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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-06 15:16:51 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:51:49 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0014988
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB14988
Metabolite Identification
Common NamePerphenazine
DescriptionPerphenazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. [PubChem]Binds to the dopamine D1 and dopamine D2 receptors and inhibits their activity. The mechanism of the anti-emetic effect is due predominantly to blockage of the dopamine D2 neurotransmitter receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting centre. Perphenazine also binds the alpha andrenergic receptor. This receptor's action is mediated by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Structure
Data?1582753244
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-(4-[3-(2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazinyl)ethanolChEBI
2-Chloro-10-(3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)phenothiazineChEBI
4-[3-(2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazineethanolChEBI
4-[3-(2-Chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]-1-piperazineethanolChEBI
ChlorpiprazineChEBI
gamma-(4-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl-2-chlorophenothiazineChEBI
PerfenazinaChEBI
PerfenazineChEBI
PerphenazinChEBI
PerphenazinumChEBI
TrilafonChEBI
4-(3-(2-Chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazineethanolKegg
g-(4-(b-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl-2-chlorophenothiazineGenerator
Γ-(4-(β-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl-2-chlorophenothiazineGenerator
ChlorperphenazineHMDB
EtaperazinHMDB
EtaperazineHMDB
EthaperazineHMDB
PZCHMDB
Chemical FormulaC21H26ClN3OS
Average Molecular Weight403.969
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight403.148510866
IUPAC Name2-{4-[3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethan-1-ol
Traditional Nameperphenazine
CAS Registry Number58-39-9
SMILES
OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=C2C=C(Cl)C=C3)CC1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H26ClN3OS/c22-17-6-7-21-19(16-17)25(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)27-21)9-3-8-23-10-12-24(13-11-23)14-15-26/h1-2,4-7,16,26H,3,8-15H2
InChI KeyRGCVKNLCSQQDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassBenzothiazines
Sub ClassPhenothiazines
Direct ParentPhenothiazines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenothiazine
  • Alkyldiarylamine
  • Diarylthioether
  • Aryl thioether
  • Tertiary aliphatic/aromatic amine
  • N-alkylpiperazine
  • Para-thiazine
  • Aryl chloride
  • Aryl halide
  • 1,4-diazinane
  • Piperazine
  • Benzenoid
  • Tertiary amine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Azacycle
  • Thioether
  • Alkanolamine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organochloride
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point97 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.024 g/LNot Available
LogP3.9Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+CBM193.230932474
[M+H]+Not Available191.979http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00001061
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.024 g/LALOGPS
logP4.15ALOGPS
logP3.69ChemAxon
logS-4.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15.59ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.21ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area29.95 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count6ChemAxon
Refractivity116.1 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability44.77 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DeepCCS[M+H]+191.72630932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-189.36830932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-223.52830932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+198.8830932474
AllCCS[M+H]+192.832859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+190.532859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+194.932859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+195.432859911
AllCCS[M-H]-188.232859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-188.232859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-188.232859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
PerphenazineOCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=C2C=C(Cl)C=C3)CC14436.9Standard polar33892256
PerphenazineOCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=C2C=C(Cl)C=C3)CC13278.1Standard non polar33892256
PerphenazineOCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=C2C=C(Cl)C=C3)CC13258.9Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Perphenazine,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=CC=C(Cl)C=C32)CC13362.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Perphenazine,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=CC=C(Cl)C=C32)CC13545.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9450000000-c13808005c7ad3a430672017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0006-9450000000-c13808005c7ad3a430672018-05-18HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0095-9657000000-60700e1919a2a347a71b2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0229-9487500000-73c379ba5c6abc82840d2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Perphenazine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0002-4591100000-97d36958b3e0fe519db62014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine LC-ESI-qTof , Positive-QTOFsplash10-0f6t-2930000000-57d820b40a3c2c0728402017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0zfr-0410900000-0910eefd789edd7f94c92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine , positive-QTOFsplash10-006x-3940100000-e722b009e1511bd2bb572017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine , positive-QTOFsplash10-0f6t-2930000000-57d820b40a3c2c0728402017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0212900000-26811bdbf39c3e1f81282016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0fki-3948400000-a80b04752eda36cb7edb2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0aej-8951000000-b1b95a17c6520a72fbcf2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0004900000-610370bca54ab9e9c9d62016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0kal-0092100000-d3e759bb26e17fa9ca6c2016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-6790000000-a28fc2d16e6ed9427ab62016-08-03Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0000900000-fdd66a3be8cc27f249df2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0311900000-06e01a3d1767fa33c6052021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0h7r-2925000000-d9a982d7b5cbf608d58c2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0udi-0000900000-63d2610cf91fae71d0842021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0fk9-0019400000-5b6c925124075a568e5f2021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Perphenazine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-001i-9065100000-6329f86de2658ba85f882021-10-11Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00850 details
UrineExpected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00850 details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Predicted Concentrations
BiospecimenValueOriginal ageOriginal sexOriginal conditionComments
Blood0.000 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Blood0.000 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormalPredicted based on drug qualities
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00850
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4586
KEGG Compound IDC07427
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPerphenazine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound4748
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID8028
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General ReferencesNot Available

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
Gene Name:
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID:
P08684
Molecular weight:
57255.585
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular weight:
55627.365
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine.
