You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Human Metabolome Database.

Jump To Section:

Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References enzymes (8)transporters (2) Show 10 proteins XML

enzymes (8)transporters (2) Show 10 proteins

Record Information

Version

5.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC

Update Date

2021-09-14 15:20:01 UTC

HMDB ID

HMDB0000248

Secondary Accession Numbers

HMDB0001918
HMDB00248
HMDB01918

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Thyroxine

Description

Thyroxine (3,5,3‚Ä≤,5‚Ä≤-tetraiodothyronine) or T4 is one of two major hormones derived from the thyroid gland, the other being triiodothyronine (T3). The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by enzymes known as deiodinases (5‚Ä≤-iodinase). Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Iodine is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine and other thyroid hormones. Through a reaction with the enzyme thyroperoxidase, iodine is covalently bound to tyrosine residues found in the thyroglobulin protein, forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). Linking two moieties of DIT produces thyroxine. Combining one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT produces triiodothyronine. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Iodide is actively absorbed from the bloodstream and concentrated in the thyroid follicles where thyroxine is produced. If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid enlarges in an attempt to trap more iodine, resulting in a condition called goitre. More specifically, the lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary gland, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge, leading to goitre. Thyroxine can be peripherally de-iodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. Thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. They act on nearly every cell in the body. In particular, thyroid hormones act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis. Levothyroxine, a manufactured form of thyroxine, was the most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 114 million prescriptions.

Structure

MOL SDF 3D SDF PDB 3D PDB SMILES InChI


  Mrv1652311131917002D          

 24 25  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9998.918510000.8250    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.060610000.8250    0.0000 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.4895 9998.3499    0.0000 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.0606 9999.1749    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.9185 9999.1749    0.0000 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.349010001.6500    0.0000 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.7763 9999.1749    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.4900 9999.5885    0.0000 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10003.2057 9999.1749    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10003.9193 9999.5885    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10003.2057 9998.3499    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.490010000.4125    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.204010000.4128    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.489610000.8253    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.775010000.4127    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.7750 9999.5878    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.4895 9999.1753    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.2040 9999.5878    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.062710000.4128    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.348310000.8253    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.633710000.4127    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.6337 9999.5878    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.3482 9999.1753    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.0627 9999.5878    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 12  1  6  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 11  2  0  0  0  0
 13 14  2  0  0  0  0
 14 15  1  0  0  0  0
 15 16  2  0  0  0  0
 16 17  1  0  0  0  0
 17 18  2  0  0  0  0
 18 13  1  0  0  0  0
 19 20  2  0  0  0  0
 20 21  1  0  0  0  0
 21 22  2  0  0  0  0
 22 23  1  0  0  0  0
 23 24  2  0  0  0  0
 24 19  1  0  0  0  0
  1 21  1  0  0  0  0
 22  5  1  0  0  0  0
 24  7  1  0  0  0  0
 20  6  1  0  0  0  0
  1 13  1  0  0  0  0
 15  2  1  0  0  0  0
 16  4  1  0  0  0  0
 17  3  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0000248

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C15H11I4NO4/c16-8-4-7(5-9(17)13(8)21)24-14-10(18)1-6(2-11(14)19)3-12(20)15(22)23/h1-2,4-5,12,21H,3,20H2,(H,22,23)/t12-/m0/s1

> <INCHI_KEY>
XUIIKFGFIJCVMT-LBPRGKRZSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C15H11I4NO4

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
776.87

> <EXACT_MASS>
776.686681525

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
35

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
49.401554616111895

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
1.15

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
3.7273070498224867

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-4.94

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
2

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_PKA>
7.426761076989792

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
0.2734558653923598

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
9.433364269995794

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
92.78

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
126.78799999999997

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
5

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
0

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
8.98e-03 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
levothyroxine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$

