Hmdb loader
Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:49:09 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001310
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01310
Metabolite Identification
Common NameD-Alanine
DescriptionAlanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as regulator in glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine reduces both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Alanine can be found in some Gram-positive bacteria (PMID:24752840 ).
Structure
Data?1582752191
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2R)-2-Aminopropanoic acidChEBI
(R)-2-Aminopropanoic acidChEBI
(R)-AlanineChEBI
D-2-Aminopropionic acidChEBI
D-AlaChEBI
D-AlaninChEBI
D-alpha-AlanineChEBI
D-alpha-Aminopropionic acidChEBI
DALChEBI
(2R)-2-AminopropanoateGenerator
(R)-2-AminopropanoateGenerator
D-2-AminopropionateGenerator
D-a-AlanineGenerator
D-Α-alanineGenerator
D-a-AminopropionateGenerator
D-a-Aminopropionic acidGenerator
D-alpha-AminopropionateGenerator
D-Α-aminopropionateGenerator
D-Α-aminopropionic acidGenerator
AlanineHMDB
D(-)-a -AlanineHMDB
D(-)-alpha-AlanineHMDB
D-(-)-AlanineHMDB
(2R)-2-Aminopropionic acidHMDB
(R)-2-Aminopropionic acidHMDB
D(-)-Α-alanineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC3H7NO2
Average Molecular Weight89.0932
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight89.047678473
IUPAC Name(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid
Traditional NameD-alanine
CAS Registry Number338-69-2
SMILES
C[C@@H](N)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m1/s1
InChI KeyQNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alanine and derivatives. Alanine and derivatives are compounds containing alanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentAlanine and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alanine or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • D-alpha-amino acid
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Not AvailableNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point292 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility165 mg/mLNot Available
LogP-2.912Not Available
Experimental Chromatographic PropertiesNot Available
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility447 g/LALOGPS
logP-3ALOGPS
logP-2.8ChemAxon
logS0.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.47ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.48ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area63.32 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity20.5 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability8.54 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+117.71731661259
DarkChem[M-H]-111.79131661259
AllCCS[M+H]+125.58932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-123.35632859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+118.02630932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-115.22630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-151.72430932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+126.46230932474
AllCCS[M+H]+125.632859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+121.232859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+129.732859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+130.932859911
AllCCS[M-H]-123.432859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-128.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-133.232859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
D-AlanineC[C@@H](N)C(O)=O1700.3Standard polar33892256
D-AlanineC[C@@H](N)C(O)=O828.9Standard non polar33892256
D-AlanineC[C@@H](N)C(O)=O1236.2Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
D-Alanine,1TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C944.7Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,1TMS,isomer #2C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O1060.9Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1113.0Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1131.0Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1207.7Standard polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1279.4Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1153.1Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1457.3Standard polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1355.2Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1248.4Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C1252.6Standard polar33892256
D-Alanine,1TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1167.5Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,1TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O1337.0Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1537.9Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1560.8Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1523.9Standard polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1722.2Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1624.1Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,2TBDMS,isomer #2C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1643.6Standard polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1969.8Semi standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1945.9Standard non polar33892256
D-Alanine,3TBDMS,isomer #1C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C1673.1Standard polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - D-Alanine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-d31f7a2ed8284a740b592016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - D-Alanine GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-9500000000-d9aff70e7ddd0c94cf502017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - D-Alanine GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0006-9000000000-597f42bcde0e9f005b7e2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0006-9000000000-ffef20b2a24280b6fac12012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-0007-9000000000-5494d4107e065019362a2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-536fa384ea61b8df326e2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-447340852e905814000e2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-320cdf459ab1249aeead2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-e42a8e9c2a1c69fb6bb22012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-2c2b7ae491c5edb0c9ca2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-4832fe79b009c4a4841e2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-b70e34a4340b1eba96fb2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-536fa384ea61b8df326e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-447340852e905814000e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-4f17ee45605aa5062be32017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-89574d659c7bde46108e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-a2eab41650cb9ab9ccd12017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-a667a47345081b445cc92017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-2c2b7ae491c5edb0c9ca2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-4832fe79b009c4a4841e2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine LC-ESI-QQ , positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-b70e34a4340b1eba96fb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 10V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-080ffbbf05d95b7bcfe62016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 20V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-0006-9000000000-0dfcc5cb0b7d9f01e04a2016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 40V, Positive-QTOFsplash10-002f-9000000000-130c999fe6b63419cfa12016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-2ddc0bb04bae8f928a232016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9000000000-98c403c9cd494594babf2016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - D-Alanine 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-00di-9000000000-38a12affa4e4f4e916262016-09-12Wishart LabView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-29Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified444.61(116.67) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified448.89(115.71) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified4.98-92.078 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified5.77-78.73 umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified6.33-58.60 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified10.52-340.09 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified11.42-169.68 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified7.24-146.94 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified247.2 (89.1) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleDown syndrome pregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified231.9 (87.3) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified293.4 +/- 83.44 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18
details
BloodDetected and Quantified258.62 +/- 85.38 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified263.8 (51.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleEarly preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified332.1 (184.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified284.62 (65.96) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect details
BloodDetected and Quantified267.32 (53.39) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified496.62(101.29) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction details
BloodDetected and Quantified366.8 (204.8) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleLate-onset preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified323.8 (151.2) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified78 uMNot SpecifiedNot Specifiedpropionic acidemia details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Early preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
  2. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
  3. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
  4. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
  5. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Late-onset preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Propionic acidemia
  1. Scholl-Burgi S, Haberlandt E, Gotwald T, Albrecht U, Baumgartner Sigl S, Rauchenzauner M, Rostasy K, Karall D: Stroke-like episodes in propionic acidemia caused by central focal metabolic decompensation. Neuropediatrics. 2009 Apr;40(2):76-81. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1231065. Epub 2009 Oct 6. [PubMed:19809936 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB01786
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB022546
KNApSAcK IDC00019654
Chemspider ID64234
KEGG Compound IDC00133
BioCyc IDD-ALANINE
BiGG ID33977
Wikipedia LinkAlanine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound71080
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15570
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDALA_D
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Hamase K, Konno R, Morikawa A, Zaitsu K: Sensitive determination of D-amino acids in mammals and the effect of D-amino-acid oxidase activity on their amounts. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Sep;28(9):1578-84. [PubMed:16141519 ]
  2. D'Aniello A, Vetere A, Fisher GH, Cusano G, Chavez M, Petrucelli L: Presence of D-alanine in proteins of normal and Alzheimer human brain. Brain Res. 1992 Oct 2;592(1-2):44-8. [PubMed:1450921 ]
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Enzymes

General function:
Involved in D-amino-acid oxidase activity
Specific function:
Regulates the level of the neuromodulator D-serine in the brain. Has high activity towards D-DOPA and contributes to dopamine synthesis. Could act as a detoxifying agent which removes D-amino acids accumulated during aging. Acts on a variety of D-amino acids with a preference for those having small hydrophobic side chains followed by those bearing polar, aromatic, and basic groups. Does not act on acidic amino acids.
Gene Name:
DAO
Uniprot ID:
P14920
Molecular weight:
39473.75