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Record Information |
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Version | 4.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Update Date | 2020-10-09 20:57:41 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0000099 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | - HMDB0003614
- HMDB00099
- HMDB03614
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | L-Cystathionine |
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Description | Cystathionine is a dipeptide formed by serine and homocysteine. Cystathioninuria is a prominent manifestation of vitamin-B6 deficiency. The transsulfuration of methionine yields homocysteine, which combines with serine to form cystathionine, the proximate precursor of cysteine through the enzymatic activity of cystathionase. In conditions in which cystathionine gamma-synthase or cystathionase is deficient, for example, there is cystathioninuria. Although cystathionine has not been detected in normal human serum or plasma by most conventional methods, gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology detected a mean concentration of cystathionine in normal human serum of 140 nM, with a range of 65 to 301 nM. Cystathionine concentrations in CSF have been 10, 1, and 0.5 uM, and "not detected". Only traces (i.e., <1 uM) of cystathionine are present in normal CSF.587. Gamma-cystathionase deficiency (also known as Cystathioninuria), which is an autosomal recessive disorder (NIH: 2428), provided the first instance in which, in a human, the major biochemical abnormality due to a defined enzyme defect was clearly shown to be alleviated by administration of large doses of pyridoxine. The response in gamma-cystathionase-deficient patients is not attributable to correction of a preexisting deficiency of this vitamin (OMMBID, Chap. 88). |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(R)-S-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-homocysteine | ChEBI | L-(+)-Cystathionine | ChEBI | S-(beta-Amino-beta-carboxyethyl)homocysteine | ChEBI | S-(b-Amino-b-carboxyethyl)homocysteine | Generator | S-(Β-amino-β-carboxyethyl)homocysteine | Generator | Cystathionine | HMDB | S-[(2R)-2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl]-L-homocysteine | HMDB | [R-(R*,s*)]-2-amino-4-[(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio]-butanoate | HMDB | [R-(R*,s*)]-2-amino-4-[(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio]-butanoic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C7H14N2O4S |
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Average Molecular Weight | 222.262 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 222.067427636 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}butanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | L-cystathionine |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-88-2 |
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SMILES | N[C@@H](CCSC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C7H14N2O4S/c8-4(6(10)11)1-2-14-3-5(9)7(12)13/h4-5H,1-3,8-9H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)/t4-,5-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | ILRYLPWNYFXEMH-WHFBIAKZSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-cysteine-s-conjugates. L-cysteine-S-conjugates are compounds containing L-cysteine where the thio-group is conjugated. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | L-cysteine-S-conjugates |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - L-cysteine-s-conjugate
- Alpha-amino acid
- L-alpha-amino acid
- Thia fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Fatty acyl
- Fatty acid
- Amino acid
- Carboxylic acid
- Thioether
- Dialkylthioether
- Sulfenyl compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Primary amine
- Organosulfur compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Health effect: |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Biological role: |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 312 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 22 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS) | splash10-00fr-8950000000-640b4294e37e5a01048d | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-0f7c-7910000000-91f9f2b2dd44a3cdb276 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-00or-1940000000-c0d688e4ea87ff3e03fa | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS) | splash10-00or-0980000000-7d816de782a902900d0e | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00fr-8950000000-640b4294e37e5a01048d | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0f7c-7910000000-91f9f2b2dd44a3cdb276 | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00or-1940000000-c0d688e4ea87ff3e03fa | Spectrum | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00or-0980000000-7d816de782a902900d0e | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-9410000000-9487e9168e86a2297931 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00dm-9665000000-608a6335880ad1c2519d | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-0089-1980000000-99cb7d1da067e5436b09 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-000i-9200000000-fb776970b6ef36e72725 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-000i-9200000000-fb776970b6ef36e72725 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-00fr-0690000000-0b572de3fcbc7e2f13cc | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive | splash10-000t-0900000000-5788192b32aadd177e33 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive | splash10-000b-4900000000-b86ac7de446a762365bd | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive | splash10-000j-9800000000-75ff1bc6e325692a9da9 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive | splash10-00kr-9100000000-6517562dc0f31a85afc8 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive | splash10-001i-0900000000-d1628d0a880f1b6e6d90 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-9a2e1e54b77216e2df72 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive | splash10-00di-0090000000-36678c2f0bf1b01cc9d4 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positive | splash10-05fr-0190000000-e575f57f0d76ef6afa49 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-00e9-0940000000-962ae510f06296b98878 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negative | splash10-00e9-0940000000-27da1912eac54f485bfa | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-00fr-0690000000-82fe2198c98660008c04 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-000t-0900000000-58cceb69cceeff79606c | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-000b-4900000000-5877787c54120dc165c9 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-000j-9800000000-fd29b0fcf62b73831829 | Spectrum | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-00kr-9100000000-6517562dc0f31a85afc8 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-05di-1930000000-887e3ad7da04e4f1aac9 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-01uc-6900000000-563444ac8ab717997268 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0uki-9700000000-35397d8e2ab2c6582c52 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-00di-0970000000-d0f0a96ca41d1f751c26 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0089-3910000000-22200c974305822456d8 | Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-008l-9300000000-0dfaab5efe3438889c3c | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm (predicted from logP)
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Biospecimen Locations | - Blood
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Feces
- Urine
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Tissue Locations | - Brain
- Kidney
- Liver
- Prostate
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.329 (0.150-0.661) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0440-0.342 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.17 (0.1 – 0.27) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.0 (0.3-5.5) uM | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.126 (0.065 - 0.301) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Detected and Quantified | 0.024 +/- 0.006 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.84 (0.39-3.28) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <2.036 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <4.98 umol/mmol creatinine | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.94-2.3 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 14.7 (3.9-20.7) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <3.39 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <34.16 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.80-1.6 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <6.33 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0-17 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 32.79 +/- 27.13 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 36.18 +/- 35.05 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 41.83 +/- 32.79 umol/mmol creatinine | Newborn (0-30 days old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.54 ± 1.09 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | <2.94 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 0.35 +/- 0.65 umol/mmol creatinine | Infant (0-1 year old) | Both | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.552 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Hypermethioninemia | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 10 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.56 (0.14 - 4.1) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Folate Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.82 (0.21 - 2.9) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Cobalamin Deficiency | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.14 (0.04-0.2) uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Autism | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 1.03 +/- 0.22 uM | Elderly (>65 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Crohns disease | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Ulcerative colitis | | details | Feces | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Children (6 - 18 years old) | Not Specified | Unclassified IBD | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6.139 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 6.897 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 182.14 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 84.795 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 216.623 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 381.0 +/- 29.0 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 5.3 (1.0-9.6) umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Cystathioninuria | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1001.0 (158.0-1843.8) umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1-13 years old) | Both | Gamma-Cystathionase deficiency | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 12.677 +/- 3.531 umol/mmol creatinine | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Eosinophilic esophagitis | | details | Urine | Detected and Quantified | 1.68 +/- 0.5 umol/mmol creatinine | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Alzheimer's disease | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Folate deficiency |
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- Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Allen RH: Elevation of serum cystathionine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency. Blood. 1993 Jun 15;81(12):3404-13. [PubMed:8507876 ]
| Vitamin B12 deficiency |
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- Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Allen RH: Elevation of serum cystathionine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency. Blood. 1993 Jun 15;81(12):3404-13. [PubMed:8507876 ]
| Alzheimer's disease |
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- Fonteh AN, Harrington RJ, Tsai A, Liao P, Harrington MG: Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):213-24. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17031479 ]
| Autism |
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- James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA: Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7. [PubMed:15585776 ]
| Hypermethioninemia |
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- Baric I, Fumic K, Glenn B, Cuk M, Schulze A, Finkelstein JD, James SJ, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Pazanin L, Pogribny IP, Rados M, Sarnavka V, Scukanec-Spoljar M, Allen RH, Stabler S, Uzelac L, Vugrek O, Wagner C, Zeisel S, Mudd SH: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency in a human: a genetic disorder of methionine metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4234-9. Epub 2004 Mar 15. [PubMed:15024124 ]
| Crohn's disease |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Ulcerative colitis |
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- Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529 ]
| Cystathioninuria |
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- Sugahara K, Ohta J, Takemura M, Kodama H: Determination of cystathionine and perhydro-1,4-thiazepine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid in the urine of a patient with cystathioninuria using column liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. 1992 Sep 2;579(2):318-23. [PubMed:1429979 ]
- Espinos C, Garcia-Cazorla A, Martinez-Rubio D, Martinez-Martinez E, Vilaseca MA, Perez-Duenas B, Kozich V, Palau F, Artuch R: Ancient origin of the CTH alelle carrying the c.200C>T (p.T67I) variant in patients with cystathioninuria. Clin Genet. 2010 Dec;78(6):554-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01431.x. [PubMed:20584029 ]
- G.Frauendienst-Egger, Friedrich K. Trefz (2017). MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de). METAGENE consortium.