https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/N%5BC@@H%5D(CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(...
 OpenBabel09142113213D
Jmol version 14.31.45  2021-07-21 05:08 EXTRACT: ({0:34})
 35 36  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    6.2864    1.3814    0.5053 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.3309   -0.0272    0.0909 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.1804   -0.6667    0.9608 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2265   -0.2925   -0.9342 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8806   -0.1114   -0.2809 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2712    1.1297   -0.2888 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0370    1.2987    0.3098 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1141    3.1794    0.2967 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4092    0.2211    0.9191 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1953    0.3843    1.5078 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.9145    0.1890    0.7471 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1746    0.3445    1.3060 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3026    0.1460    0.5329 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.2056    0.3815    1.3768 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1749   -0.2089   -0.8022 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2850   -0.4039   -1.5632 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9146   -0.3644   -1.3611 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7216   -0.8997   -3.3773 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7867   -0.1603   -0.5893 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0233   -1.0235    0.9253 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0799   -2.6535    1.8429 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2550   -1.1879    0.3204 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    7.6723   -0.3270   -0.5269 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.1032   -1.5953   -0.6131 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.3600    0.5743   -0.9448 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.9641    1.5670    1.2294 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.4234    1.9949   -0.2841 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.3249    0.4078   -1.7636 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.3148   -1.3127   -1.3076 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7603    1.9679   -0.7625 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2740    0.6204    2.3454 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.6008    0.3936   -2.0097 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1944   -0.2814   -1.0244 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7335   -2.1562    0.3251 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.9700   -1.7380   -1.0172 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1 26  1  0  0  0  0
  1 27  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  1  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2 23  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4 28  1  0  0  0  0
  4 29  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  2  0  0  0  0
  5 22  1  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6 30  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  7  9  2  0  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 20  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  2  0  0  0  0
 11 19  1  0  0  0  0
 12 13  1  0  0  0  0
 12 31  1  0  0  0  0
 13 14  1  0  0  0  0
 13 15  2  0  0  0  0
 15 16  1  0  0  0  0
 15 17  1  0  0  0  0
 16 32  1  0  0  0  0
 17 18  1  0  0  0  0
 17 19  2  0  0  0  0
 19 33  1  0  0  0  0
 20 21  1  0  0  0  0
 20 22  2  0  0  0  0
 22 34  1  0  0  0  0
 23 24  1  0  0  0  0
 23 25  2  0  0  0  0
 24 35  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
$$$$

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 13-NOV-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   13-NOV-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0    8664.6488668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  I   UNK     0    8659.3138668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           I+0
HETATM    3  I   UNK     0    8661.9808663.586   0.000  0.00  0.00           I+0
HETATM    4  O   UNK     0    8659.3138665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    5  I   UNK     0    8664.6488665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           I+0
HETATM    6  I   UNK     0    8667.3188669.747   0.000  0.00  0.00           I+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0    8669.9828665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0    8671.3158665.899   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0    8672.6518665.126   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  O   UNK     0    8673.9838665.899   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   11  O   UNK     0    8672.6518663.586   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   12  N   UNK     0    8671.3158667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM   13  C   UNK     0    8663.3148667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   14  C   UNK     0    8661.9818668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   15  C   UNK     0    8660.6478667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   16  C   UNK     0    8660.6478665.897   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   17  C   UNK     0    8661.9808665.127   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   18  C   UNK     0    8663.3148665.897   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   19  C   UNK     0    8668.6508667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   20  C   UNK     0    8667.3178668.207   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   21  C   UNK     0    8665.9838667.437   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   22  C   UNK     0    8665.9838665.897   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   23  C   UNK     0    8667.3178665.127   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   24  C   UNK     0    8668.6508665.897   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1   21   13                                                       
CONECT    2   15                                                            
CONECT    3   17                                                            
CONECT    4   16                                                            
CONECT    5   22                                                            
CONECT    6   20                                                            
CONECT    7    8   24                                                       
CONECT    8    7    9   12                                                  
CONECT    9    8   10   11                                                  
CONECT   10    9                                                            
CONECT   11    9                                                            
CONECT   12    8                                                            
CONECT   13   14   18    1                                                  
CONECT   14   13   15                                                       
CONECT   15   14   16    2                                                  
CONECT   16   15   17    4                                                  
CONECT   17   16   18    3                                                  
CONECT   18   17   13                                                       
CONECT   19   20   24                                                       
CONECT   20   19   21    6                                                  
CONECT   21   20   22    1                                                  
CONECT   22   21   23    5                                                  
CONECT   23   22   24                                                       
CONECT   24   23   19    7                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   24    0   50    0
END

COMPND    https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/N%5BC@@H%5D(CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(... 
AUTHOR    GENERATED BY OPEN BABEL 3.1.0
HETATM    1  N   UNL     1       6.286   1.381   0.505  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    2  CA  UNL     1       6.331  -0.027   0.091  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  HA  UNL     1       6.180  -0.667   0.961  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM    4  C   UNL     1       5.226  -0.292  -0.934  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C   UNL     1       3.881  -0.111  -0.281  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C   UNL     1       3.271   1.130  -0.289  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  C   UNL     1       2.037   1.299   0.310  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  I   UNL     1       1.114   3.179   0.297  1.00  0.00           I  
HETATM    9  C   UNL     1       1.409   0.221   0.919  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  O   UNL     1       0.195   0.384   1.508  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   11  C   UNL     1      -0.914   0.189   0.747  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   12  C   UNL     1      -2.175   0.344   1.306  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   13  C   UNL     1      -3.303   0.146   0.533  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   14  I   UNL     1      -5.206   0.382   1.377  1.00  0.00           I  
HETATM   15  C   UNL     1      -3.175  -0.209  -0.802  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   16  O   UNL     1      -4.285  -0.404  -1.563  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   17  C   UNL     1      -1.915  -0.364  -1.361  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   18  I   UNL     1      -1.722  -0.900  -3.377  1.00  0.00           I  
HETATM   19  C   UNL     1      -0.787  -0.160  -0.589  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   20  C   UNL     1       2.023  -1.024   0.925  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   21  I   UNL     1       1.080  -2.654   1.843  1.00  0.00           I  
HETATM   22  C   UNL     1       3.255  -1.188   0.320  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   23  C   UNL     1       7.672  -0.327  -0.527  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   24  O   UNL     1       8.103  -1.595  -0.613  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   25  OXT UNL     1       8.360   0.574  -0.945  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   26  H1  UNL     1       6.964   1.567   1.229  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   27  H2  UNL     1       6.423   1.995  -0.284  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   28  H   UNL     1       5.325   0.408  -1.764  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   29  H   UNL     1       5.315  -1.313  -1.308  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   30  H   UNL     1       3.760   1.968  -0.762  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   31  H   UNL     1      -2.274   0.620   2.345  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   32  H   UNL     1      -4.601   0.394  -2.010  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   33  H   UNL     1       0.194  -0.281  -1.024  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   34  H   UNL     1       3.733  -2.156   0.325  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   35  H   UNL     1       8.970  -1.738  -1.017  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   26   27                                            
CONECT    2    1    3    4   23                                       
CONECT    3    2                                                      
CONECT    4    2    5   28   29                                       
CONECT    5    4    6    6   22                                       
CONECT    6    5    5    7   30                                       
CONECT    7    6    8    9    9                                       
CONECT    8    7                                                      
CONECT    9    7    7   10   20                                       
CONECT   10    9   11                                                 
CONECT   11   10   12   12   19                                       
CONECT   12   11   11   13   31                                       
CONECT   13   12   14   15   15                                       
CONECT   14   13                                                      
CONECT   15   13   13   16   17                                       
CONECT   16   15   32                                                 
CONECT   17   15   18   19   19                                       
CONECT   18   17                                                      
CONECT   19   17   17   11   33                                       
CONECT   20    9   21   22   22                                       
CONECT   21   20                                                      
CONECT   22   20   20    5   34                                       
CONECT   23    2   24   25   25                                       
CONECT   24   23   35                                                 
CONECT   25   23   23                                                 
CONECT   26    1                                                      
CONECT   27    1                                                      
CONECT   28    4                                                      
CONECT   29    4                                                      
CONECT   30    6                                                      
CONECT   31   12                                                      
CONECT   32   16                                                      
CONECT   33   19                                                      
CONECT   34   22                                                      
CONECT   35   24                                                      
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   35    0   35    0
END

https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/structure/N%5BC@@H%5D(CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(...
 OpenBabel09142113213D
Jmol version 14.31.45  2021-07-21 05:08 EXTRACT: ({0:34})
 35 36  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    6.2864    1.3814    0.5053 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.3309   -0.0272    0.0909 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.1804   -0.6667    0.9608 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2265   -0.2925   -0.9342 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.8806   -0.1114   -0.2809 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2712    1.1297   -0.2888 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0370    1.2987    0.3098 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1141    3.1794    0.2967 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4092    0.2211    0.9191 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1953    0.3843    1.5078 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.9145    0.1890    0.7471 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1746    0.3445    1.3060 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.3026    0.1460    0.5329 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -5.2056    0.3815    1.3768 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1749   -0.2089   -0.8022 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.2850   -0.4039   -1.5632 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9146   -0.3644   -1.3611 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7216   -0.8997   -3.3773 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.7867   -0.1603   -0.5893 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.0233   -1.0235    0.9253 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0799   -2.6535    1.8429 I   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2550   -1.1879    0.3204 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    7.6723   -0.3270   -0.5269 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.1032   -1.5953   -0.6131 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.3600    0.5743   -0.9448 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.9641    1.5670    1.2294 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    6.4234    1.9949   -0.2841 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.3249    0.4078   -1.7636 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.3148   -1.3127   -1.3076 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7603    1.9679   -0.7625 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.2740    0.6204    2.3454 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.6008    0.3936   -2.0097 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1944   -0.2814   -1.0244 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7335   -2.1562    0.3251 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    8.9700   -1.7380   -1.0172 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0  0  0  0
  1 26  1  0  0  0  0
  1 27  1  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  1  0  0  0
  2  4  1  0  0  0  0
  2 23  1  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4 28  1  0  0  0  0
  4 29  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  2  0  0  0  0
  5 22  1  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6 30  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  7  9  2  0  0  0  0
  9 10  1  0  0  0  0
  9 20  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  2  0  0  0  0
 11 19  1  0  0  0  0
 12 13  1  0  0  0  0
 12 31  1  0  0  0  0
 13 14  1  0  0  0  0
 13 15  2  0  0  0  0
 15 16  1  0  0  0  0
 15 17  1  0  0  0  0
 16 32  1  0  0  0  0
 17 18  1  0  0  0  0
 17 19  2  0  0  0  0
 19 33  1  0  0  0  0
 20 21  1  0  0  0  0
 20 22  2  0  0  0  0
 22 34  1  0  0  0  0
 23 24  1  0  0  0  0
 23 25  2  0  0  0  0
 24 35  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
$$$$

