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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusExpected but not Quantified
Creation Date2012-09-11 18:16:14 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:53:45 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0033533
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB33533
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCeftiofur
DescriptionCeftiofur belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are compounds containing a 1,2-thiazine fused to a 2-azetidinone to for a oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid moiety or a derivative thereof. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Ceftiofur.
Structure
Data?1563862420
Synonyms
ValueSource
Ceftiofur hydrochlorideHMDB
Ceftiofur sodiumHMDB
CeftiofurumHMDB
CM 31916HMDB
ExcenelHMDB
NaxcelHMDB
U 64279HMDB
3-[(Furan-2-carbonylsulfanyl)methyl]-7-{[(2Z)-1-hydroxy-2-(2-imino-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)ethylidene]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylateGenerator
3-[(Furan-2-carbonylsulphanyl)methyl]-7-{[(2Z)-1-hydroxy-2-(2-imino-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)ethylidene]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylateGenerator
3-[(Furan-2-carbonylsulphanyl)methyl]-7-{[(2Z)-1-hydroxy-2-(2-imino-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)ethylidene]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acidGenerator
CeftiofurMeSH
Chemical FormulaC19H17N5O7S3
Average Molecular Weight523.563
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight523.029009993
IUPAC Name7-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-[(furan-2-carbonylsulfanyl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Traditional Name7-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-[(furan-2-carbonylsulfanyl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
CAS Registry Number80370-57-6
SMILES
CO\N=C(/C(=O)NC1C2SCC(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)=C(N2C1=O)C(O)=O)C1=CSC(N)=N1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H17N5O7S3/c1-30-23-11(9-7-34-19(20)21-9)14(25)22-12-15(26)24-13(17(27)28)8(5-32-16(12)24)6-33-18(29)10-3-2-4-31-10/h2-4,7,12,16H,5-6H2,1H3,(H2,20,21)(H,22,25)(H,27,28)/b23-11-
InChI KeyZBHXIWJRIFEVQY-KSEXSDGBSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cephalosporins. Cephalosporins are compounds containing a 1,2-thiazine fused to a 2-azetidinone to for a oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]Oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid moiety or a derivative thereof.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassLactams
Sub ClassBeta lactams
Direct ParentCephalosporins
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Cephalosporin
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • Furoic acid or derivatives
  • 2,4-disubstituted 1,3-thiazole
  • Meta-thiazine
  • 1,3-thiazol-2-amine
  • Azole
  • Furan
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Tertiary carboxylic acid amide
  • Thiazole
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Azetidine
  • Carboxamide group
  • Amino acid
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carbothioic s-ester
  • Thiocarboxylic acid ester
  • Dialkylthioether
  • Sulfenyl compound
  • Hemithioaminal
  • Thioether
  • Thiocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
Role
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.1 g/LALOGPS
logP1.22ALOGPS
logP0.22ChemAxon
logS-3.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.83ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.19ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count9ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area177.42 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count9ChemAxon
Refractivity124.51 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability50.35 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+213.46731661259
DarkChem[M-H]-209.28231661259
DeepCCS[M+H]+219.34830932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-216.9930932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-249.87430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+225.6530932474
AllCCS[M+H]+209.232859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+207.732859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+210.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+210.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-196.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-197.232859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-198.032859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
CeftiofurCO\N=C(/C(=O)NC1C2SCC(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)=C(N2C1=O)C(O)=O)C1=CSC(N)=N15484.4Standard polar33892256
CeftiofurCO\N=C(/C(=O)NC1C2SCC(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)=C(N2C1=O)C(O)=O)C1=CSC(N)=N13705.5Standard non polar33892256
CeftiofurCO\N=C(/C(=O)NC1C2SCC(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)=C(N2C1=O)C(O)=O)C1=CSC(N)=N14594.6Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Ceftiofur,1TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N)=N14474.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,1TMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N14534.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,1TMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N14375.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N14488.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N13491.4Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N14323.4Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N13493.8Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N14368.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N13553.1Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #4CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N14441.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TMS,isomer #4CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N13622.5Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N14350.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C)=N13538.2Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N14421.0Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N13575.2Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N14309.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N13639.7Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,4TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N14304.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,4TMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)=N13622.7Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,1TBDMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N)=N14664.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,1TBDMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14695.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,1TBDMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N14581.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14794.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N13836.5Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N14646.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N)=N13829.0Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14709.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N13901.6Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #4CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14780.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,2TBDMS,isomer #4CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N13950.0Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14793.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #1CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14036.8Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14870.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #2CO/N=C(\C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14071.2Standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14752.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Ceftiofur,3TBDMS,isomer #3CO/N=C(\C(=O)N(C1C(=O)N2C(C(=O)O)=C(CSC(=O)C3=CC=CO3)CSC12)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C1=CSC(N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)=N14143.5Standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0002-9424310000-dfc067c4b3223aafa47b2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0002-9310130000-a4db643504dc36e843e12017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-001l-0392330000-a278118d4848979db2352017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0a5c-3691100000-fa142332dfb1100434492017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-01pk-2986000000-22fd19332afa0550bda52017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-002r-0292410000-bf0d90a56a793d07362d2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4i-2792100000-d064e9331722423f7a3f2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4l-9420000000-ed7e16f589914536e7ef2017-09-01Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-006t-9060370000-b7e306cfa7d6437142f42021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0002-9150220000-82d364ab94622239f9012021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-004j-9321010000-ed0910c3f85eae6a61062021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0079-1091240000-fa84bf0b0015a00c078b2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-016r-9663520000-ade166666042aa67d9f22021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Ceftiofur 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00kb-9100100000-ab9da3cfa61ebca498dd2021-09-24Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB011593
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID4865990
KEGG Compound IDC13143
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkCeftiofur
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound6263274
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Salmon SA, Watts JL, Case CA, Hoffman LJ, Wegener HC, Yancey RJ Jr: Comparison of MICs of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens of swine from the United States, Canada, and Denmark. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Sep;33(9):2435-44. [PubMed:7494042 ]
  2. Yaniz JL, Marco-Aguado MA, Mateos JA, Santolaria P: Bacterial contamination of ram semen, antibiotic sensitivities, and effects on sperm quality during storage at 15 degrees C. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010 Oct;122(1-2):142-9. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.006. Epub 2010 Aug 13. [PubMed:20832206 ]
  3. (). Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.. .