| Eosinophilic esophagitis |
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- (). Mordechai, Hien, and David S. Wishart. .
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB001976 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00007498 |
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Chemspider ID | 388392 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C02291 |
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BioCyc ID | L-CYSTATHIONINE |
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BiGG ID | 39523 |
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Wikipedia Link | Cystathionine |
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METLIN ID | 39 |
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PubChem Compound | 439258 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 17482 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | CYST_L |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000052 |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Yamagata, Shuzo; Akamatsu, Tsuyoshi; Iwama, Tomonori. Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cystathionine gamma-lyase and application of the product to cystathionine synthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2004), 70(6), 3766-3768. |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - Ricci G, Santoro L, Achilli M, Matarese RM, Nardini M, Cavallini D: Similarity of the oxidation products of L-cystathionine by L-amino acid oxidase to those excreted by cystathioninuric patients. J Biol Chem. 1983 Sep 10;258(17):10511-7. [PubMed:6885789 ]
- Herrmann W, Schorr H, Bodis M, Knapp JP, Muller A, Stein G, Geisel J: Role of homocysteine, cystathionine and methylmalonic acid measurement for diagnosis of vitamin deficiency in high-aged subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;30(12):1083-9. [PubMed:11122323 ]
- Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [PubMed:2026685 ]
- Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Allen RH: Elevation of serum cystathionine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency. Blood. 1993 Jun 15;81(12):3404-13. [PubMed:8507876 ]
- Lefauconnier JM, Portemer C, Chatagner F: Free amino acids and related substances in human glial tumours and in fetal brain: comparison with normal adult brain. Brain Res. 1976 Nov 19;117(1):105-13. [PubMed:186155 ]
- James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA: Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7. [PubMed:15585776 ]
- Shimizu H, Kakimoto Y, Sano I: A method of determination of cystathionine and its distribution in human brain. J Neurochem. 1966 Feb;13(2):65-73. [PubMed:5936154 ]
- Kraus JP, Janosik M, Kozich V, Mandell R, Shih V, Sperandeo MP, Sebastio G, de Franchis R, Andria G, Kluijtmans LA, Blom H, Boers GH, Gordon RB, Kamoun P, Tsai MY, Kruger WD, Koch HG, Ohura T, Gaustadnes M: Cystathionine beta-synthase mutations in homocystinuria. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(5):362-75. [PubMed:10338090 ]
- Haurani FI, Hall CA, Rubin R: Megaloblastic anemia as a result of an abnormal transcobalamin II (Cardeza). J Clin Invest. 1979 Nov;64(5):1253-9. [PubMed:500809 ]
- Wisniewski K, Sturman JA, Devine E, Brown WT, Rudelli R, Wisniewski HM: Cystathionine disappearance with neuronal loss: a possible neuronal marker. Neuropediatrics. 1985 Aug;16(3):126-30. [PubMed:4047345 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
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