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Showing metabocard for Imidazoleacetic acid (HMDB0002024)

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IdentificationTaxonomyOntologyPhysical propertiesSpectraBiological propertiesConcentrationsLinksReferencesenzymes (6) Show 6 proteinsXML
enzymes (6) Show 6 proteins
Record Information
Version4.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2006-05-22 14:17:32 UTC
Update Date2020-02-26 21:23:44 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0002024
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB0060261
  • HMDB02024
  • HMDB60261
Metabolite Identification
Common NameImidazoleacetic acid
DescriptionImidazoleacetic acid, also known as 4(5)-imidazoleacetate or IAA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring. Imidazoleacetic acid is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Imidazoleacetic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. imidazoleacetic acid can be biosynthesized from imidazole-4-acetaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial. In humans, imidazoleacetic acid is involved in histidine metabolism. Outside of the human body, Imidazoleacetic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as chinese cinnamons, jostaberries, vanilla, butternut squash, and red rices. This could make imidazoleacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Imidazoleacetic acid is a potentially toxic compound. Imidazoleacetic acid is a metabolite product of Histamine metabolism.
Structure
Data?1582752224
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
ValueSource
1H-Imidazole-4-acetic acidChEBI
4(5)-ImidazoleacetateChEBI
4-ImidazoleacetateChEBI
Imidazole-4-acetateChEBI
1H-Imidazole-4-acetateGenerator
4(5)-Imidazoleacetic acidGenerator
4-Imidazoleacetic acidGenerator
Imidazole-4-acetic acidGenerator
ImidazoleacetateGenerator
1H-Imidazol-4-ylacetic acidHMDB
IAAHMDB
IMACHMDB
Imidazol-4-ylacetateHMDB
Imidazol-4-ylacetic acidHMDB
Imidazole acetateHMDB
Imidazolyl-4-acetic acidHMDB
IZCHMDB
Lopac-I-0375HMDB
Imidazole-4-acetic acid, sodium saltHMDB
Imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochlorideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC5H6N2O2
Average Molecular Weight126.1133
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight126.042927446
IUPAC Name2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)acetic acid
Traditional NameIMAC
CAS Registry Number645-65-8
SMILES
OC(=O)CC1=CN=CN1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C5H6N2O2/c8-5(9)1-4-2-6-3-7-4/h2-3H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
InChI KeyPRJKNHOMHKJCEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an imidazole ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassAzoles
Sub ClassImidazoles
Direct ParentImidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Disposition

Route of exposure:

Source:

Biological location:

Process

Naturally occurring process:

Role

Biological role:

Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility53.3 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.5ALOGPS
logP-1.4ChemAxon
logS-0.37ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.65ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.78ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area65.98 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity30.2 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability11.47 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-0f89-5900000000-420b0de40d13d8210bbcSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-0fc0-5970000000-86a11eed673e756aa38aSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-5900000000-420b0de40d13d8210bbcSpectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fc0-5970000000-86a11eed673e756aa38aSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-9200000000-3560ea9910e3fb51b173Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00di-8900000000-05046aa1145002d7c5e8Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-003r-9600000000-12712603bcc1f0bea126Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-001i-9000000000-fc527ff9b17df8a45f5dSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-001i-9000000000-f50438c3b380c53358cbSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-0900000000-3e8a5824e3117a9ff630Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-001i-9100000000-bd0eae5cae4e35af3bc9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-029fc71514700cdb7209Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-55f8440d265a11022fb9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-2f783a29f0103b0f7b59Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negativesplash10-001i-9000000000-536179ad66be87ef6052Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-004i-0900000000-3e8a5824e3117a9ff630Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-001i-9100000000-bd0eae5cae4e35af3bc9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-029fc71514700cdb7209Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-55f8440d265a11022fb9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-2f783a29f0103b0f7b59Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-1900000000-4b77cf695394035f5cb9Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-8900000000-3a84b22e5a91324c68a8Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0gc3-9000000000-c43447728a419e4b671aSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-3900000000-d826c494ed679b7cd08eSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0560-9800000000-1d0c114437988870749dSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0kal-9100000000-802d3d5a745c25a2b664Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Placenta
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.10 +/- 0.005 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified0.0027 +/- 0.0002 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
FecesDetected but not Quantified Adult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not Quantified Adult (>18 years old)Both
Normal		 details
FecesDetected but not Quantified Not SpecifiedBoth
Normal		 details
UrineDetected and Quantified2.602 (0.645-4.525) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease ReferencesNone
Associated OMIM IDsNone
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB030508
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID86856
KEGG Compound IDC02835
BioCyc ID4-IMIDAZOLEACETATE
BiGG ID40666
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN ID6445
PubChem Compound96215
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16974
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDIM4AC
References
Synthesis ReferenceMadsen Christian; Jensen Anders A; Liljefors Tommy; Kristiansen Uffe; Nielsen Birgitte; Hansen Camilla P; Larsen Mogens; Ebert Bjarke; Bang-Andersen Benny; Krogsgaard-Larsen Povl; Frolund Bente 5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists. Journal of medicinal chemistry (2007), 50(17), 4147-61.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Khandelwal JK, Prell GD, Morrishow AM, Green JP: Presence and measurement of imidazoleacetic acid, a gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, in rat brain and human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem. 1989 Apr;52(4):1107-13. [PubMed:2926392 ]
  2. Tsuruta Y, Tomida H, Kohashi K, Ohkura Y: Simultaneous determination of imidazoleacetic acid and N tau- and N pi-methylimidazoleacetic acids in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr. 1987 Apr 24;416(1):63-9. [PubMed:3597642 ]
  3. Khandelwal JK, Hough LB, Pazhenchevsky B, Morrishow AM, Green JP: Presence and measurement of methylimidazoleacetic acids in brain and body fluids. J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 10;257(21):12815-9. [PubMed:7130180 ]
  4. Sondergaard I: Quantitative determination of 1,4-methyl-imidazoleacetic acid in urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Allergy. 1982 Nov;37(8):581-6. [PubMed:7181054 ]
  5. Imamura I, Watanabe T, Hase Y, Sakamoto Y, Fukuda Y, Yamamoto H, Tsuruhara T, Wada H: Histamine metabolism in patients with histidinemia: determination of urinary levels of histamine, N tau-methylhistamine, imidazole acetic acid, and its conjugate(s). J Biochem. 1984 Dec;96(6):1925-9. [PubMed:6530403 ]
  6. Thiele I, Swainston N, Fleming RM, Hoppe A, Sahoo S, Aurich MK, Haraldsdottir H, Mo ML, Rolfsson O, Stobbe MD, Thorleifsson SG, Agren R, Bolling C, Bordel S, Chavali AK, Dobson P, Dunn WB, Endler L, Hala D, Hucka M, Hull D, Jameson D, Jamshidi N, Jonsson JJ, Juty N, Keating S, Nookaew I, Le Novere N, Malys N, Mazein A, Papin JA, Price ND, Selkov E Sr, Sigurdsson MI, Simeonidis E, Sonnenschein N, Smallbone K, Sorokin A, van Beek JH, Weichart D, Goryanin I, Nielsen J, Westerhoff HV, Kell DB, Mendes P, Palsson BO: A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 2013 May;31(5):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2488. Epub 2013 Mar 3. [PubMed:23455439 ]
  7. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]

Enzymes

Enzyme Details
1. 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction.
Gene Name:
ALDH9A1
Uniprot ID:
P49189
Molecular weight:
56291.485
Reactions
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Imidazoleacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme Details
2. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Multifunctional enzyme mediating important protective effects. Metabolizes betaine aldehyde to betaine, an important cellular osmolyte and methyl donor. Protects cells from oxidative stress by metabolizing a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. Involved in lysine catabolism.
Gene Name:
ALDH7A1
Uniprot ID:
P49419
Molecular weight:
58486.74
Reactions
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Imidazoleacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme Details
3. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ALDH1A3
Uniprot ID:
P47895
Molecular weight:
56107.995
Enzyme Details
4. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
ALDH2
Uniprot ID:
P05091
Molecular weight:
56380.93
Reactions
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Imidazoleacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme Details
5. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length. Responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid.
Gene Name:
ALDH3A2
Uniprot ID:
P51648
Molecular weight:
54847.36
Reactions
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Imidazoleacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Enzyme Details
6. Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation.
Gene Name:
ALDH1B1
Uniprot ID:
P30837
Molecular weight:
57248.96
Reactions
Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NAD + Water → Imidazoleacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails