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Showing metabocard for Nicotinic acid (HMDB0001488)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (7)transporters (3) Show 10 proteinsXML
enzymes (7)transporters (3) Show 10 proteins
Record Information
Version4.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2021-09-07 16:45:30 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0001488
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB01488
Metabolite Identification
Common NameNicotinic acid
DescriptionNicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient.
Structure
Data?1582752205
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI

MOL for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)

627
  Mrv1652305271900232D          

  9  9  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.0790    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -1.2870    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0790   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0790   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644   -1.6995    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644    0.7755    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  9  1  0  0  0  0
  2  9  2  0  0  0  0
  3  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  8  2  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  6  2  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

SDF for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)

627
  Mrv1652305271900232D          

  9  9  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
    3.0790    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500    1.1880    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -1.2870    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644   -0.0495    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0790   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.4620    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0790   -1.2870    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644   -1.6995    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3644    0.7755    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  9  1  0  0  0  0
  2  9  2  0  0  0  0
  3  6  1  0  0  0  0
  3  8  2  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  6  2  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  5  7  2  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
HMDB0001488

> <DATABASE_NAME>
hmdb

> <SMILES>
OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)

> <INCHI_KEY>
PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C6H5NO2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
123.1094

> <EXACT_MASS>
123.032028409

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
14

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
11.303434426527051

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
pyridine-3-carboxylic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
0.29

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-0.16644564754087304

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-0.17

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
1

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-1

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
2.785610419861248

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
4.193250855836253

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
50.19

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
31.157299999999996

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
8.31e+01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
niacin

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)

Download
PDB for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)
HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 627                                               
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       5.747   2.218   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0       3.080   2.218   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    3  N   UNK     0       3.080  -2.402   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0       4.414  -0.092   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0       5.747  -0.862   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0       3.080  -0.862   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       5.747  -2.402   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0       4.414  -3.172   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0       4.414   1.448   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    9                                                            
CONECT    2    9                                                            
CONECT    3    6    8                                                       
CONECT    4    5    6    9                                                  
CONECT    5    4    7                                                       
CONECT    6    3    4                                                       
CONECT    7    5    8                                                       
CONECT    8    3    7                                                       
CONECT    9    1    2    4                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    9    0   18    0
END

Download
SMILES for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)
OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1
Download
INCHI for HMDB0001488 (Nicotinic acid)
InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)
Download
View in JSmolView Stereo Labels
Synonyms
ValueSource
3-CarboxypyridineChEBI
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acidChEBI
3-Pyridylcarboxylic acidChEBI
Acide nicotiniqueChEBI
Acido nicotinicoChEBI
Acidum nicotinicumChEBI
Anti-pellagra vitaminChEBI
beta-Pyridinecarboxylic acidChEBI
m-Pyridinecarboxylic acidChEBI
NiacinChEBI
NikotinsaeureChEBI
P.P. factorChEBI
Pellagra preventive factorChEBI
PP FactorChEBI
Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acidChEBI
Vitamin b3ChEBI
NiacorKegg
NiaspanKegg
3-PyridinecarboxylateGenerator
3-PyridylcarboxylateGenerator
b-PyridinecarboxylateGenerator
b-Pyridinecarboxylic acidGenerator
beta-PyridinecarboxylateGenerator
Β-pyridinecarboxylateGenerator
Β-pyridinecarboxylic acidGenerator
m-PyridinecarboxylateGenerator
Pyridine-b-carboxylateGenerator
Pyridine-b-carboxylic acidGenerator
Pyridine-beta-carboxylateGenerator
Pyridine-β-carboxylateGenerator
Pyridine-β-carboxylic acidGenerator
NicotinateGenerator
3-CarboxylpyridineHMDB
AkotinHMDB
ApelagrinHMDB
DaskilHMDB
EfacinHMDB
EnduracinHMDB
LinicHMDB
NiacHMDB
NiacineHMDB
NicacidHMDB
NicaminHMDB
NicanginHMDB
Nico-spanHMDB
NicobidHMDB
NicocapHMDB
NicodelmineHMDB
NicolarHMDB
NiconacidHMDB
Nicosan 3HMDB
NicotinipcaHMDB
NicylHMDB
NyclinHMDB
PellagrinHMDB
PeloninHMDB
Slo-niacinHMDB
WampocapHMDB
Aluminum salt, niacinHMDB
InduracinHMDB
Niacin cobalt (2+) saltHMDB
Niacin iron (2+) saltHMDB
Niacin lithium saltHMDB
Niacin magnesium saltHMDB
Niacin sodium saltHMDB
Nico-400HMDB
Potassium salt, niacinHMDB
Sodium salt, niacinHMDB
Tosylate, niacinHMDB
Nicotinate, lithiumHMDB
Hydrochloride, niacinHMDB
Niacin aluminum saltHMDB
Niacin calcium saltHMDB
Niacin copper (2+) saltHMDB
Niacin hydrochlorideHMDB
Niacin lithium salt, hemihydrateHMDB
Nico400HMDB
Tartrate, niacinHMDB
3 Pyridinecarboxylic acidHMDB
Lithium nicotinateHMDB
Niacin ammonium saltHMDB
Niacin manganese (2+) saltHMDB
Niacin potassium saltHMDB
Niacin tartrateHMDB
Niacin tosylateHMDB
Niacin zinc saltHMDB
Nico 400HMDB
Chemical FormulaC6H5NO2
Average Molecular Weight123.1094
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight123.032028409
IUPAC Namepyridine-3-carboxylic acid
Traditional Nameniacin
CAS Registry Number59-67-6
SMILES
OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)
InChI KeyPVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridinecarboxylic acids are compounds containing a pyridine ring bearing a carboxylic acid group.
KingdomOrganic compounds  
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds  
ClassPyridines and derivatives  
Sub ClassPyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives  
Direct ParentPyridinecarboxylic acids  
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Pyridine carboxylic acid
    • 

