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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-08-12 22:34:16 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:39:07 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0003514
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB03514
Metabolite Identification
Common Namealpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
DescriptionGlucose 1,6-diphosphate (G-1,6-P2) is considered to be a major regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. It has been demonstrated that G-1,6-P2 is a potent activator (deinhibitor) of skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) and phosphoglucomutase, while being an inhibitor of hexokinase (see Ref. 2). In addition, G-1,6-P2 has been shown to inhibit 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in various rat tissues and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in bovine liver. Various factors and conditions affect the tissue content of G-1,6-P2. Specifically, anoxia induces a rapid fall in the content of G-l,6-P2 in the brain. Glucose 1,6-diphosphate has been recognized as a regulatory signal implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells, and other cellular functions. The levels of G 1,6-P2 are reduced in the liver and in the muscle of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. In muscle of genetically dystrophic mice, a decrease in the levels of G 1,6-P2 has been found, probably resulting from enhancement of glucose 1,6-P2 phosphatase activity. G 1,6-P2 is an inhibitor of hexokinase and its level is increased significantly after 5 min of exercise (~25%) and then decreased continuously. G 1,6-P2 is a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase, and is markedly decreased in muscles of patients with glycogenosis type VII (muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency) and type V (muscle phosphorylase deficiency). Chronic alcohol intake produces an increase in the concentration of G 1,6-P2 in human muscle before the first sign of myopathy appears. When myopathy is present the level decreases to be similar to healthy humans. These changes could contribute to the decline in skeletal muscle performance (PMID:1449560 , 2018547 , 2003594 , 3407759 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC6H14O12P2
Average Molecular Weight340.1157
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight339.996048936
IUPAC Name{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid
Traditional Name[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyphosphonic acid
CAS Registry Number10139-18-1
SMILES
O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(O)=O)O[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C6H14O12P2/c7-3-2(1-16-19(10,11)12)17-6(5(9)4(3)8)18-20(13,14)15/h2-9H,1H2,(H2,10,11,12)(H2,13,14,15)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1
InChI KeyRWHOZGRAXYWRNX-VFUOTHLCSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose substituted by one or more phosphate groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentHexose phosphates
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hexose phosphate
  • Monosaccharide phosphate
  • Monoalkyl phosphate
  • Alkyl phosphate
  • Phosphoric acid ester
  • Oxane
  • Organic phosphoric acid derivative
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogP-4.374Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue Locations
  • Placenta
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified98.0 +/- 17.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB02835
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023185
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID74362
KEGG Compound IDC01231
BioCyc IDALPHA-GLUCOSE-16-BISPHOSPHATE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound82400
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18148
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDM01966
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Yamada Y, Kono N, Nakajima H, Shimizu T, Kiyokawa H, Kawachi M, Ono A, Nishimura T, Kuwajima M, Tarui S: Low glucose-1, 6-bisphosphate and high fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate concentrations in muscles of patients with glycogenosis types VII and V. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Apr 15;176(1):7-10. [PubMed:2018547 ]
  2. Cadefau JA, Andres V, Carreras J, Vernet M, Grau JM, Urbano-Marquez A, Cusso R: Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in muscle from healthy humans and chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 1992 May;27(3):253-6. [PubMed:1449560 ]
  3. Katz A, Sahlin K, Broberg S: Regulation of glucose utilization in human skeletal muscle during moderate dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 1):E411-5. [PubMed:2003594 ]
  4. Katz A: G-1,6-P2, glycolysis, and energy metabolism during circulatory occlusion in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1988 Aug;255(2 Pt 1):C140-4. [PubMed:3407759 ]
  5. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PMM2
Uniprot ID:
O15305
Molecular weight:
28081.925
General function:
Involved in cytochrome-c oxidase activity
Specific function:
This is the heme A-containing chain of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport
Gene Name:
COX5A
Uniprot ID:
P20674
Molecular weight:
16762.0
General function:
Involved in intramolecular transferase activity, phosphotransferases
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of the nucleoside breakdown products ribose-1-phosphate and deoxyribose-1-phosphate to the corresponding 5-phosphopentoses. May also catalyze the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. Has low glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase activity.
Gene Name:
PGM2
Uniprot ID:
Q96G03
Molecular weight:
68282.765
General function:
Involved in intramolecular transferase activity, phosphotransferases
Specific function:
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase using 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate as a phosphate donor and a series of 1-phosphate sugars as acceptors, including glucose 1-phosphate, mannose 1-phosphate, ribose 1-phosphate and deoxyribose 1-phosphate. 5 or 6-phosphosugars are bad substrates, with the exception of glucose 6-phosphate. Also synthesizes ribose 1,5-bisphosphate. Has only low phosphopentomutase and phosphoglucomutase activities.
Gene Name:
PGM2L1
Uniprot ID:
Q6PCE3
Molecular weight:
70441.085
Reactions
Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate → 3-Phosphoglyceric acid + alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphatedetails