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Human Metabolome Database Version 2.5

 

Showing metabocard for L-4-Hydroxyglutamate semialdehyde (HMDB06556)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field

Version 2.5
Creation Date 2007-05-23 16:44:17
Update Date 2009-05-05 21:01:05
Accession Number HMDB06556
Secondary Accession Numbers Not Available
Common Name L-4-Hydroxyglutamate semialdehyde
Description L-4-Hydroxyglutamate semialdehyde is an intermediate in Arginine and proline metabolism. L-4-Hydroxyglutamate semialdehyde is the 4th to last step in the synthesis of Glyoxylate and is converted from L-erythro-4-Hydroxyglutamate via the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12). It is then converted to L-1-Pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate via enzymtic reaction.
Synonyms Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S,4R)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-oxopentanoic acid
Chemical Formula C5H9NO4
Chemical Structure Structure
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom
  • Organic
Super Class
  • Amino acids and Amino Acid conjugates
Class
  • Amino Acids
Sub Class
  • NA
Family
  • Mammalian Metabolite
Species
  • aldehyde
  • secondary alcohol
  • primary amine
  • primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)
  • carboxylic acid
  • alpha-aminoacid
Biofunction
—
Application
—
Source
  • Endogenous
Average Molecular Weight 147.129
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 147.053162
Isomeric SMILES N[C@@H](C[C@@H](O)C=O)C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES NC(CC(O)C=O)C(O)=O
KEGG Compound ID C05938 Link Image
BioCyc ID Not Available
BiGG ID 1447438 Link Image
Wikipedia Link Not Available
NuGOwiki Link HMDB06556 Link Image
Metagene Link HMDB06556 Link Image
METLIN ID Not Available
PubChem Compound 440851 Link Image
PubChem Substance Not Available
ChEBI ID Not Available
CAS Registry Number Not Available
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C5H9NO4/c6-4(5(9)10)1-3(8)2-7/h2-4,8H,1,6H2,(H,9,10)/t3-,4+/m1/s1
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Melting Point (Experimental) Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility null Calculated using ALOGPS
Physiological Charge 0
State Solid
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP/Hydrophobicity null Calculated using ALOGPS
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
MOL File Show
SDF File Show
PDB File Show
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum Not Available
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum Not Available
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum Show Image
Show Peaklist
Mass Spectrum Not Available
Simplified TOCSY Spectrum Not Available
BMRB Spectrum Not Available
Cellular Location
  • mitochondria
Biofluid Location Not Available
Tissue Location Not Available
Concentrations (Normal) Not Available
Concentrations (Abnormal) Not Available
Associated Disorders Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Arginine and Proline Metabolism SMP00020 Link Image map00330 Link Image
General References Not Available
Metabolic Enzymes
  1. Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
  2. Proline oxidase, mitochondrial precursor
  3. Uncharacterized protein PRODH
Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 ID 5388