  • Heteroaromatic compound
    • 

  • Azacycle
    • 

  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
    • 

  • Carboxylic acid
    • 

  • Carboxylic acid derivative
    • 

  • Organic nitrogen compound
    • 

  • Organic oxygen compound
    • 

  • Organopnictogen compound
    • 

  • Organic oxide
    • 

  • Hydrocarbon derivative
    • 

  • Organooxygen compound
    • 

  • Organonitrogen compound
    • 

  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Health effect:
Disposition
Route of exposure:
Source:
Biological location:
Process
Naturally occurring process:
Role
Industrial application:
Biological role:
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point236.6 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility18 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.36SANGSTER (1993)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility83.1 g/LALOGPS
logP0.29ALOGPS
logP-0.17ChemAxon
logS-0.17ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.79ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.19ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area50.19 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity31.16 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability11.3 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c745652014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb82014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0kmi-7900000000-9e4efda763cce5ddfe572017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c745652017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb82017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-a701904fe6ded0abd98f2017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05i0-9700000000-d7620f1dc8f42d1498b92016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fr-9600000000-c3303cf4e83870b3e6562017-10-06View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00di-1900000000-27508608b33f1fb9f2212012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-003r-9100000000-a2037c9695659dceabd12012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0ufr-9100000000-4a2649a83ad2a40e51942012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positivesplash10-0kmi-7900000000-1bc47d1b1850f54fb7c22012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b0522012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-02e37a1cfd39470375792012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-75d7e6658d2d6eca736e2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0udi-9000000000-21a2d68d4f364c596f1d2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-0ab9-0900000000-a74db528f61c435876c82012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-6900000000-773c08ab92ace4d48a9c2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-00aj-9100000000-07b12fbe942e6c7fb12d2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-005a-9000000000-66e0a5ba2ca8dbba1ed52012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-fbf8ba47b56d7cc7be812012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-b1a48f694fba565108a12012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b0522017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd92017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-25068c42378f727569222016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Positivesplash10-00di-3900000000-6278a1e122005f48fcaf2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Positivesplash10-0ue9-9000000000-e4e41ed9bef32955889e2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  10V, Negativesplash10-00di-4900000000-85d44ecd8ad348eeacd12016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-4911305982583ae208952016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum -  40V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-4dea4a2d4a55907605ea2016-09-12View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0kor-8900000000-7d3f033a49f5fad75f332014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Not Available2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 22.53 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Not Available2014-09-23View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H] 2D NMR Spectrum (predicted)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
    • 

  • Extracellular
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
    • 

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
    • 

  • Feces
    • 

  • Saliva
    • 

  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
    • 

  • Epidermis
    • 

  • Fibroblasts
    • 

  • Intestine
    • 

  • Kidney
    • 

  • Liver
    • 

  • Skeletal Muscle
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal  details
BloodDetected and Quantified49.1 +/- 5.93 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
BloodDetected and Quantified53.2 +/- 5.00 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
BloodDetected and Quantified47.0 (24.0-85.0) uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
BloodDetected and Quantified23.0 (15.0-38.0) uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified2.4 (0.8 - 4.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified16.8 +/- 0.81 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal  details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.147 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal  details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.313 +/- 0.614 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Normal		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified
 