View in JSmol View Stereo Labels

Synonyms

Value	Source
3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine	ChEBI
3,5,3',5'-TETRAIODO-L-thyronine	ChEBI
4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-L-phenylalanine	ChEBI
L-T4	ChEBI
Levothyroxin	ChEBI
Levothyroxine	ChEBI
LT4	ChEBI
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine	ChEBI
T4	ChEBI
L-Thyroxine	Kegg
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diidophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine	Kegg
3,5,3'5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine	Kegg
Forthyron	Kegg
(-)-Thyroxine	HMDB
3,3',5,5''-tetraiodo-L-Thyronine	HMDB
3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine	HMDB, MeSH
D-Thyroxine	HMDB
DL-Thyroxin	HMDB
Henning	HMDB
L-3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine	HMDB, MeSH
L-Thyroxin	HMDB
Laevothyroxinum	HMDB
Levothroid	HMDB, MeSH
Levothyroxine sodium	HMDB, MeSH
Levothyroxinum	HMDB
Levoxyl	HMDB, MeSH
Prestwick_548	HMDB
Synthroid	HMDB, MeSH
Tetraiodothyronine	HMDB
Tetramet	HMDB
THX	HMDB
Thyratabs	HMDB
Thyrax	HMDB, MeSH
Thyreoideum	HMDB
Thyroxin	HMDB, MeSH
Thyroxinal	HMDB
Thyroxine I 125	HMDB
Thyroxine iodine	HMDB
Allphar brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Berlthyrox	MeSH, HMDB
Delalande, levothyroxin	MeSH, HMDB
Dexnon	MeSH, HMDB
Eferox	MeSH, HMDB
Eltroxin	MeSH, HMDB
Kern brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
L-Thyrox	MeSH, HMDB
L-Thyroxin henning	MeSH, HMDB
L-Thyroxin beta	MeSH, HMDB
L-Thyroxine roche	MeSH, HMDB
Levothyroxin deladande	MeSH, HMDB
Lévothyrox	MeSH, HMDB
Merck lipha santé brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Nourypharma brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Oroxine	MeSH, HMDB
Aventis brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Euthyrox	MeSH, HMDB
Eutirox	MeSH, HMDB
Forest brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Genpharm brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
GlaxoSmithKline brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Goldshield brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
LThyroxin henning	MeSH, HMDB
levo-T	MeSH, HMDB
Sanofi synthelabo brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Sigma brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Synthrox	MeSH, HMDB
Thevier	MeSH, HMDB
Watson brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Berlin chemie brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Delalande brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Eltroxine	MeSH, HMDB
Hexal brand 2 OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
L Thyroxine roche	MeSH, HMDB
Novothyral	MeSH, HMDB
Tiroidine	MeSH, HMDB
Vortex brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Abbot brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Berlin-chemie brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Byk brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Deladande, levothyroxin	MeSH, HMDB
GlaxoWellcome brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Henning berlin brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Hexal brand 1 OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
L Thyrox	MeSH, HMDB
L Thyroxin henning	MeSH, HMDB
L Thyroxin beta	MeSH, HMDB
L Thyroxine	MeSH, HMDB
LThyroxin beta	MeSH, HMDB
leo, Tiroxina	MeSH, HMDB
levo T	MeSH, HMDB
LevoT	MeSH, HMDB
Levothyroid	MeSH, HMDB
Levothyroxin delalande	MeSH, HMDB
Levoxine	MeSH, HMDB
Merck brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Monarch brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Mova brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Novothyrox	MeSH, HMDB
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl) 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine	MeSH, HMDB
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodotyrosine	MeSH, HMDB
Roche brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Rudefsa brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB
Sodium levothyroxine	MeSH, HMDB
T4 Thyroid hormone	MeSH, HMDB
Thyroid hormone, T4	MeSH, HMDB
Tiroxina leo	MeSH, HMDB
Unithroid	MeSH, HMDB
Betapharm brand OF levothyroxine sodium	MeSH, HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₁₅H₁₁I₄NO₄

