Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:50 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:45 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014850
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14850
Metabolite Identification
Common NameFlurbiprofen
DescriptionFlurbiprofen, a propionic acid derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antipyretic and analgesic activity. Oral formulations of flurbiprofen may be used for the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and anklylosing spondylitis. Flurbiprofen may also be used topically prior to ocular surgery to prevent or reduce intraoperative miosis. Flurbiprofen is structurally and pharmacologically related to fenoprofen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen.
Structure
Data?1582753227
Synonyms
ValueSource
(+-)-2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-4-biphenylacetic acidChEBI
2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acidChEBI
2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic acidChEBI
3-Fluoro-4-phenylhydratropic acidChEBI
AnsaidChEBI
(+-)-2-Fluoro-a-methyl-4-biphenylacetateGenerator
(+-)-2-Fluoro-a-methyl-4-biphenylacetic acidGenerator
(+-)-2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-4-biphenylacetateGenerator
(+-)-2-Fluoro-α-methyl-4-biphenylacetateGenerator
(+-)-2-Fluoro-α-methyl-4-biphenylacetic acidGenerator
2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoateGenerator
2-Fluoro-a-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetateGenerator
2-Fluoro-a-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic acidGenerator
2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetateGenerator
2-Fluoro-α-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetateGenerator
2-Fluoro-α-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic acidGenerator
3-Fluoro-4-phenylhydratropateGenerator
FLPHMDB
Allergan brand OF flurbiprofen sodiumMeSH, HMDB
Apotex brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Klosterfrau brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Knoll brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Nu flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Ratiopharm brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Recordati brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
DobrofenMeSH, HMDB
FlugalinMeSH, HMDB
neo ArtrolMeSH, HMDB
novo FlurprofenMeSH, HMDB
novo-FlurprofenMeSH, HMDB
Nu-pharm brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
OcuflurMeSH, HMDB
CebutidMeSH, HMDB
FlubiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Flurbiprofen pfizer brandMeSH, HMDB
Flurbiprofen sodiumMeSH, HMDB
FrobenMeSH, HMDB
Froben SRMeSH, HMDB
Novopharm brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Nu-flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
OcufenMeSH, HMDB
Pharm allergan brand OF flurbiprofen sodiumMeSH, HMDB
Pharm-allergan brand OF flurbiprofen sodiumMeSH, HMDB
Shire brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Sodium, flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
ratio FlurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Abbott brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
apo FlurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
apo-FlurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Cantabria brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Crookes brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
FluriprobenMeSH, HMDB
Nu pharm brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Pfizer brand OF flurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
StrefenMeSH, HMDB
ratio-FlurbiprofenMeSH, HMDB
Chemical FormulaC15H13FO2
Average Molecular Weight244.2609
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight244.089957865
IUPAC Name2-{2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}propanoic acid
Traditional Nameflurbiprofen
CAS Registry Number5104-49-4
SMILES
CC(C(O)=O)C1=CC(F)=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C15H13FO2/c1-10(15(17)18)12-7-8-13(14(16)9-12)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-10H,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChI KeySYTBZMRGLBWNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biphenyls and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing to benzene rings linked together by a C-C bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBiphenyls and derivatives
Direct ParentBiphenyls and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Biphenyl
  • 2-phenylpropanoic-acid
  • P-cymene
  • Aromatic monoterpenoid
  • Monocyclic monoterpenoid
  • Monoterpenoid
  • Fluorobenzene
  • Halobenzene
  • Aryl halide
  • Aryl fluoride
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organofluoride
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point110 - 111 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.025 g/LNot Available
LogP3.8Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.025 g/LALOGPS
logP3.57ALOGPS
logP3.94ChemAxon
logS-4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.42ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity67.29 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+157.76930932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-155.37330932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-188.30830932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+163.78630932474
