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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2007-05-11 14:10:26 UTC
Update Date2021-09-14 15:36:51 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0006117
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB06117
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAPGPR Enterostatin
DescriptionEnterostatin APGPR (Ala-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg) is a pentapeptide released from procolipase during fat digestion. In addition to the pancreas, enterostatin-immunoreactive cells are also present in the antrum and proximal small intestine. Enterostatin selectively reduces fat intake, decreases insulin secretion, and also increases energy expenditure by activating brown adipose tissue during high-fat feeding. Enterostatins are pentapeptides derived from the NH2-terminus of procolipase after tryptic cleavage and belong to the family of gut-brain peptides. Enterostatin is generated by the action of trypsin on procolipase in the intestinal lumen. Its structure is highly conserved in evolution, with an amino acid sequence of XPXPR. Three enterostatin sequences, Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg (VPDPR), Val-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg (VPGPR), and Ala-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg (APGPR), have been studied extensively and shown to be almost equally effective in their ability to decrease dietary fat preference. Enterostatins are selective inhibitors of appetite, particularly of fat intake. Hyperenterostatinemia in obesity is probably secondary to enterostatin resistance; therefore, the regulatory system is producing more enterostatin to counteract the resistance. This is very similar to hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia in obesity. The diminution in the meal-induced secretion of enterostatin in obesity suggests a delay in the appearance of satiety, leading to increased caloric intake. In rats enterostatin decreases body weight by decreasing fat-calorie intake and increasing the sympathetic firing rate of the nerves in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Enterostatin levels are elevated in the plasma of obese women, and enterostatin secretion is diminished after satiety. Oral administration of enterostatin, however, has no effect on food intake, energy expenditure, or body weight in subjects with a preference for a high-fat diet experiencing a negative energy and fat balance, and the physiology of enterostatin in humans remains to be defined. (PMID: 10084574 , 9526102 , 8886249 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
Ala-pro-gly-pro-argMeSH
APGPRMeSH
Procolipase activation peptideMeSH
Alanyl-prolyl-glycyl-prolyl-arginineMeSH
H-Ala-pro-gly-pro-arg-OHHMDB
L-Alanyl-L-prolylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginineHMDB
N2-[1-[N-(1-L-Alanyl-L-prolyl)glycyl]-L-prolyl] L-arginineHMDB
(2S)-2-({[(2S)-1-[2-({[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)acetyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-5-carbamimidamidopentanoateGenerator, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC21H36N8O6
Average Molecular Weight496.5605
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight496.275780924
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-{[(2S)-1-(2-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}acetyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}-5-[(diaminomethylidene)amino]pentanoic acid
Traditional Nameenterostatin
CAS Registry Number117830-79-2
SMILES
C[C@H](N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H36N8O6/c1-12(22)19(33)29-10-4-6-14(29)17(31)26-11-16(30)28-9-3-7-15(28)18(32)27-13(20(34)35)5-2-8-25-21(23)24/h12-15H,2-11,22H2,1H3,(H,26,31)(H,27,32)(H,34,35)(H4,23,24,25)/t12-,13-,14-,15-/m0/s1
InChI KeyITZMJCSORYKOSI-AJNGGQMLSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoyl derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBenzoyl derivatives
Direct ParentBenzoyl derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Benzoyl
  • Benzaldehyde
  • Aryl-aldehyde
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aldehyde
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified1.26 +/- 0.258 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.46 +/- 0.10 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.48 +/- 0.16 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.40 +/- 0.25 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB023831
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID2340236
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound3082883
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceBowyer R C; Jehanli A M; Patel G; Hermon-Taylor J Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for free human pro-colipase activation peptide (APGPR). Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry (1991), 200(2-3), 137-52.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Prasad C, Imamura M, Debata C, Svec F, Sumar N, Hermon-Taylor J: Hyperenterostatinemia in premenopausal obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):937-41. [PubMed:10084574 ]
  2. Ashmarin IP, Karazeeva EP, Lyapina LA, Samonina GE: The simplest proline-containing peptides PG, GP, PGP, and GPGG: regulatory activity and possible sources of biosynthesis. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998 Feb;63(2):119-24. [PubMed:9526102 ]
  3. Rytter E, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Lindahl L, Lundquist I, Viberg U, Akesson B, Oste R: Changes in plasma insulin, enterostatin, and lipoprotein levels during an energy-restricted dietary regimen including a new oat-based liquid food. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(4):212-20. [PubMed:8886249 ]