Enzyme 1 Name Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 1 Synonyms
  1. P5C dehydrogenase
  2. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4A1
Enzyme 1 Gene Name ALDH4A1
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor 
MLLPAPALRRALLSRPWTGAGLRWKHTSSLKVANEPVLAFTQGSPERDALQKALKDLKGR
MEAIPCVVGDEEVWTSDVQYQVSPFNHGHKVAKFCYADKSLLNKAIEAALAARKEWDLKP
IADRAQIFLKAADMLSGPRRAEILAKTMVGQGKTVIQAEIDAAAELIDFFRFNAKYAVEL
EGQQPISVPPSTNSTVYRGLEGFVAAISPFNFTAIGGNLAGAPALMGNVVLWKPSDTAML
ASYAVYRILREAGLPPNIIQFVPADGPLFGDTVTSSEHLCGINFTGSVPTFKHLWKQVAQ
NLDRFHTFPRLAGECGGKNFHFVHRSADVESVVSGTLRSAFEYGGQKCSACSRLYVPHSL
WPQIKGRLLEEHSRIKVGDPAEDFGTFFSAVIDAKSFARIKKWLEHARSSPSLTILAGGK
CDDSVGYFVEPCIVESKDPQEPIMKEEIFGPVLSVYVYPDDKYKETLQLVDSTTSYGLTG
AVFSQDKDVVQEATKVLRNAAGNFYINDKSTGSIVGQQPFGGARASGTNDKPGGPHYILR
WTSPQVIKETHKPLGDWSYAYMQ
Enzyme 1 Number of Residues 563
Enzyme 1 Molecular Weight 61720
Enzyme 1 Theoretical pI 8.20
Enzyme 1 GO Classification
Function
  • 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase activity
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • glutamine family amino acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • proline biosynthesis
  • proline metabolism
Component
  • membrane-enclosed lumen
  • mitochondrial lumen
  • mitochondrial matrix
  • organelle lumen
Enzyme 1 General Function Energy production and conversion
Enzyme 1 Specific Function Irreversible conversion of delta-1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate (P5C), derived either from proline or ornithine, to glutamate. This is a necessary step in the pathway interconnecting the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The preferred substrate is glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, other substrates include succinic, glutaric and adipic semialdehydes
Enzyme 1 Pathways
Enzyme 1 Reactions
  • 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + NADH + H+
Enzyme 1 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 1 Signals
  • 1-19
Enzyme 1 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Enzyme 1 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 1 GenBank ID Protein 1353250 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P30038 Link Image
Enzyme 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name AL4A1_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 1 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 1 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 1 Gene Sequence >1692 bp 
ATGCTGCTGCCGGCGCCCGCGCTCCGCCGCGCCCTGCTGTCCCGCCCCTGGACCGGGGCC
GGCCTGCGGTGGAAGCACACCTCCTCCCTGAAGGTGGCCAACGAGCCCGTCTTAGCCTTC
ACGCAGGGCAGCCCTGAGCGAGATGCCCTGCAAAAGGCCTTGAAGGACCTGAAGGGCCGG
ATGGAAGCCATCCCATGCGTGATGGGGGATGAGGAGGTGTGGACGTCGGACGTGCAGTAC
CAAGTGTCGCCTTTTAACCATGGACATAAGGTGGCCAAGTTCTGTTATGCAGACAAGAGC
CTGCTCAACAAAGCCATTGAGGCTGCCCTGGCTGCCCGGAAAGAGTGGGACCTGAAGCCT
ATTGCAGACCGGGCCCAGATCTTCCTGAAGGCGGCAGACATGCTGAGTGGGCCGCGCAGG
GCTGAGATCCTCGCCAAGACCATGGTGGGACAGGGTAAGACCGTGATCCAAGCGGAGATT
GACGCTGCAGCGGAACTCATCGACTTCTTCCGGTTCAATGCCAAGTATGCGGTGGAGCTG
GAGGGGCAGCAGCCCATCAGCGTGCCCCCGAGCACCAACAGCACGGTGTACCGGGGTCTG
GAGGGCTTCGTGGCGGCCATCTCGCCCTTTAACTTCACTGCAATCGGCGGCAACCTGGCG
GGGGCACCGGCCCTGATGGGCAACGTGGTCCTATGGAAGCCCAGTGACACTGCCATGCTG
GCCAGCTATGCTGTCTACCGCATCCTTCGGGAGGCTGGCCTGCCCCCCAACATCATCCAG
TTTGTGCCAGCTGATGGGCCCCTATTTGGGGACACTGTCACCAGCTCAGAGCACCTCTGT
