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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2008-09-26 14:11:43 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:02 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0010708
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB10708
Metabolite Identification
Common NameGalactosylceramide (d18:1/16:0)
DescriptionGalactosylceramides (GalCer) are non-acidic monoglycosphingolipids, i.e. a sphingolipid with one carbohydrate moiety attached to a ceramide unit. They are an intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism and is the second to last step in the synthesis of digalactosylceramidesulfate. GalCer is generated from ceramide via the enzyme UDP-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.47]. It can be converted to digalactosylceramide via the enzyme glycosyltransferases [EC 2.4.1.-]. Galactosylceramide is the principal glycosphingolipid in brain tissue, hence the trivial name "cerebroside", which was first conferred on it in 1874. Galactosylceramides are found in all nervous tissues, but they can amount to 2% of the dry weight of grey matter and 12% of white matter. They are major constituents of oligodendrocytes. Synthesis of galactosylceramide takes place on the lumenal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, although it has free access to the cytosolic surface by an energy-independent flip-flop process. GalCer sits in the extracellular leaflet of cell membranes in nanometer sized domains or rafts. The local clustering of GalCer within rafts is thought to facilitate the initial adhesion of certain viruses, including HIV-1 and bacteria to cells through multivalent interactions between receptor proteins and GalCer. A defect in the degradation of cerbrosides leads to a disorder called Krabbe disease. Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare, often fatal degenerative disorder that affects the myelin sheath of the nervous system. Krabbe disease is caused by mutations in the GALC gene, which causes a deficiency of galactosylceramidase. Infants with Krabbe disease are normal at birth. Symptoms begin between the ages of 3 and 6 months with irritability, fevers, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties, vomiting, and slowing of mental and motor development. There are also juvenile- and adult-onset cases of Krabbe disease, which have similar symptoms but slower progression. In infants, the disease is generally fatal before age 2. Patients with late-onset Krabbe disease tend to have a slower progression of the disease and live significantly longer.Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids. There are four types of glycosphingolipids, the cerebrosides, sulfatides, globosides and gangliosides. Cerebrosides have a single sugar group linked to ceramide. The most common are galactocerebrosides (containing galactose), the least common are glucocerebrosides (containing glucose). Galactocerebrosides are found predominantly in neuronal cell membranes. In contrast glucocerebrosides are not normally found in membranes. Instead, they are typically intermediates in the synthesis or degradation of more complex glycosphingolipids. Galactocerebrosides are synthesized from ceramide and UDP-galactose. Excess lysosomal accumulation of glucocerebrosides is found in Gaucher disease.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
a-GalCerHMDB
alpha-GalCerHMDB
CerebrosideHMDB
D-Galactosyl-N-acylsphingosineHMDB
D-GalactosylceramideHMDB
delta-Galactosyl-N-acylsphingosineHMDB
delta-GalactosylceramideHMDB
Gal-b-cerHMDB
Gal-beta-1-1'cerHMDB
Gal-beta-cerHMDB
GalactocerebrosideHMDB
GalactosylceramideHMDB
GalCerHMDB
N-(Hexadecanoyl)-1-b-galactosyl-sphing-4-enineHMDB
N-(Hexadecanoyl)-1-beta-galactosyl-sphing-4-enineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC40H77NO8
Average Molecular Weight700.0413
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight699.564918445
IUPAC NameN-[(4Z)-3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl]hexadecanamide
Traditional NameN-[(4Z)-3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl]hexadecanamide
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(CO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C(O)\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C40H77NO8/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-34(43)33(32-48-40-39(47)38(46)37(45)35(31-42)49-40)41-36(44)30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h27,29,33-35,37-40,42-43,45-47H,3-26,28,30-32H2,1-2H3,(H,41,44)/b29-27-/t33?,34?,35-,37+,38+,39-,40-/m1/s1
InChI KeyVJLLLMIZEJJZTE-DQVPDRNHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosyl-n-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSphingolipids
Sub ClassGlycosphingolipids
Direct ParentGlycosyl-N-acylsphingosines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Glycosyl-n-acylsphingosine
  • Fatty acyl glycoside
  • Fatty acyl glycoside of mono- or disaccharide
  • Alkyl glycoside
  • Hexose monosaccharide
  • Glycosyl compound
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Fatty amide
  • Fatty acyl
  • Monosaccharide
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Oxane
  • Carboxamide group
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Acetal
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary alcohol
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
Process
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB027858
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID24765744
KEGG Compound IDC02686
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound53480652
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDGALSIDE_HS
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 70 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in galactosylceramidase activity
Specific function:
Hydrolyzes the galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride. Enzyme with very low activity responsible for the lysosomal catabolism of galactosylceramide, a major lipid in myelin, kidney and epithelial cells of small intestine and colon.
Gene Name:
GALC
Uniprot ID:
P54803
Molecular weight:
77062.86
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ARSD
Uniprot ID:
P51689
Molecular weight:
64859.3
General function:
Involved in exo-alpha-sialidase activity
Specific function:
Hydrolyzes sialylated compounds.
Gene Name:
NEU2
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y3R4
Molecular weight:
Not Available
General function:
Involved in galactosylceramide sulfotransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the sulfation of membrane glycolipids. Seems to prefer beta-glycosides at the non-reducing termini of sugar chains attached to a lipid moiety. Catalyzes the synthesis of galactosylceramide sulfate (sulfatide), a major lipid component of the myelin sheath and of monogalactosylalkylacylglycerol sulfate (seminolipid), present in spermatocytes (By similarity). Also acts on lactosylceramide, galactosyl 1-alkyl-2-sn-glycerol and galactosyl diacylglycerol (in vitro).
Gene Name:
GAL3ST1
Uniprot ID:
Q99999
Molecular weight:
48763.63
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Hydrolyzes cerebroside sulfate.
Gene Name:
ARSA
Uniprot ID:
P15289
Molecular weight:
53805.87
General function:
Involved in exo-alpha-sialidase activity
Specific function:
May function in lysosomal catabolism of sialylated glycoconjugates. Has sialidase activity towards synthetic substrates, such as 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4-MU-NANA or 4MU-NeuAc). Has a broad substrate specificity being active on glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and sialylated glycolipids.
Gene Name:
NEU4
Uniprot ID:
Q8WWR8
Molecular weight:
Not Available
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
May be essential for the correct composition of cartilage and bone matrix during development. Has no activity toward steroid sulfates
Gene Name:
ARSE
Uniprot ID:
P51690
Molecular weight:
65668.4
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
Catalyzes the formation of some glycolipid via the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) in alpha-1,3-linkage to some substrate. Glycolipids probably serve for adherence of some pathogens
Gene Name:
GBGT1
Uniprot ID:
Q8N5D6
Molecular weight:
40126.9
General function:
Involved in N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol de
Specific function:
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Gene Name:
PIGL
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y2B2
Molecular weight:
28530.965
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
GLA
Uniprot ID:
P06280
Molecular weight:
Not Available

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 70 proteins in total.