Record Information |
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Version | 5.0 |
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Status | Detected and Quantified |
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Creation Date | 2006-08-13 08:42:22 UTC |
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Update Date | 2022-03-07 02:49:20 UTC |
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HMDB ID | HMDB0003993 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | |
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Metabolite Identification |
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Common Name | alpha-Carotene |
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Description | alpha-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. alpha-Carotene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. alpha-Carotene is one of the primary isomers of carotene. Plasma levels of alpha-carotene are positively associated with the detection rate of AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine (PMID: 9214602 ). |
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Structure | C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@H]1C(C)=CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+/t37-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(+)-alpha-Carotene | ChEBI | alpha-Carotene (natural) | ChEBI | (+)-a-Carotene | Generator | (+)-Α-carotene | Generator | a-Carotene (natural) | Generator | Α-carotene (natural) | Generator | a-Carotene | Generator | Α-carotene | Generator | alpha-Carotene, (6'r)-isomer | MeSH | Carotenes | MeSH | Carotenoids | MeSH | alpha-Carotene | MeSH | (6'R)-alpha-Carotene | HMDB | (6'R)-beta,epsilon-Carotene | HMDB | (6'R)-α-Carotene | HMDB | (6'R)-β,ε-Carotene | HMDB | (6’R)-α-Carotene | HMDB | (6’R)-β,ε-Carotene | HMDB | all-trans-alpha-Carotene | HMDB | all-trans-α-Carotene | HMDB | α-Carotene, (6’R)-isomer | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C40H56 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 536.8726 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 536.438201792 |
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IUPAC Name | (6R)-1,5,5-trimethyl-6-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene |
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Traditional Name | hi-α |
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CAS Registry Number | 7488-99-5 |
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SMILES | C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@H]1C(C)=CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+/t37-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-NTXLUARGSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Tetraterpenoids |
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Direct Parent | Carotenes |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Carotene
- Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Cycloalkene
- Cyclic olefin
- Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Olefin
- Hydrocarbon
- Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Physiological effect | Not Available |
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Disposition | Not Available |
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Process | Not Available |
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Role | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Molecular Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 187.5 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Experimental Chromatographic Properties | Not Available |
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Predicted Molecular Properties | |
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Predicted Chromatographic Properties | Predicted Collision Cross SectionsPredicted Kovats Retention IndicesUnderivatized |
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Spectra |
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| MS/MS SpectraSpectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | Source | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000i-0334190000-e05f79db2e425bfe8186 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-000b-0769200000-81f1f88961c73bc3943a | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-004j-2689700000-a8528456aa6fa28bfb10 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0000090000-df0db1851156c1e36da6 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0000090000-ac5ac3829642d0394d24 | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-014i-0947360000-b2ba5d2cce5367c8424b | 2016-08-03 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 10V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000i-0101090000-e6a413ebb46fe9a97e60 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 20V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-000j-0336290000-c736f8dfebfeee67f7c1 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 40V, Negative-QTOF | splash10-0a4i-0319000000-1e7037ebf4dd84aadb00 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 10V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01pa-0269820000-f183b75adeec60119332 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 20V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-007t-0429400000-232c7e964986bedd5ad6 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - alpha-Carotene 40V, Positive-QTOF | splash10-01q0-0229100000-971b11f97635708e0130 | 2021-09-24 | Wishart Lab | View Spectrum |
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Biological Properties |
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Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Membrane (predicted from logP)
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Biospecimen Locations | |
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Normal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.05 +/- 0.04 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.04 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.06 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.031 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.208 +/- 0.00600 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0500 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0900 +/- 0.0400 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0900 +/- 0.0600 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0700 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0960 +/- 0.140 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.117 +/- 0.0870 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0610 +/- 0.0700 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0700 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0700 +/- 0.0600 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0820 +/- 0.0530 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.140 +/- 0.230 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.150 +/- 0.130 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.110 +/- 0.120 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0987 +/- 0.0801 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.180 +/- 0.200 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.190 +/- 0.190 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.1 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 3.25 (0.90-5.60) uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 110 +/- 80 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0913 +/- 0.0708 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0900 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0800 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0555 +/- 0.0669 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.08 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.051 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.146 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.514 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.601 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.238 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.282 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.098 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0986 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.112 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0400 +/- 0.0200 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0500 +/- 0.0300 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0764 +/- 0.121 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0969 +/- 0.0782 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.104 +/- 0.0801 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.110 +/- 0.0800 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.120 +/- 0.110 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.108 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.13 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.2 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0736 +/- 0.0514 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0820 +/- 0.0894 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.104 +/- 0.0857 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.117 +/- 0.0913 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.120 +/- 0.0900 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.120 +/- 0.100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.140 +/- 0.0700 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.180 +/- 0.151 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 124.980 +/- 97.599 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 186.259 +/- 93.129 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.07 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.08 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.093 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.117 uM | Children (1-13 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0503 +/- 0.0373 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0503 +/- 0.0484 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0689 +/- 0.0428 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0689 +/- 0.0894 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0810 +/- 0.0600 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0880 +/- 0.0730 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0911 +/- 0.0577 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.110 +/- 0.100 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.120 +/- 0.0600 uM | Adolescent (13-18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.135 +/- 0.0920 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 113.990 +/- 103.187 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 70 +/- 60 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 90 +/- 70 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 130.381 +/- 74.503 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Male | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.120 +/- 0.0900 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Normal | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.11 +/- 0.09 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Normal | | details | Breast Milk | Detected but not Quantified | Not Quantified | Adult (>18 years old) | Female | Normal | | details |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0590 +/- 0.0500 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0770 +/- 0.0800 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Not Specified | Overweight | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 71000 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Colorectal, breast, or neuroendocrine cancer | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0800 +/- 0.0700 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | Type I diabetes | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0500 +/- 0.0400 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Obese | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.0800 +/- 0.0600 uM | Children (1 - 13 years old) | Not Specified | Overweight | | details | Blood | Detected and Quantified | 0.12 +/- 0.11 uM | Adult (>18 years old) | Both | After tomato drink intake | | details |
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Associated Disorders and Diseases |
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Disease References | Obesity |
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- Vioque J, Weinbrenner T, Asensio L, Castello A, Young IS, Fletcher A: Plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin C are better correlated with dietary intake in normal weight than overweight and obese elderly subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007 May;97(5):977-86. [PubMed:17408529 ]
- Burrows TL, Warren JM, Colyvas K, Garg ML, Collins CE: Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jan;17(1):162-8. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.495. Epub 2008 Nov 6. [PubMed:18997681 ]
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 |
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- Granado-Lorencio F, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Blanco-Navarro I, Botella-Romero F, Simal-Anton A: Assessment of carotenoid status and the relation to glycaemic control in type I diabetics: a follow-up study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;60(8):1000-8. Epub 2006 Feb 1. [PubMed:16452910 ]
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Associated OMIM IDs | |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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Phenol Explorer Compound ID | Not Available |
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FooDB ID | FDB013716 |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00003765 |
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Chemspider ID | 4925358 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C05433 |
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BioCyc ID | CPD1F-118 |
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BiGG ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Alpha-Carotene |
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METLIN ID | 6998 |
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PubChem Compound | 6419725 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | 35147 |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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MarkerDB ID | MDB00000437 |
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Good Scents ID | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
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General References | - El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Kabagambe E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Campos H: Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):172-9. [PubMed:12081831 ]
- Kontush A, Spranger T, Reich A, Baum K, Beisiegel U: Lipophilic antioxidants in blood plasma as markers of atherosclerosis: the role of alpha-carotene and gamma-tocopherol. Atherosclerosis. 1999 May;144(1):117-22. [PubMed:10381285 ]
- Thomas JB, Kline MC, Schiller SB, Ellerbe PM, Sniegoski LT, Duewer DL, Sharpless KE: Certification of fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids, and cholesterol in human serum: Standard Reference Material 968b. Anal Bioanal Chem. 1996 Aug;356(1):1-9. [PubMed:15045249 ]
- Leo MA, Ahmed S, Aleynik SI, Siegel JH, Kasmin F, Lieber CS: Carotenoids and tocopherols in various hepatobiliary conditions. J Hepatol. 1995 Nov;23(5):550-6. [PubMed:8583143 ]
- Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Satomi Y, Takayasu J, Hasegawa T, Tokuda H, Iwashima A, Okuzumi J, Okabe H, Kitano H, et al.: Potent preventive action of alpha-carotene against carcinogenesis: spontaneous liver carcinogenesis and promoting stage of lung and skin carcinogenesis in mice are suppressed more effectively by alpha-carotene than by beta-carotene. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 1;52(23):6583-7. [PubMed:1423303 ]
- Sommerburg O, Meissner K, Nelle M, Lenhartz H, Leichsenring M: Carotenoid supply in breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 Jan-Feb;159(1-2):86-90. [PubMed:10653337 ]
- Yadav D, Hertan HI, Schweitzer P, Norkus EP, Pitchumoni CS: Serum and liver micronutrient antioxidants and serum oxidative stress in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Oct;97(10):2634-9. [PubMed:12385452 ]
- Canfield LM, Clandinin MT, Davies DP, Fernandez MC, Jackson J, Hawkes J, Goldman WJ, Pramuk K, Reyes H, Sablan B, Sonobe T, Bo X: Multinational study of major breast milk carotenoids of healthy mothers. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Jun;42(3):133-41. [PubMed:12811470 ]
- Virtanen SM, van't Veer P, Kok F, Kardinaal AF, Aro A: Predictors of adipose tissue carotenoid and retinol levels in nine countries. The EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Nov 15;144(10):968-79. [PubMed:8916508 ]
- Schmitz HH, Poor CL, Wellman RB, Erdman JW Jr: Concentrations of selected carotenoids and vitamin A in human liver, kidney and lung tissue. J Nutr. 1991 Oct;121(10):1613-21. [PubMed:1765826 ]
- Forman MR, Beecher GR, Muesing R, Lanza E, Olson B, Campbell WS, McAdam P, Raymond E, Schulman JD, Graubard BI: The fluctuation of plasma carotenoid concentrations by phase of the menstrual cycle: a controlled diet study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Oct;64(4):559-65. [PubMed:8839500 ]
- Martin KR, Wu D, Meydani M: The effect of carotenoids on the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules and binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jun;150(2):265-74. [PubMed:10856518 ]
- Stahl W, Schwarz W, Sies H: Human serum concentrations of all-trans beta- and alpha-carotene but not 9-cis beta-carotene increase upon ingestion of a natural isomer mixture obtained from Dunaliella salina (Betatene). J Nutr. 1993 May;123(5):847-51. [PubMed:8487096 ]
- Yu MW, Chiang YC, Lien JP, Chen CJ: Plasma antioxidant vitamins, chronic hepatitis B virus infection and urinary aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts in healthy males. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Jun;18(6):1189-94. [PubMed:9214602 ]
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