GGCATCAACTTCACAGGCAGTGTGCCCACCTTCAAACACCTGTGGAAGCAGGTGGCCCAG
AACCTGGACCGGTTCCACACCTTCCCACGCCTGGCTGGAGAGTGCGGCGGAAAGAACTTC
CACTTCGTGCACCGCTCGGCCGACGTGGAGAGCGTGGTGAGCGGGACCCTCCGCTCAGCC
TTCGAGTACGGTGGCCAGAAGTGTTCCGCCTGCTCGCGTCTCTACGTGCCGCACTCGCTG
TGGCCGCAGATCAAAGGGCGGCTGCTGGAGGAGCACAGTCGGATCAAAGTGGGCGACCCT
GCAGAGGATTTTGGGACCTTCTTCTCTGCAGTGATTGATGCCAAGTCCTTTGCCCGTATC
AAGAAGTGGCTGGAGCACGCGCGCTCCTCGCCCAGCCTCACCATCCTGGCTGGGGGCAAG
TGTGATGACTCCGTGGGCTACTTTGTGGAGCCCTGCATCGTGGAGAGCAAGGACCCTCAG
GAGCCCATCATGAAGGAGGAGATCTTCGGGCCTGTACTGTCTGTGTACGTCTACCCGGAC
GACAAGTACAAGGAGACGCTGCAGCTGGTTGACAGCACCACCAGCTATGGCCTCACGGGG
GCAGTGTTCTCCCAGGATAAGGACGTCGTGCAGGAGGCCACAAAGGTGCTGAGGAATGCT
GCCGGCAACTTCTACATCAACGACAAGTCCACTGGCTCGATAGTGGGCCAGCAGCCCTTT
GGGGGGGCCCGAGCCTCTGGAACCAATGACAAGCCAGGGGGCCCACACTACATCCTGCGC
TGGACGTCGCCGCAGGTCATCAAGGAGACACATAAGCCCCTGGGGGACTGGAGCTACGCG
TACATGCAGTGA
Enzyme 1 GenBank Gene ID U24267 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GeneCard ID ALDH4A1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 GenAtlas ID ALDH4A1 Link Image
Enzyme 1 HGNC ID HGNC:406 Link Image
Enzyme 1 Chromosome Location 1
Enzyme 1 Locus 1p36
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 General References
  1. Hu CA, Lin WW, Valle D: Cloning, characterization, and expression of cDNAs encoding human delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9795-800. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hempel J, Eckey R, Berie D, Romovacek H, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW: Human liver glutamic gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase: structural relationship to the yeast enzyme. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1992 Aug;102(4):791-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Hochstrasser DF, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Ravier F, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bjellqvist B, Vargas R, et al.: Human liver protein map: a reference database established by microsequencing and gel comparison. Electrophoresis. 1992 Dec;13(12):992-1001. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Geraghty MT, Vaughn D, Nicholson AJ, Lin WW, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Obie C, Flynn MP, Valle D, Hu CA: Mutations in the Delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate dehydrogenase gene cause type II hyperprolinemia. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Sep;7(9):1411-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 1 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 ID 7521
Enzyme 2 Name Proline oxidase, mitochondrial precursor
Enzyme 2 Synonyms
  1. Proline dehydrogenase
  2. Proline oxidase 2
  3. P53-induced gene 6 protein
Enzyme 2 Gene Name PRODH
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >Proline oxidase, mitochondrial precursor 
MLEFVMREWKKSRKLLGQRLFNKLMKMTFYGHFVAGEDQESIQPLLRHYRAFGVSAILDY
GVEEDLSPEEAEHKEMESCTSAAERDGSGTNKRDKQYQAHRAFGDRRNGVISARTYFYAN
EAKCDSHMETFLRCIEASGRVSDDGFIAIKLTALGRPQFLLQFSEVLAKWRCFFHQMAVE
QGQAGLAAMDTKLEVAVLQESVAKLGIASRAEIEDWFTAETLGVSGTMDLLDWSSLIDSR
TKLSKHLVVPNAQTGQLEPLLSRFTEEEELQMTRMLQRMDVLAKKATEMGVRLMVDAEQT
YFQPAISRLTLEMQRKFNVEKPLIFNTYQCYLKDAYDNVTLDVELARREGWCFGAKLVRG
AYLAQERARAAEIGYEDPINPTYEATNAMYHRCLDYVLEELKHNAKAKVMVASHNEDTVR
FALRRMEELGLHPADHQVYFGQLLGMCDQISFPLGQAGYPVYKYVPYGPVMEVLPYLSRR
ALENSSLMKGTHRERQLLWLELLRRLRTGNLFHRPA