Gene Name:
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID:
P33261
Molecular weight:
55944.565
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Otani K, Aoshima T: Pharmacogenetics of classical and new antipsychotic drugs. Ther Drug Monit. 2000 Feb;22(1):118-21. [PubMed:10688273 ]
  2. Micallef J, Fakra E, Blin O: [Use of antidepressant drugs in schizophrenic patients with depression]. Encephale. 2006 Mar-Apr;32(2 Pt 1):263-9. [PubMed:16910628 ]
  3. Linnet K, Wiborg O: Steady-state serum concentrations of the neuroleptic perphenazine in relation to CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Jul;60(1):41-7. [PubMed:8689810 ]
  4. Ozdemir V, Naranjo CA, Herrmann N, Reed K, Sellers EM, Kalow W: Paroxetine potentiates the central nervous system side effects of perphenazine: contribution of cytochrome P4502D6 inhibition in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Sep;62(3):334-47. [PubMed:9333110 ]
  5. Hamelin BA, Bouayad A, Drolet B, Gravel A, Turgeon J: In vitro characterization of cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition by classic histamine H1 receptor antagonists. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):536-9. [PubMed:9616188 ]
  6. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Gene Name:
CYP2C18
Uniprot ID:
P33260
Molecular weight:
55710.075
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
Gene Name:
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID:
P20813
Molecular weight:
56277.81
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen. Participates in the bioactivation of carcinogenic aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Catalizes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin.
Gene Name:
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID:
P05177
Molecular weight:
58406.915
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol).
Gene Name:
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID:
P10632
Molecular weight:
55824.275
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Gene Name:
DRD2
Uniprot ID:
P14416
Molecular weight:
50618.9
References
  1. Seeman P: Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;47(1):27-38. [PubMed:11873706 ]
  2. Hoyberg OJ, Fensbo C, Remvig J, Lingjaerde O, Sloth-Nielsen M, Salvesen I: Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993 Dec;88(6):395-402. [PubMed:7508675 ]
  3. Qin ZH, Weiss B: Dopamine receptor blockade increases dopamine D2 receptor and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNAs in mouse substantia nigra. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Sep 15;269(1):25-33. [PubMed:7828655 ]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
  5. Talvik M, Nordstrom AL, Larsen NE, Jucaite A, Cervenka S, Halldin C, Farde L: A cross-validation study on the relationship between central D2 receptor occupancy and serum perphenazine concentration. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Sep;175(2):148-53. Epub 2004 Mar 6. [PubMed:15007534 ]
  6. Farde L, Wiesel FA, Nordstrom AL, Sedvall G: D1- and D2-dopamine receptor occupancy during treatment with conventional and atypical neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99 Suppl:S28-31. [PubMed:2573104 ]
General function:
Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific function:
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CEP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis
Gene Name:
CALM1
Uniprot ID:
P62158
Molecular weight:
16837.5
References
  1. Mongin AA, Cai Z, Kimelberg HK: Volume-dependent taurine release from cultured astrocytes requires permissive [Ca(2+)](i) and calmodulin. Am J Physiol. 1999 Oct;277(4 Pt 1):C823-32. [PubMed:10516112 ]
  2. Kawai M, Nakashima A, Ueno M, Ushimaru T, Aiba K, Doi H, Uritani M: Fission yeast tor1 functions in response to various stresses including nitrogen starvation, high osmolarity, and high temperature. Curr Genet. 2001 May;39(3):166-74. [PubMed:11409178 ]
  3. Edlind T, Smith L, Henry K, Katiyar S, Nickels J: Antifungal activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is modulated by calcium signalling. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Oct;46(1):257-68. [PubMed:12366848 ]
  4. Natochin YuV, Shakhmatova EI, Bakos P: Water and sodium transport: effects of calcium channel blocker and calmodulin antagonists on the apical and basolateral membranes of amphibian epithelia. Gen Physiol Biophys. 1987 Feb;6(1):35-44. [PubMed:2885243 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 11 proteins in total.