AllCCS[M+H]+154.732859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+150.632859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+158.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+159.532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-156.332859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-155.932859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-155.532859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
FlurbiprofenCC(C(O)=O)C1=CC(F)=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C13317.2Standard polar33892256
FlurbiprofenCC(C(O)=O)C1=CC(F)=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C11935.5Standard non polar33892256
FlurbiprofenCC(C(O)=O)C1=CC(F)=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C11954.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Flurbiprofen,1TMS,isomer #1CC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C(F)=C11984.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Flurbiprofen,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C(F)=C12264.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0002-2940000000-9f5fff7c7dd3930840ab2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0fft-9531000000-d8e1afedb8496d7ccae12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-002b-0900000000-1c9889f5fc33443c7b3b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-002b-0900000000-1791423706be24cc354b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0229-3920000000-b822873abe0cc77b65002017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen , positive-QTOFsplash10-002b-0900000000-1791423706be24cc354b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen , positive-QTOFsplash10-002b-0900000000-1c9889f5fc33443c7b3b2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen , positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-2900000000-d74a9b309815da3ba05d2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 35V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0002-0900000000-be4ed0fe252134b8d5d02021-09-20HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0290000000-a84327eef03dc68e08c62016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0890000000-8fb4c7dcd6ef32ab325b2016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-00ba-2910000000-570b59a950d65dd4631e2016-08-02Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0390000000-68c52b6d3396c526a75c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0005-1950000000-7014af9c0d6f2fc23c182016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00fr-5910000000-9a60410e16b662ddcff02016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0090000000-cbd4141a005693f2c6aa2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-0940000000-f30f7aa21a68a7f1ab952021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004i-0900000000-2bf6ee99259baef460832021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-002b-0910000000-b3fba75f1be1c305f3d62021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-004i-0900000000-f48dedd82d182cffdfbf2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Flurbiprofen 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0fi0-0900000000-150de333ffe505b0359d2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00712 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00712 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00712
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB002154
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID3277
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkFlurbiprofen
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem CompoundNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID5130
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
  2. Geerts H: Drug evaluation: (R)-flurbiprofen--an enantiomer of flurbiprofen for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. IDrugs. 2007 Feb;10(2):121-33. [PubMed:17285465 ]
  3. Mironov GG, Logie J, Okhonin V, Renaud JB, Mayer PM, Berezovski MV: Comparative study of three methods for affinity measurements: capillary electrophoresis coupled with UV detection and mass spectrometry, and direct infusion mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jul;23(7):1232-40. doi: 10.1007/s13361-012-0386-y. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22544663 ]
  4. Calapai G, Imbesi S, Cafeo V, Ventura Spagnolo E, Minciullo PL, Caputi AP, Gangemi S, Milone L: Fatal hypersensitivity reaction to an oral spray of flurbiprofen: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2013 Aug;38(4):337-8. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12073. Epub 2013 May 13. [PubMed:23668805 ]

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as estriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol) and xenobiotics (such as 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-aminophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and menthol). It is capable of 6 alpha-hydroxyglucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid.
Gene Name:
UGT2B4
Uniprot ID:
P06133
Molecular weight:
60512.035
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites. Is also active with androsterone, hyodeoxycholic acid and tetrachlorocatechol (in vitro).
Gene Name:
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID:
P16662
Molecular weight:
60720.15
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate. Is also able to catalyze the glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 1-hydroxypyrene, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, paranitrophenol, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.
Gene Name:
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID:
P22309
Molecular weight:
59590.91
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols.