Average Molecular Weight

776.87

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

776.686681525

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid

Traditional Name

levothyroxine

CAS Registry Number

51-48-9

SMILES

N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C15H11I4NO4/c16-8-4-7(5-9(17)13(8)21)24-14-10(18)1-6(2-11(14)19)3-12(20)15(22)23/h1-2,4-5,12,21H,3,20H2,(H,22,23)/t12-/m0/s1

InChI Key

XUIIKFGFIJCVMT-LBPRGKRZSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Phenylalanine and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Phenylalanine or derivatives
Diphenylether
Diaryl ether
3-phenylpropanoic-acid
Alpha-amino acid
Amphetamine or derivatives
L-alpha-amino acid
Phenoxy compound
Phenol ether
2-halophenol
2-iodophenol
Aralkylamine
Phenol
Halobenzene
Iodobenzene
Aryl halide
Aryl iodide
Benzenoid
Monocyclic benzene moiety
Amino acid
Carboxylic acid
Ether
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Organoiodide
Organonitrogen compound
Organooxygen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxide
Carbonyl group
Primary amine
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic oxygen compound
Organohalogen compound
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid (CHEBI:18332 )
L-phenylalanine derivative (CHEBI:18332 )
iodophenol (CHEBI:18332 )
2-halophenol (CHEBI:18332 )
thyroxine (CHEBI:18332 )
thyroxine (C01829 )
Other amino acids (C01829 )
Biogenic amines (C01829 )

Ontology

Hypothyroidism

Disposition

Source:

Endogenous

Biological location:

Process

Naturally occurring process:

Biological process:

Biochemical pathway:

Role

Industrial application:

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	235.5 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	Not Available	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.009 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	1.15	ALOGPS
logP	3.73	ChemAxon
logS	-4.9	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	0.27	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.43	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	92.78 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	ChemAxon
Refractivity	126.79 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	49.4 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

GC-MS

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0f89-4002002900-0d489fed1cb888a2d9d0	2017-11-06	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0f89-4002002900-0d489fed1cb888a2d9d0	2021-09-05	View Spectrum

LC-MS/MS

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0ac9-0591664310-c9b7aec3184ebb20a2da	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-014i-2566449540-35bb942c7bcbcfe41af7	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00xr-3375497520-9dee3cb0c153e6c6df9e	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	splash10-0059-0001001900-83ff4aafed0b73c6c7b7	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-01si-0000000900-524d052a32c1fe4b904d	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-001i-0000001900-553f6a4045ef2241fd85	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-014i-0009000000-d2431d885a79bb80b7a5	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-004i-0000000900-137b5f8f48031bc9aa4f	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-03fr-0004001900-db1d8cdb93785d786382	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0h9u-7029014300-3bd9620b0c6a8dd20c93	2017-07-26	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-004i-0000000900-95266ab7e52b7d3cb322	2021-09-08	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-004i-1700000900-195c16ab7434b857e712	2021-09-08	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-0dba40d354fa6a5575e0	2021-09-08	View Spectrum

NMR

Spectrum Type	Description	Deposition Date	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)	2012-12-04	View Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, predicted)	2012-12-05	View Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane (predicted from logP)

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Saliva
Urine

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Neuron
Ovary
Placenta
Platelet
Prostate
Skeletal Muscle
Spleen
Testis
Thyroid Gland

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/Pathwhiz	KEGG
Tyrosine Metabolism
Thyroid hormone synthesis		Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000009 - 0.000023 uM	Not Available	Both	Normal	Geigy Scientific ...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.13 +/- 0.0061 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Normal	10731506	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000016 (0.0000064-0.000064) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	17936741	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0000144 +/- 0.0000036 uM	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Female	Normal	10197568	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0600-0.150 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.105-0.215 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	1389454	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0700-0.175 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	1389454	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	60-160 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	17468187	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000010 - 0.000023 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	K&S Clinical...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000010 - 0.000023 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	K&S Clinical...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000010 - 0.000023 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	K&S Clinical...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0399 - 0.162 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	K&S Clinical...	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000012-0.000025 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00001-0.000023 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000009-0.00002 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	7477119	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0579-0.148 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	7234795	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0515-0.142 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	10486419	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00002 (0.00001-0.00003) uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	Wu AHB. Tietz cli...	details
Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.0 - 1.0 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	15179829	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.00032 +/- 0.00015 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	18238748	details

