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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2007-01-23 13:04:37 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:17:08 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0005807
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB05807
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGallic acid
DescriptionGallic acid, also known as gallate or acid, gallic, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acids. These are organic compounds that contain a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Gallic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Gallic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as mangos (Mangifera indica), pomegranates (Punica granatum), and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) and in a lower concentration in green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum), apples (Malus pumila), and carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus). Gallic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as avocados (Persea americana), natal plums (Carissa macrocarpa), peppermints (Mentha X piperita), loquats (Eriobotrya japonica), and sourdocks (Rumex articus). This could make gallic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gallic acid is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Gallic acid.
Structure
Data?1676999828
Synonyms
ValueSource
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acidChEBI
Pyrogallol-5-carboxylic acidChEBI
3,4,5-TrihydroxybenzoateKegg
Pyrogallol-5-carboxylateGenerator
GallateGenerator
Acid, gallicMeSH
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoateHMDB
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoic acidHMDB
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
Gallic acid polymerHMDB
Gallic acid tech.HMDB
GalopHMDB
3,4,5-Hydroxybenzoic acidPhytoBank
Gallic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC7H6O5
Average Molecular Weight170.12
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight170.021523293
IUPAC Name3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
Traditional Namegalop
CAS Registry Number149-91-7
SMILES
OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C7H6O5/c8-4-1-3(7(11)12)2-5(9)6(4)10/h1-2,8-10H,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyLNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acids. These are organic compounds that contain a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBenzoic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentGallic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gallic acid
  • Benzenetriol
  • Benzoic acid
  • Pyrogallol derivative
  • Benzoyl
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Phenol
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Polyol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
ProcessNot Available
Role
Biological roleIndustrial application
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point258 - 265 °CNot Available
Boiling Point501.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility11.9 mg/mL at 20 °CNot Available
LogP0.70HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+Not Available130.892http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000889
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Colorectal cancer
  1. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  2. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound ID413
FooDB IDFDB000662
KNApSAcK IDC00002647
Chemspider ID361
KEGG Compound IDC01424
BioCyc IDCPD-183
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGallic_acid
METLIN ID3295
PubChem Compound370
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID30778
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000474
Good Scents IDrw1099031
References
Synthesis ReferenceCheng K F; Yip C S; Yeung H W; Kong Y C Leonurine, an improved synthesis. Experientia (1979), 35(5), 571-2. PubMed ID 446644
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Bajpai B, Patil S: A new approach to microbial production of gallic acid. Braz J Microbiol. 2008 Oct;39(4):708-11. doi: 10.1590/S1517-838220080004000021. Epub 2008 Dec 1. [PubMed:24031294 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
Reactions
Gallic acid → 6-(5-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic aciddetails
Gallic acid → 6-(4-carboxy-2,6-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic aciddetails
Gallic acid → 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyloxy)oxane-2-carboxylic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in glycine N-acyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine and glutamine, although much less efficiently. Can conjugate numerous substrates to form a variety of N-acylglycines, with a preference for benzoyl-CoA over phenylacetyl-CoA as acyl donors. Thereby detoxify xenobiotics, such as benzoic acid or salicylic acid, and endogenous organic acids, such as isovaleric acid.
Gene Name:
GLYAT
Uniprot ID:
Q6IB77
Molecular weight:
18506.33
Reactions
Gallic acid → 2-{[hydroxy(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}acetic aciddetails
General function:
sulfotransferase activity
Specific function:
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of phenolic monoamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) and phenolic and catechol drugs.
Gene Name:
SULT1A3
Uniprot ID:
P0DMM9
Molecular weight:
34195.96
Reactions
Gallic acid → 3,5-dihydroxy-4-(sulfooxy)benzoic aciddetails