Enzyme 2 Number of Residues 516
Enzyme 2 Molecular Weight 59232
Enzyme 2 Theoretical pI 6.88
Enzyme 2 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • proline dehydrogenase activity
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • glutamate biosynthesis
  • glutamate metabolism
  • glutamine family amino acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • proline catabolism
  • proline metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 2 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 2 Specific Function Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
Enzyme 2 Pathways
Enzyme 2 Reactions
  • L-proline + acceptor + H2O = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Enzyme 2 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 2 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 2 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 2 GenBank ID Protein 2677802 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID O43272 Link Image
Enzyme 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PROD_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 2 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 2 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 2 Gene Sequence >1551 bp 
ATGCTGGAATTTGTGATGAGAGAGTGGAAAAAATCCAGGAAACTTCTAGGACAGAGGCTA
TTCAACAAGCTCATGAAGATGACCTTCTATGGGCATTTTGTAGCCGGGGAGGACCAGGAG
TCCATCCAGCCCCTGCTTCGGCACTACAGGGCCTTCGGTGTCAGCGCCATCCTGGACTAT
GGAGTGGAGGAGGACCTGAGCCCCGAGGAGGCAGAGCACAAGGAGATGGAGTCCTGCTCC
TCGGCTGCGGAGAGGGATGGCAGTGGCACGAATAAGCGGGACAAGCAATACCAGGCCCAC
CGGGCTTTCGGGGACCGCAGGAATGGTGTCATCAGTGCCCGCACCTACTTCTACGCCAAT
GAGGCCAAGTGCGACAGCCACATGGAGACATTCTTGCGCTGCATCGAAGCCTCAGGTAGA
GTCAGCGATGACGGCTTCATAGCCATTAAGCTCACAGCACTGGGGAGACCCCAGTTTCTG
CTGCAGTTCTCAGAGGTGCTGGCCAAGTGGAGGTGCTTCTTTCACCAAATGGCTGTGGAG
CAAGGGCAGGCGGGCCTGGCTGCCATGGACACCAAGCTGGAGGTGGCGGTGCTGCAGGAA
AGTGTCGCAAAGTTGGGCATCGCATCCAGGGCTGAGATTGAGGACTGGTTCACGGCAGAG
ACCCTGGGAGTGTCTGGCACCATGGACCTGCTGGACTGGAGCAGCCTCATCGACAGCAGG
ACCAAGCTGTCCAAGCACCTGGTAGTCCCCAACGCACAGACAGGACAGCTGGAGCCCCTG
CTGTCCCGGTTCACTGAGGAGGAGGAGCTACAGATGACCAGGATGCTACAGCGGATGGAT
GTCCTGGCCAAGAAAGCCACAGAGATGGGCGTGCGGCTGATGGTGGATGCCGAGCAGACC
TACTTCCAGCCGGCCATCAGCCGCCTGACGCTGGAGATGCAGCGGAAGTTCAATGTGGAG
AAGCCGCTCATCTTCAACACATACCAGTGCTACCTCAAGGATGCCTATGACAATGTGACC
CTGGACGTGGAGCTGGCTCGCCGTGAGGGCTGGTGTTTTGGGGCCAAGCTGGTGCGGGGC
GCATACCTGGCCCAGGAGCGAGCCCGTGCGGCAGAGATCGGCTATGAGGACCCCATCAAC
CCCACGTACGAGGCCACCAACGCCATGTACCACAGGTGCCTGGACTACGTGTTGGAGGAG
CTGAAGCACAACGCCAAGGCCAAGGTGATGGTGGCCTCCCACAATGAGGACACAGTGCGC
TTCGCACTGCGCAGGATGGAGGAGCTGGGCCTGCATCCTGCTGACCACCAGGTGTACTTT
GGACAGCTGCTAGGCATGTGTGACCAGATCAGCTTCCCGCTGGGCCAGGCCGGCTACCCC
GTGTACAAGTACGTGCCCTATGGCCCCGTGATGGAGGTGCTGCCCTACTTGTCCCGCCGT
GCCCTGGAGAACAGCAGCCTCATGAAGGGCACCCATCGGGAGCGGCAGTTGCTGTGGCTG
GAGCTCTTGAGGCGGCTCCGAACTGGCAACCTCTTCCATCGCCCTGCCTAG
Enzyme 2 GenBank Gene ID U82381 Link Image
Enzyme 2 GeneCard ID PRODH Link Image
Enzyme 2 GenAtlas ID PRODH Link Image
Enzyme 2 HGNC ID HGNC:9453 Link Image
Enzyme 2 Chromosome Location 22
Enzyme 2 Locus 22q11.21
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 General References