Abnormal Concentrations

Biospecimen	Status	Value	Age	Sex	Condition	Reference	Details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0000185 +/- 0.0000052 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Hypothyroidism	9849813	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.057 +/- 0.0058 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Malnutrition (type kwashiorkor and marasmus)	10731506	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000011 +/- 0.0000016 uM	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Female	Anorexia nervosa	10197568	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	<0.0100 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0540-0.112 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Pendred Syndrome	1389454	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0260-0.164 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Male	Pendred Syndrome	1389454	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0953 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency	7951484	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	23-55.2 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2	17468187	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000009 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1	25161449	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00000219 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.00000557 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1	28356564	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.000009 uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency	7477119	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0180-0.0206 uM	Children (1-13 years old)	Male	Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2	7234795	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0579 uM	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Insulin-dependent, With Fatal Secretory Diarrhea; Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-linked, Formerly	11295725	details
Blood	Detected and Quantified	0.0747 uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Female	Leptin Deficiency or Dysfunction	10486419	details
Urine	Detected and Quantified	0.0015 +/- 0.00154 umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Proteinuria	18238748	details

Associated Disorders and Diseases

Disease References

Anorexia nervosa
Capo-chichi CD, Gueant JL, Lefebvre E, Bennani N, Lorentz E, Vidailhet C, Vidailhet M: Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):672-8. [PubMed:10197568 ]
Hypothyroidism
Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed:9849813 ]
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency
Hattori N, Ishihara T, Moridera K, Hino M, Ikekubo K, Kurahachi H: A case of late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to partial 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Endocr J. 1993 Feb;40(1):107-9. [PubMed:7951484 ]
Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1
Bertko E, Klammt J, Dusatkova P, Bahceci M, Gonc N, Ten Have L, Kandemir N, Mansmann G, Obermannova B, Oostdijk W, Pfaffle H, Rockstroh-Lippold D, Schlicke M, Tuzcu AK, Pfaffle R: Combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to gross deletions in the POU1F1 (PIT-1) and PROP1 genes. J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug;62(8):755-762. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2017.34. Epub 2017 Mar 30. [PubMed:28356564 ] Ayoola OO, Oladejo FA, Dattani M, Clayton PE: Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency caused by pit-I mutation and the challenges of management in a developing country. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2008 Dec;6(2):21-6. [PubMed:25161449 ]
Pendred Syndrome
Coakley JC, Keir EH, Connelly JF: The association of thyroid dyshormonogenesis and deafness (Pendred syndrome): experience of the Victorian Neonatal Thyroid Screening Programme. J Paediatr Child Health. 1992 Oct;28(5):398-401. [PubMed:1389454 ]
Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency
O'Rahilly S, Gray H, Humphreys PJ, Krook A, Polonsky KS, White A, Gibson S, Taylor K, Carr C: Brief report: impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function. N Engl J Med. 1995 Nov 23;333(21):1386-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199511233332104. [PubMed:7477119 ]
Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2
White CW, Wiedermann BL, Kirkland RT, Clayton GW: Hereditary congenital nongoitrous hypothyroidism. Am J Dis Child. 1981 Jun;135(6):568-9. [PubMed:7234795 ] Al Taji E, Biebermann H, Limanova Z, Hnikova O, Zikmund J, Dame C, Gruters A, Lebl J, Krude H: Screening for mutations in transcription factors in a Czech cohort of 170 patients with congenital and early-onset hypothyroidism: identification of a novel PAX8 mutation in dominantly inherited early-onset non-autoimmune hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 May;156(5):521-9. doi: 10.1530/EJE-06-0709. [PubMed:17468187 ]
Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Insulin-dependent, With Fatal Secretory Diarrhea; Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-linked, Formerly
Levy-Lahad E, Wildin RS: Neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy, thrombocytopenia, and endocrinopathy: Further evidence for an X-linked lethal syndrome. J Pediatr. 2001 Apr;138(4):577-80. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.111502. [PubMed:11295725 ]
Leptin Deficiency or Dysfunction
Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O'Rahilly S: Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 16;341(12):879-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411204. [PubMed:10486419 ]
Proteinuria
Chandurkar V, Shik J, Randell E: Exacerbation of underlying hypothyroidism caused by proteinuria and induction of urinary thyroxine loss: case report and subsequent investigation. Endocr Pract. 2008 Jan-Feb;14(1):97-103. [PubMed:18238748 ]

