarbamide | ChEBI | Mesoxalylurea | ChEBI | NSC 7169 | ChEBI | Pyrimidinetetrone | ChEBI | 5-Oxobarbitate | Generator | 5-Oxobarbitic acid | Generator | 2,4,5,6-Pyrimidintetron | HMDB | 2,4,5,6-Pyrimidintetrone | HMDB | 5-oxo-Barbiturate | HMDB | 5-oxo-Barbituric acid | HMDB | Alloxan 7169 | HMDB | Alloxan tetrahydrat | HMDB | Mesoxalyl-urea | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C4H2N2O4 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 142.0697 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 142.001456562 |
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IUPAC Name | 1,3-diazinane-2,4,5,6-tetrone |
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Traditional Name | alloxan |
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CAS Registry Number | 50-71-5 |
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SMILES | O=C1NC(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C4H2N2O4/c7-1-2(8)5-4(10)6-3(1)9/h(H2,5,6,8,9,10) |
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InChI Key | HIMXGTXNXJYFGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Diazines |
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Sub Class | Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Pyrimidones |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Pyrimidone
- Hydropyrimidine
- 2,5-dihydropyrimidine
- Ketone
- Carbonic acid derivative
- Cyclic ketone
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Azacycle
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 256 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | -1.84 | BIOBYTE (1995) |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatizedDerivatizedDerivative Name / Structure | SMILES | Kovats RI Value | Column Type | Reference |
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Alloxan,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 1606.7 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 1667.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,1TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 3486.8 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O | 1559.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O | 1647.3 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TMS,isomer #1 | C[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C)C1=O | 2584.3 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 1879.2 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 1949.2 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,1TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(=O)C1=O | 3545.9 | Standard polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O | 2064.8 | Semi standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O | 2114.9 | Standard non polar | 33892256 | Alloxan,2TBDMS,isomer #1 | CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)N1C(=O)C(=O)C(=O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=O | 2526.1 | Standard polar | 33892256 |
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| GC-MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Alloxan GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0006-9500000000-d176d0d6fcffbf493496 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - Alloxan GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-004i-9400000000-4493e387c163fd19672e | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-056r-9000000000-ebb9b8d2b3db01ac1b30 | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Experimental LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated) | splash10-01ox-9000000000-e390f807cb6126c81a8e | 2012-07-25 | HMDB team, MONA | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-1900000000-5b8617c49e887cf6346c | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00di-9400000000-2cc94355c95e93b2971f | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-00ku-9000000000-dd466f209ed4ed32dfc6 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-6900000000-4c1a6e3cf8a058b034cf | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-ae29c061699f170b84a2 | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-1d9fa304c38627a77f7d | 2017-09-01 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-4900000000-af3b61eae6a9fbb8e9a4 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-90726b17dc36e29c5299 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0006-9000000000-90726b17dc36e29c5299 | 2021-09-22 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-3900000000-7554f9bede8cd74601d8 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-0006-9200000000-2e8e42582aa24cbd48bc | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Alloxan 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-014l-9000000000-87926f5a9b3025440357 | 2021-09-23 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
IR SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum | Predicted IR Spectrum | IR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+) | 2023-02-03 | FELIX lab | View Spectrum |
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General References | - Mashima R, Nakanishi-Ueda T, Yamamoto Y: Simultaneous determination of methionine sulfoxide and methionine in blood plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem. 2003 Feb 1;313(1):28-33. [PubMed:12576054 ]
- Dixon JL, Stoops JD, Parker JL, Laughlin MH, Weisman GA, Sturek M: Dyslipidemia and vascular dysfunction in diabetic pigs fed an atherogenic diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Dec;19(12):2981-92. [PubMed:10591679 ]
- Sakai S, Endo Y, Ozawa N, Sugawara T, Kusaka A, Sayo T, Tagami H, Inoue S: Characteristics of the epidermis and stratum corneum of hairless mice with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Jan;120(1):79-85. [PubMed:12535201 ]
- Rayat GR, Rajotte RV, Ao Z, Korbutt GS: Microencapsulation of neonatal porcine islets: protection from human antibody/complement-mediated cytolysis in vitro and long-term reversal of diabetes in nude mice. Transplantation. 2000 Mar 27;69(6):1084-90. [PubMed:10762211 ]
- Otton R, Carvalho CR, Mendonca JR, Curi R: Low proliferation capacity of lymphocytes from alloxan-diabetic rats: involvement of high glucose and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and IRS-1. Life Sci. 2002 Oct 25;71(23):2759-71. [PubMed:12383882 ]
- Murata M, Imada M, Inoue S, Kawanishi S: Metal-mediated DNA damage induced by diabetogenic alloxan in the presence of NADH. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Sep;25(4-5):586-95. [PubMed:9741596 ]
- Kamilli I, Gresser U: Allopurinol and oxypurinol in human breast milk. Clin Investig. 1993 Feb;71(2):161-4. [PubMed:8461629 ]
- Murrell GA, Rapeport WG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of allopurinol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986 Sep-Oct;11(5):343-53. [PubMed:3536254 ]
- Vaughan LM, Gottehrer A: Effect of xanthine-related compounds on a theophylline assay using theophylline oxidase. Ann Pharmacother. 1992 Dec;26(12):1576-9. [PubMed:1482815 ]
- Luca VC, Mocanu V: [The history of experimental diabetes in Iasi ]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2003 Jan-Mar;107(1):227-31. [PubMed:14756003 ]
- Hande K, Reed E, Chabner B: Allopurinol kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978 May;23(5):598-605. [PubMed:639435 ]
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