Gene Name:
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID:
O60656
Molecular weight:
59940.495
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Specific function:
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Gene Name:
UGT1A3
Uniprot ID:
P35503
Molecular weight:
60337.835
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
Gene Name:
PTGS2
Uniprot ID:
P35354
Molecular weight:
68995.625
References
  1. Bayly CI, Black WC, Leger S, Ouimet N, Ouellet M, Percival MD: Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Feb 8;9(3):307-12. [PubMed:10091674 ]
  2. van Haeringen NJ, van Sorge AA, Carballosa Core-Bodelier VM: Constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and induced cyclooxygenase-2 in isolated human iris inhibited by S(+) flurbiprofen. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Aug;16(4):353-61. [PubMed:10977131 ]
  3. Smith T, McCracken J, Shin YK, DeWitt D: Arachidonic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce conformational changes in the human prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):40407-15. [PubMed:11006278 ]
  4. Hinz B, Brune K, Rau T, Pahl A: Flurbiprofen enantiomers inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pharm Res. 2001 Feb;18(2):151-6. [PubMed:11405284 ]
  5. Hewett SJ, Uliasz TF, Vidwans AS, Hewett JA: Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):417-25. [PubMed:10773011 ]
  6. Basselin M, Villacreses NE, Lee HJ, Bell JM, Rapoport SI: Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduces the brain arachidonic acid signal in response to the cholinergic muscarinic agonist, arecoline, in awake rats. Neurochem Res. 2007 Nov;32(11):1857-67. Epub 2007 Jun 12. [PubMed:17562170 ]
  7. Nivsarkar M, Banerjee A, Padh H: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management. Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Sep-Oct;60(5):692-8. [PubMed:19066416 ]
General function:
Involved in peroxidase activity
Specific function:
May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells.
Gene Name:
PTGS1
Uniprot ID:
P23219
Molecular weight:
68685.82
References
  1. Rieke CJ, Mulichak AM, Garavito RM, Smith WL: The role of arginine 120 of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 in the interaction with fatty acid substrates and inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):17109-14. [PubMed:10358065 ]
  2. Hewett SJ, Uliasz TF, Vidwans AS, Hewett JA: Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):417-25. [PubMed:10773011 ]
  3. Kurahashi K, Shirahase H, Nakamura S, Tarumi T, Koshino Y, Wang AM, Nishihashi T, Shimizu Y: Nicotine-induced contraction in the rat coronary artery: possible involvement of the endothelium, reactive oxygen species and COX-1 metabolites. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;38 Suppl 1:S21-5. [PubMed:11811354 ]
  4. Klegeris A, McGeer PL: Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors protect against mononuclear phagocyte neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Sep-Oct;23(5):787-94. [PubMed:12392782 ]
  5. Droge MJ, van Sorge AA, van Haeringen NJ, Quax WJ, Zaagsma J: Alternative splicing of cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA in the human iris. Ophthalmic Res. 2003 May-Jun;35(3):160-3. [PubMed:12711844 ]
  6. Basselin M, Villacreses NE, Lee HJ, Bell JM, Rapoport SI: Flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduces the brain arachidonic acid signal in response to the cholinergic muscarinic agonist, arecoline, in awake rats. Neurochem Res. 2007 Nov;32(11):1857-67. Epub 2007 Jun 12. [PubMed:17562170 ]
  7. Nivsarkar M, Banerjee A, Padh H: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management. Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Sep-Oct;60(5):692-8. [PubMed:19066416 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
References
  1. Mo SL, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF: New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126. [PubMed:20167001 ]
  2. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014 ]
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
  4. Lin Y, Lu P, Tang C, Mei Q, Sandig G, Rodrigues AD, Rushmore TH, Shou M: Substrate inhibition kinetics for cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Apr;29(4 Pt 1):368-74. [PubMed:11259318 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification
Gene Name:
ABCC4
Uniprot ID:
O15439
Molecular weight:
149525.3
References
  1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. [PubMed:12835412 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate
Gene Name:
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID:
Q4U2R8
Molecular weight:
61815.8
References
  1. Mulato AS, Ho ES, Cihlar T: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs efficiently reduce the transport and cytotoxicity of adefovir mediated by the human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):10-5. [PubMed:10991954 ]
  2. Apiwattanakul N, Sekine T, Chairoungdua A, Kanai Y, Nakajima N, Sophasan S, Endou H: Transport properties of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by organic anion transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(5):847-54. [PubMed:10220563 ]