  1. Campbell HD, Webb GC, Young IG: A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster sluggish-A (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is a candidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia. Hum Genet. 1997 Nov;101(1):69-74. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gogos JA, Santha M, Takacs Z, Beck KD, Luine V, Lucas LR, Nadler JV, Karayiorgou M: The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice. Nat Genet. 1999 Apr;21(4):434-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Polyak K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature. 1997 Sep 18;389(6648):300-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 2 Metabolite References Not Available
Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 ID 12996
Enzyme 3 Name Uncharacterized protein PRODH
Enzyme 3 Synonyms Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Name PRODH
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >Uncharacterized protein PRODH 
RHGSEARPARAAPLHSPLRPAVHGAGLPRAARSGPSGRARRWVGHGSAAAGARRGLRQRA
GGVPQPANLGAGAEPAGAALVRLARAAGAPRAAAVCFQETSRTEAIQQAHEDDLLWAFCS
RGGESIQPLLRHYRAFGVSAILDYGVEEDLSPEEAEHKEMESCTSAAERDGSGTNKRDKQ
YQAHWAFGDRRNGVISARTYFYANEAKCDSHMETFLRCIEASGRVSDDGFIAIKLTALGR
PQFLLQFSEVLAKWRCFFHQMAVEQGQAGLAAMDTKLEVAVLQESVAKLGIASRAEIEDW
FTAETLGVSGTMDLLDWSSLIDSRTKLSKHLVVPNAQTGQLEPLLSRFTEEEELQMTRML
QRMDVLAKKATEMGVRLMVDAEQTYFQPAISRLTLEMQRKFNVEKPLIFNTYQPHPADAY
DNVTLDVELARREGWCFGAKLVRGAYLAQERARAAEIGYEDPINPTYEATNAMYHRCLDY
VLEELKHNAKAKVMVASHNEDTVRFALRRMEELGLHPADHRVYFGQLLGMCDQISFPLGQ
AGYPVYKYVPYGPVMEVLPYLSRRALENSSLMKGTHRERQLLWLELLRRLRTGNLFHRPA
Enzyme 3 Number of Residues 600
Enzyme 3 Molecular Weight 66921
Enzyme 3 Theoretical pI 8.01
Enzyme 3 GO Classification
Function
  • catalytic activity
  • oxidoreductase activity
  • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors
  • proline dehydrogenase activity
Process
  • amino acid and derivative metabolism
  • amino acid metabolism
  • cellular metabolism
  • glutamate biosynthesis
  • glutamate metabolism
  • glutamine family amino acid metabolism
  • metabolism
  • physiological process
  • proline catabolism
  • proline metabolism
Component
—
Enzyme 3 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Enzyme 3 Specific Function Not Available
Enzyme 3 Pathways Not Available
Enzyme 3 Reactions Not Available
Enzyme 3 Pfam Domain Function
Enzyme 3 Signals
  • None
Enzyme 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Enzyme 3 Essentiality Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID A6NF53 Link Image
Enzyme 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name A6NF53_HUMAN Link Image
Enzyme 3 PDB ID Not Available
Enzyme 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Gene Sequence Not Available
Enzyme 3 GenBank Gene ID AC007326 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GeneCard ID A6NF53 Link Image
Enzyme 3 GenAtlas ID PRODH Link Image
Enzyme 3 HGNC ID HGNC:9453 Link Image
Enzyme 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Enzyme 3 Locus Not Available
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 General References
  1. Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, Chissoe S, Hunt AR, Collins JE, Bruskiewich R, Beare DM, Clamp M, Smink LJ, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Babbage A, Bagguley C, Bailey J, Barlow K, Bates KN, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bridgeman AM, Buck D, Burgess J, Burrill WD, O'Brien KP, et al.: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. Nature. 1999 Dec 2;402(6761):489-95. [PubMed Link Image]
Enzyme 3 Metabolite References Not Available