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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected but not Quantified
Creation Date2006-05-22 15:12:45 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:18 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0003265
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB03265
Metabolite Identification
Common NameHesperidin
DescriptionHesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit. Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit due to vitamin C deficiency such as bruising due to capillary fragility were found in early studies to be relieved by crude vitamin C extract but not by purified vitamin C. The bioflavonoids, formerly called "vitamin P", were found to be the essential components in correcting this bruising tendency and improving the permeability and integrity of the capillary lining. These bioflavonoids include hesperidin, citrin, rutin, flavones, flavonols, catechin and quercetin. Of historical importance is the observation that "citrin", a mixture of two flavonoids, eriodictyol and hesperidin, was considered to possess a vitamin-like activity, as early as in 1949. Hesperidin deficiency has since been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. Supplemental hesperidin also helps in reducing oedema or excess swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation. As with other bioflavonoids, hesperidin works best when administered concomitantly with vitamin C. No signs of toxicity have been observed with normal intake of hesperidin. Hesperidin was first discovered in 1827, by Lebreton, but not in a pure state and has been under continuous investigation since then (PMID:11746857 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC28H34O15
Average Molecular Weight610.5606
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight610.189770418
IUPAC Name(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-{[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one
Traditional Namehesperidine
CAS Registry Number520-26-3
SMILES
COC1=CC=C(C=C1O)[C@@H]1CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(OC1O[C@H](CO[C@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C=C2O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C28H34O15/c1-10-21(32)23(34)25(36)27(40-10)39-9-19-22(33)24(35)26(37)28(43-19)41-12-6-14(30)20-15(31)8-17(42-18(20)7-12)11-3-4-16(38-2)13(29)5-11/h3-7,10,17,19,21-30,32-37H,8-9H2,1-2H3/t10-,17-,19+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25+,26+,27-,28?/m0/s1
InChI KeyQUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UNZJSITISA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-7-o-glycosides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moiety at the C7-position.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassFlavonoids
Sub ClassFlavonoid glycosides
Direct ParentFlavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Flavonoid-7-o-glycoside
  • 4p-methoxyflavonoid-skeleton
  • 3'-hydroxyflavonoid
  • 5-hydroxyflavonoid
  • Flavanone
  • Hydroxyflavonoid
  • Flavan
  • Phenolic glycoside
  • Chromone
  • Disaccharide
  • Glycosyl compound
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Chromane
  • Benzopyran
  • Methoxyphenol
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Methoxybenzene
  • Aryl alkyl ketone
  • Aryl ketone
  • Phenol ether
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Phenol
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Benzenoid
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Oxane
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Ketone
  • Acetal
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Ether
  • Oxacycle
  • Polyol
  • Alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point262 °CNot Available
Boiling Point930.00 to 931.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility2125 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP-1.212 (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
Biospecimen Locations
  • Feces
Tissue Locations
  • Intestine
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB002680
KNApSAcK IDC00000970
Chemspider ID35013051
KEGG Compound IDC09755
BioCyc IDCPD-7075
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkHesperidin
METLIN ID3678
PubChem Compound53477767
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID28775
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1108831
References
Synthesis ReferenceKometani T; Nishimura T; Nakae T; Takii H; Okada S Synthesis of neohesperidin glycosides and naringin glycosides by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkalophilic Bacillus species. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry (1996), 60(4), 645-9.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Kanaze FI, Kokkalou E, Georgarakis M, Niopas I: A validated solid-phase extraction HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004 Sep 21;36(1):175-81. [PubMed:15351063 ]
  2. Nielsen IL, Chee WS, Poulsen L, Offord-Cavin E, Rasmussen SE, Frederiksen H, Enslen M, Barron D, Horcajada MN, Williamson G: Bioavailability is improved by enzymatic modification of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin in humans: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. J Nutr. 2006 Feb;136(2):404-8. [PubMed:16424119 ]
  3. Li QS, Lou GY, Qian MZ: [Effect of hesperidin and rutin on oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein in vitro]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2004 Mar;2(2):115-6, 119. [PubMed:15339471 ]
  4. Lee NK, Choi SH, Park SH, Park EK, Kim DH: Antiallergic activity of hesperidin is activated by intestinal microflora. Pharmacology. 2004 Aug;71(4):174-80. [PubMed:15240993 ]
  5. Garg A, Garg S, Zaneveld LJ, Singla AK: Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytother Res. 2001 Dec;15(8):655-69. [PubMed:11746857 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in protein kinase activity
Specific function:
May be directly involved in regulating the cleavage of polar spindle microtubules and is a key regulator for the onset of cytokinesis during mitosis. Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' and 'Ser-28' of histone H3 during mitosis. Required for kinetochore localization of BUB1 and SGOL1
Gene Name:
AURKB
Uniprot ID:
Q96GD4
Molecular weight:
39280.1
References
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]