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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-02-21 17:15:33 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001256
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01256
Metabolite Identification
Common NameSpermine
DescriptionSpermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC10H26N4
Average Molecular Weight202.3402
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight202.215746852
IUPAC Name(3-aminopropyl)({4-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]butyl})amine
Traditional Namespermine
CAS Registry Number71-44-3
SMILES
NCCCNCCCCNCCCN
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H26N4/c11-5-3-9-13-7-1-2-8-14-10-4-6-12/h13-14H,1-12H2
InChI KeyPFNFFQXMRSDOHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassAmines
Direct ParentDialkylamines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Secondary aliphatic amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effectNot Available
Disposition
ProcessNot Available
RoleNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point29 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M+H]+MetCCS_train_pos148.24530932474
[M+H]+Not Available148.5http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000536
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
  • Epidermis
  • Erythrocyte
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Liver
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Platelet
  • Prostate
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Testis
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0092 +/- 0.0076 uMAdult (>18 years old)Bothuremia details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.08(0.05-0.13) uMChildren (1-13 uears old)Both
Environmental enteric dysfunction
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.0901 +/- 0.0802 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Uremia
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothLeukemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.463 +/- 0.214 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothLeukemia details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Uremia
  1. Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed:22626821 ]
  2. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jorres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W: Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x. [PubMed:12675874 ]
Leukemia
  1. Lee SH, Suh JW, Chung BC, Kim SO: Polyamine profiles in the urine of patients with leukemia. Cancer Lett. 1998 Jan 9;122(1-2):1-8. [PubMed:9464484 ]
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDDB00127
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB003225
KNApSAcK IDC00001432
Chemspider ID1072
KEGG Compound IDC00750
BioCyc IDSPERMINE
BiGG ID35875
Wikipedia LinkSpermine
METLIN ID255
PubChem Compound1103
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15746
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDSPRM
MarkerDB IDMDB00000311
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceWrede, Fritz; Strack, Erich; Hettche, Otto. Spermine. VII. Z. physiol. Chem. (1928), 173 61-8.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 26 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in N-acetyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines. Substrate specificity: norspermidine > spermidine = spermine >> N(1)acetylspermine = putrescine.
Gene Name:
SAT2
Uniprot ID:
Q96F10
Molecular weight:
19154.905
References
  1. Chen Y, Vujcic S, Liang P, Diegelman P, Kramer DL, Porter CW: Genomic identification and biochemical characterization of a second spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. Biochem J. 2003 Aug 1;373(Pt 3):661-7. [PubMed:12803540 ]
  2. Coleman CS, Stanley BA, Jones AD, Pegg AE: Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase-2 (SSAT2) acetylates thialysine and is not involved in polyamine metabolism. Biochem J. 2004 Nov 15;384(Pt 1):139-48. [PubMed:15283699 ]
  3. Vogel NL, Boeke M, Ashburner BP: Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 2 (SSAT2) functions as a coactivator for NF-kappaB and cooperates with CBP and P/CAF to enhance NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Oct;1759(10):470-7. Epub 2006 Aug 30. [PubMed:17011643 ]
  4. Limsuwun K, Jones PG: Spermidine acetyltransferase is required to prevent spermidine toxicity at low temperatures in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Oct;182(19):5373-80. [PubMed:10986239 ]
General function:
Involved in N-acetyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines. Substrate specificity: norspermidine = spermidine >> spermine > N(1)-acetylspermine > putrescine. This highly regulated enzyme allows a fine attenuation of the intracellular concentration of polyamines. Also involved in the regulation of polyamine transport out of cells. Acts on 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane, putrescine, spermidine (forming N(1)- and N(8)-acetylspermidine), spermine, N(1)-acetylspermidine and N(8)-acetylspermidine.
Gene Name:
SAT1
Uniprot ID:
P21673
Molecular weight:
20023.8
References
  1. Vujcic S, Halmekyto M, Diegelman P, Gan G, Kramer DL, Janne J, Porter CW: Effects of conditional overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase on polyamine pool dynamics, cell growth, and sensitivity to polyamine analogs. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 8;275(49):38319-28. [PubMed:10978316 ]
  2. Hegardt C, Andersson G, Oredsson SM: Changes in polyamine metabolism during glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death in mouse thymus. Cell Biol Int. 2000;24(12):871-80. [PubMed:11114236 ]
  3. Marverti G, Bettuzzi S, Astancolle S, Pinna C, Monti MG, Moruzzi MS: Differential induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cells in response to N1,N12-bis(ethyl)spermine involves transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Eur J Cancer. 2001 Jan;37(2):281-9. [PubMed:11166157 ]
  4. Scorcioni F, Corti A, Davalli P, Astancolle S, Bettuzzi S: Manipulation of the expression of regulatory genes of polyamine metabolism results in specific alterations of the cell-cycle progression. Biochem J. 2001 Feb 15;354(Pt 1):217-23. [PubMed:11171097 ]
  5. Min SH, Simmen RC, Alhonen L, Halmekyto M, Porter CW, Janne J, Simmen FA: Altered levels of growth-related and novel gene transcripts in reproductive and other tissues of female mice overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT). J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 1;277(5):3647-57. Epub 2001 Nov 14. [PubMed:11709547 ]
  6. Limsuwun K, Jones PG: Spermidine acetyltransferase is required to prevent spermidine toxicity at low temperatures in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Oct;182(19):5373-80. [PubMed:10986239 ]
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).