Associated OMIM IDs

606788 (Anorexia nervosa)
201810 (Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 deficiency)
613038 (Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, Combined, 1)
274600 (Pendred Syndrome)
600955 (Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency)
218700 (Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 2)
304790 (Diabetes Mellitus, Congenital Insulin-dependent, With Fatal Secretory Diarrhea; Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy, X-linked, Formerly)
614962 (Leptin Deficiency or Dysfunction)

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB00451

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FooDB ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

Chemspider ID

5614

KEGG Compound ID

C01829

BioCyc ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Levothyroxine

METLIN ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

18332

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

THYOX_L

MarkerDB ID

MDB00000121

References

Synthesis Reference

Martinovich, V. P.; Katok, Ya. M.; Fil'chenkov, N. A.; Sviridov, O. V. Conjugated synthesis of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine. Vestsi Natsyyanal'nai Akademii Navuk Belarusi, Seryya Khimichnykh Navuk (2004), (1), 85-92.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Download (PDF)

General References

Kahan IL, Varsanyi-Nagy M, Toth M, Nadrai A: The possible role of tear fluid thyroxine in keratoconus development. Exp Eye Res. 1990 Apr;50(4):339-43. [PubMed:2338121 ]
Jagannathan NR, Tandon N, Raghunathan P, Kochupillai N: Reversal of abnormalities of myelination by thyroxine therapy in congenital hypothyroidism: localized in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1998 Aug 8;109(2):179-86. [PubMed:9729372 ]
Kurz W, Wittlinger G, Litmanovitch YI, Romanoff H, Pfeifer Y, Tal E, Sulman FG: Effect of manual lymph drainage massage on urinary excretion of neurohormones and minerals in chronic lymphedema. Angiology. 1978 Oct;29(10):764-72. [PubMed:717839 ]
Randolph VS: Four clinical chemistry analyses for pediatric patients: glycosylated hemoglobin, free bilirubin, sweat electrolytes, neonatal thyroxine. Am J Med Technol. 1982 Jan;48(1):15-22. [PubMed:7041647 ]
van Wassenaer AG, Stulp MR, Valianpour F, Tamminga P, Ris Stalpers C, de Randamie JS, van Beusekom C, de Vijlder JJ: The quantity of thyroid hormone in human milk is too low to influence plasma thyroid hormone levels in the very preterm infant. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 May;56(5):621-7. [PubMed:12030913 ]
Etling N, Gehin-Fouque F, Vielh JP, Gautray JP: The iodine content of amniotic fluid and placental transfer of iodinated drugs. Obstet Gynecol. 1979 Mar;53(3):376-80. [PubMed:424113 ]
Zenovko EI, Pavlov BA, Koreshkov GG, Gudukina GN, Sonkina EG: [Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Ter Arkh. 1998;70(1):49-52. [PubMed:9532653 ]
Hays MT, McGuire RA, Hoogeveen JT, Diezeraad KN: Measurement method for radioactive thyroxine, triiodothyronine, iodide, and iodoprotein in samples with low activity. J Nucl Med. 1980 Mar;21(3):225-32. [PubMed:7365515 ]
Benvenga S, Alesci S, Trimarchi F: High-density lipoprotein-facilitated entry of thyroid hormones into cells: a mechanism different from the low-density lipoprotein-facilitated entry. Thyroid. 2002 Jul;12(7):547-56. [PubMed:12193297 ]
Gil'miiarova FN, Pervova IuV, Radomskaia VM, Gergel' NI, Tarasova SV: [Levels of unified metabolites and thyroid hormones in blood and oral fluid of children with minimal brain dysfunction]. Biomed Khim. 2004 Mar-Apr;50(2):204-10. [PubMed:15179829 ]
Hausman GJ, Wright JT, Latimer A, Watson R, Martin RJ: The influence of human growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine (T4) on the differentiation of adipose tissue in the fetus. Obes Res. 1993 Sep;1(5):345-56. [PubMed:16350585 ]
Gil-Loyzaga P, Remezal M, Mollicone R, Ibanez A, Oriol R: H and B human blood-group antigen expression in cochlear hair cells is modulated by thyroxine. Cell Tissue Res. 1994 May;276(2):239-43. [PubMed:8020061 ]
Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Gomez-Bueno M, Galan JM, Barrios V, Sancho J: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized trial comparing L-thyroxine plus liothyronine with L-thyroxine alone. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):412-24. [PubMed:15767619 ]
Bode HH, Vanjonack WJ, Crawford JD: Mitigation of cretinism by breast-feeding. Pediatrics. 1978 Jul;62(1):13-6. [PubMed:683777 ]
Marks P, Anderson J, Vincent R: Aldosterone in myxoedema. Lancet. 1978 Dec 16;2(8103):1277-8. [PubMed:82781 ]
Sutherland RL, Simpson-Morgan MW: The thyroxine-binding properties of serum proteins. A competitive binding technique employing sephadex G-25. J Endocrinol. 1975 Jun;65(3):319-32. [PubMed:807668 ]
Braley-Mullen H, Sharp GC: A thyroxine-containing thyroglobulin peptide induces both lymphocytic and granulomatous forms of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. J Autoimmun. 1997 Dec;10(6):531-40. [PubMed:9451592 ]
Raghu P, Reddy GB, Sivakumar B: Inhibition of transthyretin amyloid fibril formation by 2,4-dinitrophenol through tetramer stabilization. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Apr 1;400(1):43-7. [PubMed:11913969 ]
Hekimsoy Z, Oktem IK: Serum creatine kinase levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Res. 2005;31(3):171-5. [PubMed:16392619 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Thyroid peroxidase