Normal		  details
SalivaDetected and Quantified2.10 +/- 2.46 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
 
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
  details
SalivaDetected and Quantified9.28 +/- 7.73 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
  details
UrineDetected and Quantified0.65 (0.61-0.82) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
  details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal  details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified12.2 +/- 0.3  uMAdult (>18 years old)Not Specified
 
Alcoholism		  details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified6.5 +/- 0.1  uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Alcoholism 		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Colorectal cancer		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Crohn disease		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedCrohns disease  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUlcerative colitis  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedChildren (6 - 18 years old)Not SpecifiedUnclassified IBD   details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Ulcerative colitis		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Colorectal cancer		  details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer  details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleAttachment loss   details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleMissing teeth  details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MalePeriodontal Probing Depth  details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
 
Colorectal adenoma 		  details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer  details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Alcoholism
  1. Dastur DK, Santhadevi N, Quadros EV, Avari FC, Wadia NH, Desai MN, Bharucha EP: The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism. A model of intervitamin relationships. Br J Nutr. 1976 Sep;36(2):143-59. [PubMed:182198  ] 
Colorectal cancer
  1. Phua LC, Chue XP, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC: Non-invasive fecal metabonomic detection of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014 Apr;15(4):389-97. doi: 10.4161/cbt.27625. Epub 2014 Jan 14. [PubMed:24424155  ] 
  2. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276  ] 
  3. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383  ] 
  4. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050  ] 
Crohn's disease
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529  ] 
  2. Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642  ] 
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T, de Vos WM, Velagapudi V: Faecal and Serum Metabolomics in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Mar 1;11(3):321-334. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158. [PubMed:27609529  ] 
  2. Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642  ] 
Attachment loss
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr  26. [PubMed:31026179  ] 
Missing teeth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr  26. [PubMed:31026179  ] 
Periodontal Probing Depth
  1. Liebsch C, Pitchika V, Pink C, Samietz S, Kastenmuller G, Artati A, Suhre K, Adamski J, Nauck M, Volzke H, Friedrich N, Kocher T, Holtfreter B, Pietzner M: The Saliva Metabolome in Association to Oral Health Status. J Dent Res. 2019 Jun;98(6):642-651. doi: 10.1177/0022034519842853. Epub 2019 Apr  26. [PubMed:31026179  ] 
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB00627  
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB001014  
KNApSAcK IDC00000208  
Chemspider ID913  
KEGG Compound IDC00253  
BioCyc IDNIACINE  
BiGG ID34401  
Wikipedia LinkNiacin  
METLIN ID6272  
PubChem Compound938  
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15940  
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
MarkerDB IDMDB00000329  
References
Synthesis ReferenceMcElvain, S. M.; Goese, M. A. Preparation of nicotinic acid from pyridine. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1941), 63 2283-4.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Salvi A, Carrupt PA, Mayer JM, Testa B: Esterase-like activity of human serum albumin toward prodrug esters of nicotinic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Apr;25(4):395-8. [PubMed:9107536  ] 
  2. Hertle H, Kiese M, Renner G: Absorption in rats, dogs, pigs, and humans of nicotinic acid after oral administration of phosphatidyl inositol pentanicotinate hydrochloride (PIN). Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(1):114-6. [PubMed:582105  ] 
  3. Zarzycki PK, Kowalski P, Nowakowska J, Lamparczyk H: High-performance liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of free nicotinic acid in human plasma and separation of its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A. 1995 Aug 11;709(1):203-8. [PubMed:7581845  ] 
  4. Hengen N, Seiberth V, Hengen M: High-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of free nicotinic acid and its metabolite, nicotinuric acid, in plasma and urine. Clin Chem. 1978 Oct;24(10):1740-3. [PubMed:699281  ] 
  5. Santos RD: [Pharmacology of niacin or nicotinic acid]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005 Oct;85 Suppl 5:17-9. Epub 2006 Jan 2. [PubMed:16400392  ] 
  6. Mrochek JE, Jolley RL, Young DS, Turner WJ: Metabolic response of humans to ingestion of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Clin Chem. 1976 Nov;22(11):1821-7. [PubMed:135660  ] 
  7. Pike NB: Flushing out the role of GPR109A (HM74A) in the clinical efficacy of nicotinic acid. J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3400-3. [PubMed:16322787  ] 
  8. Kobayashi M, Shimizu S: [Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide]. Nihon Rinsho. 1999 Oct;57(10):2211-7. [PubMed:10540864  ] 
  9. Sutherland WH, Larking PW, Nye ER: Modification of nicotinic acid and prostaglandin E1 antilipolytic action in vitro. Atherosclerosis. 1976 Oct;25(1):45-53. [PubMed:186078  ] 
  10. Stratford MR, Dennis MF, Hoskin P, Phillips H, Hodgkiss RJ, Rojas A: Nicotinamide pharmacokinetics in humans: effect of gastric acid inhibition, comparison of rectal vs oral administration and the use of saliva for drug monitoring. Br J Cancer. 1996 Jul;74(1):16-21. [PubMed:8679452  ] 
  11. Angelin B, Einarsson K, Leijd B: Biliary lipid composition during treatment with different hypolipidaemic drugs. Eur J Clin Invest. 1979 Jun;9(3):185-90. [PubMed:113218  ] 
  12. Patterson MC, Di Bisceglie AM, Higgins JJ, Abel RB, Schiffmann R, Parker CC, Argoff CE, Grewal RP, Yu K, Pentchev PG, et al.: The effect of cholesterol-lowering agents on hepatic and plasma cholesterol in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Neurology. 1993 Jan;43(1):61-4. [PubMed:8423912  ] 
  13. Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, Wufka C, Blaukat A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):352-5. Epub 2003 Feb 3. [PubMed:12563315  ] 
  14. Muller B, Kasper M, Surber C, Imanidis G: Permeation, metabolism and site of action concentration of nicotinic acid derivatives in human skin. Correlation with topical pharmacological effect. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003 Oct;20(2):181-95. [PubMed:14550884  ] 
  15. Chekalina SI, Guseva LI, Bardyechev MS: [Use of nicotinic acid and midocalm for correcting blood coagulation in patients with radiation edema of the extremities]. Med Radiol (Mosk). 1985 Aug;30(8):28-30. [PubMed:4033386  ] 
  16. Dastur DK, Santhadevi N, Quadros EV, Avari FC, Wadia NH, Desai MN, Bharucha EP: The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism. A model of intervitamin relationships. Br J Nutr. 1976 Sep;36(2):143-59. [PubMed:182198  ] 
  17. Gopal E, Fei YJ, Miyauchi S, Zhuang L, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V: Sodium-coupled and electrogenic transport of B-complex vitamin nicotinic acid by slc5a8, a member of the Na/glucose co-transporter gene family. Biochem J. 2005 May 15;388(Pt 1):309-16. [PubMed:15651982  ] 
Enzymes
  Enzyme Details
1. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).

Gene Name:
QPRT
Uniprot ID:
Q15274  
Molecular weight:
30815.28
References
  1. Fukuwatari T, Morikawa Y, Hayakawa F, Sugimoto E, Shibata K: Influence of adenine-induced renal failure on tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Oct;65(10):2154-61. [PubMed:11758903  ] 
  2. Shin DH, Oganesyan N, Jancarik J, Yokota H, Kim R, Kim SH: Crystal structure of a nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase from Thermoplasma acidophilum. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):18326-35. Epub 2005 Mar 6. [PubMed:15753098  ] 
  3. Zheng XQ, Hayashibe E, Ashihara H: Changes in trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) content and nicotinic acid metabolism during germination of mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) seeds. J Exp Bot. 2005 Jun;56(416):1615-23. Epub 2005 Apr 18. [PubMed:15837705  ] 
  Enzyme Details
2. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
General function:
Involved in methyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions. This activity is important for biotransformation of many drugs and xenobiotic compounds.

Gene Name:
NNMT
Uniprot ID:
P40261  
Molecular weight:
29573.705
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284  ] 
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423  ] 
  3. Riederer M, Erwa W, Zimmermann R, Frank S, Zechner R: Adipose tissue as a source of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and homocysteine. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jun;204(2):412-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.015. Epub 2008 Sep 27. [PubMed:18996527  ] 
  Enzyme Details
3. Cytochrome P450 2D6
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.

Gene Name:
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID:
P10635  
Molecular weight:
55768.94
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970.  Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256  ] 
  Enzyme Details
4. G-protein coupled receptor 109B
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Receptor for 3-OH-octanoid acid mediates a negative feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis to counteract prolipolytic influences under conditions of physiological or pathological increases in beta-oxidation rates. Acts as a low affinity receptor for nicotinic acid. This pharmacological effect requires nicotinic acid doses that are much higher than those provided by a normal diet
Gene Name:
GPR109B
Uniprot ID:
P49019  
Molecular weight:
44495.0
References
  1. Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, Wufka C, Blaukat A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):352-5. Epub 2003 Feb 3. [PubMed:12563315  ] 
  2. Taggart AK, Kero J, Gan X, Cai TQ, Cheng K, Ippolito M, Ren N, Kaplan R, Wu K, Wu TJ, Jin L, Liaw C, Chen R, Richman J, Connolly D, Offermanns S, Wright SD, Waters MG: (D)-beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits adipocyte lipolysis via the nicotinic acid receptor PUMA-G. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 22;280(29):26649-52. Epub 2005 Jun 1. [PubMed:15929991  ] 
  3. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [PubMed:16018973  ] 
  4. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [PubMed:16099840  ] 
  5. Benyo Z, Gille A, Kero J, Csiky M, Suchankova MC, Nusing RM, Moers A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: GPR109A (PUMA-G/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing. J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3634-40. [PubMed:16322797  ] 
  6. Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB: Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):9869-74. Epub 2003 Jan 9. [PubMed:12522134  ] 
  Enzyme Details
5. G-protein coupled receptor 109A
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Acts as a high affinity receptor for both nicotinic acid (also known as niacin) and (D)-beta-hydroxybutyrate and mediates increased adiponectin secretion and decreased lipolysis through G(i)-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. This pharmacological effect requires nicotinic acid doses that are much higher than those provided by a normal diet. Mediates nicotinic acid-induced apoptosis in mature neutrophils. Receptor activation by nicotinic acid results in reduced cAMP levels which may affect activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and phosphorylation of target proteins, leading to neutrophil apoptosis. The rank order of potency for the displacement of nicotinic acid binding is 5- methyl pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid = pyridine-3-acetic acid > acifran > 5-methyl nicotinic acid = acipimox >> nicotinuric acid = nicotinamide
Gene Name:
GPR109A
Uniprot ID:
Q8TDS4  
Molecular weight:
41849.1
References
  1. Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB: Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):9869-74. Epub 2003 Jan 9. [PubMed:12522134  ] 
  2. Soga T, Kamohara M, Takasaki J, Matsumoto S, Saito T, Ohishi T, Hiyama H, Matsuo A, Matsushime H, Furuichi K: Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 28;303(1):364-9. [PubMed:12646212  ] 
  3. Zellner C, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE, Frost PH, Kwok PY, Malloy MJ, Kane JP: Variations in human HM74 (GPR109B) and HM74A (GPR109A) niacin receptors. Hum Mutat. 2005 Jan;25(1):18-21. [PubMed:15580557  ] 
  4. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [PubMed:16018973  ] 
  5. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [PubMed:16099840  ] 
  Enzyme Details
6. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
General function:
Involved in purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity
Specific function:
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.

Gene Name:
PNP
Uniprot ID:
P00491  
Molecular weight:
32117.69
Reactions
Nicotinic acid ribonucleoside + Phosphate → Nicotinic acid + Ribose 1-phosphate + Hydrogen Iondetails
  Enzyme Details
7. Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
General function:
Involved in nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of nicotinic acid (NA) to NA mononucleotide (NaMN). Essential for NA to increase cellular NAD levels and prevent oxidative stress of the cells.

Gene Name:
NAPRT1
Uniprot ID:
Q6XQN6  
Molecular weight:
57577.575
Reactions
Nicotinic acid mononucleotide + Pyrophosphate → Nicotinic acid + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphatedetails
Transporters
  Enzyme Details
1. Monocarboxylate transporter 1
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine, valine and isoleucine, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate
Gene Name:
SLC16A1
Uniprot ID:
P53985  
Molecular weight:
53957.7
References
  1. Tamai I, Sai Y, Ono A, Kido Y, Yabuuchi H, Takanaga H, Satoh E, Ogihara T, Amano O, Izeki S, Tsuji A: Immunohistochemical and functional characterization of pH-dependent intestinal absorption of weak organic acids by the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;51(10):1113-21. [PubMed:10579682  ] 
  Enzyme Details
2. Solute carrier family 22 member 5
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3
Gene Name:
SLC22A5
Uniprot ID:
O76082  
Molecular weight:
62751.1
References
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [PubMed:10525100  ] 
  Enzyme Details
3. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost
Gene Name:
SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID:
O94956  
Molecular weight:
76697.9
References
  1. Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [PubMed:12724351  ]