Gene Name:
XDH
Uniprot ID:
P47989
Molecular weight:
146422.99
References
  1. Lovaas E, Carlin G: Spermine: an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;11(5):455-61. [PubMed:1663062 ]
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CHDH
Uniprot ID:
Q8NE62
Molecular weight:
65358.005
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
DMGDH
Uniprot ID:
Q9UI17
Molecular weight:
96810.135
General function:
Involved in spermine synthase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the production of spermine from spermidine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM).
Gene Name:
SMS
Uniprot ID:
P52788
Molecular weight:
35278.2
Reactions
S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Spermidine → 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Sperminedetails
References
  1. Lopatin AN, Shantz LM, Mackintosh CA, Nichols CG, Pegg AE: Modulation of potassium channels in the hearts of transgenic and mutant mice with altered polyamine biosynthesis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000 Nov;32(11):2007-24. [PubMed:11040105 ]
  2. Korhonen VP, Niiranen K, Halmekyto M, Pietila M, Diegelman P, Parkkinen JJ, Eloranta T, Porter CW, Alhonen L, Janne J: Spermine deficiency resulting from targeted disruption of the spermine synthase gene in embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced sensitivity to antiproliferative drugs. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):231-8. [PubMed:11160858 ]
  3. Cason AL, Ikeguchi Y, Skinner C, Wood TC, Holden KR, Lubs HA, Martinez F, Simensen RJ, Stevenson RE, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE: X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) defect: the first polyamine deficiency syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2003 Dec;11(12):937-44. [PubMed:14508504 ]
  4. Wang X, Ikeguchi Y, McCloskey DE, Nelson P, Pegg AE: Spermine synthesis is required for normal viability, growth, and fertility in the mouse. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 3;279(49):51370-5. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed:15459188 ]
  5. Schwartz CE, Wang X, Stevenson RE, Pegg AE: Spermine synthase deficiency resulting in X-linked intellectual disability (Snyder-Robinson syndrome). Methods Mol Biol. 2011;720:437-45. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_28. [PubMed:21318891 ]
  6. Wang X, Pegg AE: Use of (Gyro) Gy and spermine synthase transgenic mice to study functions of spermine. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;720:159-70. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_9. [PubMed:21318872 ]
  7. Theiss C, Bohley P, Voigt J: Regulation by polyamines of ornithine decarboxylase activity and cell division in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 2002 Apr;128(4):1470-9. [PubMed:11950995 ]
  8. Krauss M, Langnaese K, Richter K, Brunk I, Wieske M, Ahnert-Hilger G, Veh RW, Laube G: Spermidine synthase is prominently expressed in the striatal patch compartment and in putative interneurones of the matrix compartment. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97(1):174-89. Epub 2006 Mar 3. [PubMed:16515550 ]
  9. Kobayashi M, Takao K, Shiota Y, Sugita Y, Takahashi M, Nakae D, Samejima K: Inhibition of putrescine aminopropyltransferase influences rat liver regeneration. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 May;29(5):863-7. [PubMed:16651710 ]
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the production of spermidine from putrescine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM). Has a strong preference for putrescine as substrate, and has very low activity towards 1,3-diaminopropane. Has extremely low activity towards spermidine.
Gene Name:
SRM
Uniprot ID:
P19623
Molecular weight:
33824.455
Reactions
S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Spermidine → 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Sperminedetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction.
Gene Name:
ALDH9A1
Uniprot ID:
P49189
Molecular weight:
56291.485
General function:
Involved in iron ion binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
Gene Name:
BBOX1
Uniprot ID:
O75936
Molecular weight:
44714.6
General function:
Involved in copper ion binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the degradation of compounds such as putrescine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine, substances involved in allergic and immune responses, cell proliferation, tissue differentiation, tumor formation, and possibly apoptosis. Placental DAO is thought to play a role in the regulation of the female reproductive function.
Gene Name:
ABP1
Uniprot ID:
P19801
Molecular weight:
85377.1

Transporters

General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)
Gene Name:
SLC22A4
Uniprot ID:
Q9H015
Molecular weight:
62154.5
References
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. [PubMed:10215651 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase
Gene Name:
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID:
O15245
Molecular weight:
61187.4
References
  1. Busch AE, Quester S, Ulzheimer JC, Waldegger S, Gorboulev V, Arndt P, Lang F, Koepsell H: Electrogenic properties and substrate specificity of the polyspecific rat cation transporter rOCT1. J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 20;271(51):32599-604. [PubMed:8955087 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 26 proteins in total.