General function:: Involved in calcium ion binding
Specific function:: Iodination and coupling of the hormonogenic tyrosines in thyroglobulin to yield the thyroid hormones T(3) and T(4).
Gene Name:: TPO
Uniprot ID:: P07202
Molecular weight:: 102961.63

Reactions

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine + Hydrogen peroxide → Thyroxine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + Water	details

Enzyme Details

2. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase

General function:: Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). Plays a role in providing a source of plasma T3 by deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney.
Gene Name:: DIO1
Uniprot ID:: P49895
Molecular weight:: 28924.21

Reactions

Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)	details

Enzyme Details

3. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase

General function:: Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine). Essential for providing the brain with appropriate levels of T3 during the critical period of development.
Gene Name:: DIO2
Uniprot ID:: Q92813
Molecular weight:: 30551.48

Reactions

Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)	details

Enzyme Details

4. Transthyretin

General function:: Involved in hormone activity
Specific function:: Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain
Gene Name:: TTR
Uniprot ID:: P02766
Molecular weight:: 15886.9

Enzyme Details

5. Thyroxine-binding globulin

General function:: Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific function:: Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum
Gene Name:: SERPINA7
Uniprot ID:: P05543
Molecular weight:: 46324.1

Enzyme Details

6. 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: Required for the function of light chain amino-acid transporters. Involved in sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. Involved in guiding and targeting of LAT1 and LAT2 to the plasma membrane. When associated with SLC7A6 or SLC7A7 acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. Plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. Required for normal and neoplastic cell growth. When associated with SLC7A5/LAT1, is also involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. When associated with SLC7A5 or SLC7A8, involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L- nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane. Together with ICAM1, regulates the transport activity LAT2 in polarized intestinal cells, by generating and delivering intracellular signals. When associated with SLC7A5, plays an important role in transporting L-leucine from the circulating blood to the retina across the inner blood-retinal barrier
Gene Name:: SLC3A2
Uniprot ID:: P08195
Molecular weight:: 67993.3

Enzyme Details

7. Type III iodothyronine deiodinase

General function:: Involved in thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Specific function:: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into RT3 (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). RT3 and T2 are inactive metabolites. May play a role in preventing premature exposure of developing fetal tissues to adult levels of thyroid hormones. Can regulate circulating fetal thyroid hormone concentrations throughout gestation. Essential role for regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.
Gene Name:: DIO3
Uniprot ID:: P55073
Molecular weight:: 33947.175

Reactions

Liothyronine + I(-) + A + Hydrogen Ion → Thyroxine + AH(2)	details

Enzyme Details

8. Sulfotransferase 6B1

General function:: Not Available
Specific function:: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of thyroxine. Involved in the metabolism of thyroxine (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SULT6B1
Uniprot ID:: Q6IMI4
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Reactions

Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + Thyroxine → Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + thyroxine-sulfate	details

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone-3-sulfate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) are transported with much lower efficiency
Gene Name:: SLCO1C1
Uniprot ID:: Q9NYB5
Molecular weight:: 78695.6

Enzyme Details

2. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

General function:: Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver
Gene Name:: SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y6L6
Molecular weight:: 76448.0

Showing metabocard for Thyroxine (HMDB0000248)

MOL for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

3D MOL for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

3D SDF for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

3D-SDF for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

PDB for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

3D PDB for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

SMILES for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

INCHI for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

Structure for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

3D Structure for HMDB0000248 (Thyroxine)

GC-MS

LC-MS/MS

NMR

Enzymes

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Transporters